Stepping through the brilliant long sky of history, looking at the dappled streamers of light in the starlight, the wind and frost of a thousand years, how many heroes and legends have been frozen, the long line of heaven and earth that runs through ancient and modern times, connecting the initial power of life, bringing surprise to people, bringing people memories, the vast picture of history, is the spiritual heaven that never grows old!
After the abdication of the Qing Emperor, Yuan Shikai officially declared that he was "in favor of the republic." On February 13, 1912, Sun Yat-sen submitted his resignation to the Senate of the Provisional Government of Nanjing, resigning from the post of Provisional President and appointing Yuan Shikai as his deputy. In order to curb Yuan, Sun Yat-sen proposed that the capital be Nanjing, Yuan take office in Nanjing, and the new president must abide by the legal regulations formulated by the Senate. When the new president took office in Nanjing, the President and the State Councilor fang were dismissed. However, it was opposed by the Yuan Shikai clique and the compromise forces within the revolutionary camp. The revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen and the Yuan Shikai clique waged a fierce struggle over the issue of fixing the capital and became the center of the political struggle at that time.
Sun Yat-sen's proposal to make Nanjing the capital was first opposed by the compromise forces within the revolutionary camp. On February 24, the Provisional Senate passed a 20-8 majority of the provisional government's beijing bill. Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing immediately criticized the League senators who proposed the bill in the Senate, and under the active persuasion of Sun and Huang, the Senate finally decided by a majority of 19 votes to 7 that the provisional government would remain in Nanjing. However, the compromise forces within the revolutionary camp urged Sun to give way to Yuan Shikai, and the attack on Dingdu was a branch of Sun Yat-sen and others.
The capital of Nanjing was strongly opposed by Yuan Shikai's clique. On February 11, Yuan opposed the establishment of the capital nanjing, and asked the great powers to support his capital, Beijing, under the pretext that "the order in the north is not easy to maintain, the people in the northeast are not unanimous, and the people in the northeast are not unanimous, and they are slightly shaken, involving all countries." On February 15, Yuan took the position of provisional grand president, the supreme position in the Republic of China government, and he insisted on taking office in Beijing, the center of beiyang faction power, to consolidate power and lay the foundation for the future establishment of authoritarian rule. He called Sun Yat-sen, saying that if he did not decide to be the capital of Beijing, he would rather retreat to the countryside. At the same time, Yuan Midian and Zhang Jian came to Beijing to praise him. On February 21, Yuan called Sun Yat-sen again, insisting that the capital be Beijing and threatening to use force.
The rest of the parties also opposed the establishment of the capital Nanjing, and supported Yuan Shikai's capital of Beijing. On 21 February, eight associations, including the United Press of the Republic of China, the Minshe Society, the National Association, the Minli Bao, the Shenzhou Daily, the Times, the Current Affairs News, and the Grand Republic Daily, jointly sent a telegram to Zhuang Yunkuan, the governor of Jiangsu Province, and transferred Li Yuanhong on his behalf, stating that the provincial governors and bureaus "if they give up the north to the south, the imperialist party will have the fear of reviving the ashes, and hope that they will electrify the whole country to take the overall situation." Zhuang Yunkuan also electrified the whole country, demanding that the capital be Beijing. The governors of Hubei, Zhejiang, Hunan Province, Yunnan, and Guizhou sent electricity one after another, demanding that the capital be Beijing. Some senior generals in the southern army also telegraphed that the location of the unified government should be located in Beijing. The Wuchang clique, headed by Li Yuanhong, threatened that the Wuchang military circles would unite with the Beiyang Army under Duan Qirui's jurisdiction and prepare to overthrow the Nanjing government by force, and advocated that the location of the capital be "compromised and customized, and It is better to be in Wuchang". The imperialist powers also supported Yuan Ding's capital in Beijing and put pressure on the Provisional Government in Nanjing.
The revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing still insisted on fixing the capital at Nanjing, refuting the telegrams of the governors of the southern provinces. On 18 February, Sun Yat-sen sent a telegram to Yuan Nanxia to take up his post, and sent Cai Yuanpei, the chief of education, as a special envoy, and Wei Chenzu, Liu Guanxiong, Niu Yongjian, Song Jiaoren, Zeng Zhaowen, Wang Zhengting, and Wang Jingwei to form a welcoming delegation and accompany Tang Shaoyi, a northern negotiator, to Beijing to welcome Yuan nanxia. Yuan held a grand welcome ceremony to solemnly welcome the Yuan envoys, ostensibly promising to "go to Ningbo to take up his post," but behind his back instructing his henchmen to create public opinion that "Yuan Jun cannot leave Beijing," and even making unreasonable trouble with the envoys who welcomed Yuan. At 7:30 p.m. on February 29, the third town of Cao Luo, Yuan's Beiyang concubine, was ordered to launch a mutiny in Beijing, set fire to and loot in the Dongcheng and Qianmen areas, and broke into the residence of Yuan's envoy, and Cai Yuanpei and others fled in panic. That night, thousands of citizens' homes in Beijing were robbed and burned, and the flames burst into flames, scattering residents and killing and injuring countless people. The next day, the rebels looted the West City, and the patrol police also took advantage of the fire. Subsequently, the Beiyang army in Tongzhou, Baoding, Tianjin, and other places mutinied, chaotic soldiers and bandits, wanton robberies, and the people in the Beijing-Tianjin area were panicked, and Yuan's subordinates Duan Qirui, Feng Guozhang, and Jiang Guiti took the opportunity to electrify: The provisional government should be set up in Beijing. Many warlords, bureaucrats, constitutionalists, and some revolutionaries blamed the Beijing mutiny on the Nanjing Provisional Government, headed by Sun Yat-sen. Russia, Japan, Britain, France, and Germany also sent troops to Beijing one after another, with a total of more than 3,000 people, to put pressure on Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries.
On March 2, Cai Yuanpei and others called the Nanjing Provisional Government and the Senate: "The Beijing mutiny, the outsiders are extremely excited, japan has sent many troops into Beijing. If such a thing happens again, it is inevitable that outsiders will act freely. Seeing this situation, Pei and others gathered a discussion on the speedy establishment of a unified government as the most important issue today, and Yu could accommodate it as much as possible to determine the overall situation. "And even sent a telegram to Sun Yat-sen, please immediately agree that the Provisional Government will temporarily set up Beijing and Yuan will not have to go south to take up his post." Sun Yat-sen had to agree. On the 6th, the Senate resolved to allow Yuan to take the oath of office in Beijing by telegram to the Senate.
On March 10, Yuan Shikai's inauguration ceremony was held at the Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Qing Dynasty in Shida people's Hutong, Beijing, with more than 100 participants. At 3 p.m., the ceremony began, yuan wore a military uniform and a long sword, and swore an oath to the south: "Shi Kai is deeply willing to do his best to carry forward the republican spirit and cleanse the despotism." Abide by the Constitution, according to the wishes of the people, pray that the country will be in the realm of a safe and powerful country, and that the five major nationalities will enjoy the same happiness. After Cai Yuanpei accepted the oath on behalf of the Senate and delivered a congratulatory speech on behalf of Sun Yat-sen, Yuan said in his reply: "Shi Kai is decaying, cannot win the presidency, obscenely accepts the recommendation of President Sun, the five major clans push and wear, and re-elects the Senate. We are willing to do our best to create happiness for the five major nationalities and make the Republic of China a strong country. Yuan Shikai played with power to force the revolutionaries to give in, realizing his plot to take office in Beijing. The dispute over the fixed capital that lasted for a month came to an end.
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