Chen Xiaoping
In 1884, Zheng Guanying submitted to Zhang Zhidong the "Five Strategies for The Affairs of the Times", putting forward the distinct views of "the foundation of the founding of the country by the Westerners, both the body and the use", and "the chinese relics and their body are effective and useful". 14 years later, Zhang Zhidong proposed that "the old learning is the body, the new learning is the use", although it is aimed at the situation in the year of Peng Shu, to a certain extent, it is also a response to Zheng Guanying.
In the history of modern thought, Zheng Guanying and Zhang Zhidong twin peaks and stand together are representative figures who have been famous for a while, and the direct contact between these two thinkers has attracted little attention. From 1884 to 1885, the two had 10 months of close contact, and Yi Huili's "Commentary on Zheng Guanying" was limited by the historical materials of the time and did not pay attention to this.
Zheng Guanying
Passing through the South Seas
On March 15, 1884, Zheng Guanying was recruited by Peng Yulin, a famous general of the Xiang Army and Shangshu of the Army, to return from Shanghai to Guangzhou to participate in the War of Resistance Against France, and "will run the Xiang Army Camp Affairs Office", that is, serve as Peng Yulin's "deputy chief of staff". From 11 June, Cheng Kwan Ying sneaked to Saigon, Phnom Penh, Siam, Singapore, Penang and other places to spy on french intelligence, contact political leaders, and plan to ally with Siam to attack the French army in Saigon. This surprise attack plan did not come to fruition, and he wrote about the experience of this trip as "Diary of a Journey to the South". On August 12, he returned to Guangzhou and continued to assist Peng Yulin, Zhang Zhidong (the new governor of Liangguang), and Zhang Shusheng (the former governor of Liangguang) to lead the Huai army. In terms of subordination, Zheng Guan should be a direct subordinate of Peng Yulin, but the three sides of the great enemy are not divided into each other in some matters, and he has successively received the tasks assigned by "ErZhang" and has close contact with both of them.
Returning to Guangzhou from Nanyang, Zheng Guan should submit the "Playing Invitation to the Nanyang Domain to Serve and Trade Fold" and "Please Set Up the Nanyang Consular Film", drawing the attention of the imperial court to the study of Southeast Asia, breaking through the restrictions of the tributary system, and proposing to recognize the former "vassal states" of Siam and Burma as equal countries, and to set up consuls throughout Nanyang to protect overseas Chinese and develop commerce in order to resist colonial forces.
In "Please Set Up a Nanyang Consul Film", he pointed out that the number of overseas Chinese in Singapore, Penang, Malacca, Borneo and other places is more than 2 million, and suggested that more consuls should be set up to protect overseas Chinese. This fold is included in the "Zhang Wenxianggong (Unpublished) Telegram", with traces of revision and missing words, and it does not look like it is finalized. Zheng Guanying did not have the qualifications to play a special fold, and this fold should be played by Zhang Zhidong or Peng Yulin, and it can be considered that Zhang Zhidong had carefully read it. By 1886, Zhang Zhidong had finished dealing with the aftermath of the Sino-French War, and finally freed his hands, and according to Zheng Guanying's suggestion, he sent a delegation headed by Wang Ronghe, the deputy general of the Zhou Dynasty, to the islands of Nanyang and as far as Australia, "declaring Germany and Italy, contacting Shang Dong", comforting overseas Chinese, and proposing to Prime Minister Yamen to add consuls, all of which were planned by Zheng Guanying.
Development of Hainan
At the end of 1884, Peng Yulin and Zhang Zhidong, worried that the French army would attack Hainan from Vietnam, sent Zheng Guanying to Qiong to inspect the defense, and in only seven or eight days, Zheng Guanying quickly formed a set of ideas for developing Hainan's resources. Soon after returning to Sui, he submitted to Zhang Zhidong the "Outline of the Road to Prepare qiongli and open the mountains and rivers of Lidong", and proposed to Wang Zhichun of Lei Qiong Dao the "Book of Reclamation and Undertaking the Patina Mine".
The mountains and rivers in Hainan are dangerous and obstructive, and the "miasma" strikes people, and the gap between the Li people and the Han people is very deep, and foreign business travelers cannot go deep into the interior to develop resources. Zheng Guanying believes that An Qiong must first take care of Li, trade must first build roads, and Fu Qiong must attract investment. In the future, zhang Zhidong indeed followed Zheng Guanying's vision and sent Feng Zicai and Yang Yushu into Qiongding to quell the Rebellion in Keli, set up an aftermath organization, opened roads, and organized investment to develop resources.
It was in the Abridgement that Zheng Guanying was the first to propose growing coffee in Hainan, which was then implemented by his friend Zhang Tingjun (Zhang Xingchi) in 1888. Zhang Tingjun, a businessman from Xiangshan, once went to Nanyang to do business, and he expanded more than 2,000 acres of land in Changhua County (now Changjiang County) in Hainan Province, tried to grow coffee, and by 1889 "became 70% alive", which was a remarkable achievement. Prior to this, the start year of coffee cultivation in Hainan was not accurate, and there were three theories: 1898, 1908, and the early years of the Republic of China. The author found historical materials from the second series of the "Manuscripts of Qing Dynasty Celebrities Collected in Modern History", which proves that the earliest large-scale cultivation of coffee in Hainan was in 1888, and the time when Zheng Guan should make suggestions was at the end of 1884. Hainan and coffee are related, which was actually founded by two Xiangshan people, Zheng Guanying and Zhang Tingjun.
Zheng Guan should be keen, and not only advocate the cultivation of coffee. Shortly after inspecting Hainan, he proposed to Wang Zhichun to develop the "Patina Mountain" and use modern machinery to develop the Shilu Mine in Hainan. In this year, Zhang Tingjun began to explore the Shilu copper mine, found that the ore was rich and beautiful, and in 1887, the machine was transported to officially mine, but unfortunately it was suspended due to the mining disaster in 1889. In 1939, the invading Japanese army found large iron ore in Shilushan, followed by predatory mining, after the victory of the War of Resistance, the Nationalist government to accept, in 1956 restarted Shilu iron ore, named "Hainan iron ore", China's largest iron-rich ore, Shilu town also rely on the mining area to rise, become Changjiang County. Many of Zheng Guanying's suggestions and suggestions are highly feasible, and once approved, there will be corresponding talents and funds to implement them immediately, which is comparable to those who are not relying on empty words.
The whole map of Changjiang County is Shiluling
Boat aid Taiwan
At the beginning of 1885, Zheng Guanying was sent to Hong Kong by Zhang Zhidong to find ships to aid Taiwan. At that time, the French army blockaded the Taiwan Strait, and Zhang Zhidong planned to send fang gong 5 battalions of the Guangdong Admiral Fang Yao to aid Taiwan, charter foreign ships, secretly sail from Shantou, break through the French blockade line, and receive Liu Mingchuan, who was guarding Taiwan. According to the original plan, once the ship was chartered, Zheng Guanying would go with the ship to Shantou and set off together, but this plan was not realized. At that time, the Liaison between the Guangdong side and Fujian was handled by the alternate Dao Yang Yushu. Gu Hongming, who became famous in the future, was able to enter the shogunate of ZhangZhidong because he met Yang Yushu on a steamship. Yang Yushu made outstanding contributions to the development of Hainan, but unfortunately died in 1886 due to infection with "miasma".
On January 4, 1885, Zheng Guanying sneaked to Hong Kong, lived in Tai An Zhan, and began to entrust shipping merchants to contact the charter ship. Soon, he learned that there was a German steamship that could carry 600 people, with a speed of 30 miles per hour, a draft of 15 feet, a monthly rental price of 3200 yuan, coal fees, water diversion fees, and additional conditions were that in case of being destroyed and captured by the French army, the owner of the ship should be compensated 80,000 yuan, and the compensation must be deposited in the bank in advance, and the bank will issue a letter of guarantee. Zhang Zhidong was reluctant to accept this guarantee condition. Since Fang Gong's Taiwan aid team still needed to be reorganized, Zheng Guanying was unable to go to Shantou immediately and stayed in Hong Kong to contact the ships. The situation changed, Zhang Zhidong put forward new requirements from time to time, the shipowner also constantly adjusted the conditions, some ships could not arrive at the port in a short period of time, most of the people who had arrived at the port could not stay for a long time, Zheng Guanying and Zhang Zhidong exchanged dozens of telegrams, and gradually deviated from the original plan. Once, the charter conditions had been agreed by Zhang Zhidong, Zheng Guanying had initialed a contract with a German foreign firm, and Zhang Zhidong suddenly asked for another price reduction, and finally failed to rent. On April 14, he sent a final telegram from Hong Kong to Zhang Zhidong informing afghanistan of the victory of the Russian army in the war with Russia. (Manuscripts of Qing Dynasty Celebrity Manuscripts Collected in Modern History, Vol. II, Vol. 54, p. 326)
Zheng Guan should contact the charterer while dealing with the Hong Kong court. In his early years, when he was a comprador at Swire & Co., he vouched for his fellow villager Yang Guixuan, and later the Yang clan owed the firm more than 40,000 yuan, and the Cheng clan was sued by Swire & Co. and detained by the Hong Kong court, not in the "days after January 7, 1885" as Mr. Xia Dongyuan said, but in February. On February 11, Zheng Guanying sent a telegram to Zhang Zhidong, saying: "The rough hire of three ships has a clue, but now due to the closure of the port, it cannot be done for the time being." Should be suffering from cold and heat, and have friends before the time of cleaning up in the ancient deficit, begging for ten days of leave. Due. Zheng Guan should deal with debt collection while still reporting intelligence to Zhang Zhidong. This time was forced by Swire to pay debts, coupled with the Shanghai machine weaving layout to recover debts, so that Zheng Guanying fell into the trough of life, and then had the help of relatives and friends to solve the repayment, "get rid of the tiredness and return to the country", return to Macao to recuperate, and begin the writing of "Prosperous Dangerous Words".
Zhang Zhidong sent Zheng Guanying to Hong Kong to contact the charter ship, and the author always felt that it was oversized and underused. Zheng Guanying's talent has many aspects, and familiarity with shipping is only one of the less important aspects. There is also a possibility that after Zhang Zhidong read the "Five Strategies for The Five Strategies of Tiao Chen Shi Wu", he felt that Zheng Guanying's thoughts were out of line with the scriptures and had a tendency to "completely Westernize" and should not be reused. As a high-ranking official from the Imperial Examination, Zhang Zhidong was always wary of "different-way" personnel, and this view of talent was very outdated by the 1880s, and it was very conservative compared with Li Hongzhang's bold appointment of Rong Hong and Wu Tingfang. From 1884 to 1888, Zhan Tianyou was idle under Zhang Zhidong and was arranged to teach English at the Guangdong Marine and Land Teachers' School, unable to show his strengths, fortunately, Wu Tingfang's wisdom and wisdom, transferred to the railway company, and became the best engineer in China. Zhang Zhidong, known for planning China's trunk railways, knows nothing about Zhan Tianyou under his nose and complains all day about the lack of talent. After Zhan Tianyou ran to Tianjin, Zhang Zhidong's aide Cai Xiyong found that something was wrong and continuously sent telegrams to try to recover him, but there was no time.
Zhang Zhidong introduced British equipment to establish the Guangdong Money Bureau, the reason for its relative success, is mainly because the minister in the UK Liu Ruifen did a careful and meticulous investigation, in the overall planning, plant design, equipment selection and supporting aspects of painstaking efforts, to help hire a capable British engineer team to sui, and Responsible for the preparation and operation management of Xue Peirong also showed a high degree of professionalism, "The bureau is prosperous cheng gong, can get the good law and good intentions of the Westerners, without its traces, so the ability to eliminate malpractice, business credit, its business creation, Shi Lai's late bureau raised the strength of Xue Peirong, the third rank of Jiangsu's alternate prefecture. Liu Ruifen and Xue Peirong are both foreign affairs talents cultivated by Li Hongzhang, Liu Ruifen has long been responsible for the procurement of weapons in the Huai Army, Xue Peirong once served as the Chinese's first self-made steamship "Tianji" pipe belt, both of them have in-depth understanding and rich experience in modern machinery. In terms of foreign affairs, Zhang Zhidong did not know how many talents were trained, so that Cai Xiyong was in charge of five or six important things for a long time, tired of running for his life, and unfortunately died of a stroke in 1898, which can be said to be exhausting. The elite of the "old school" of the Zhangzhidong shogunate are gathered together, and there are very few "new learning" talents who can really stand alone. He not only "lost" Zhan Tianyou, but later "let go" Liang Dunyan. When Liang Dunyan left Zhangzhidong in 1904, he was just a Taoist platform, and in 1909 he had risen to the rank of Shangshu of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Zhan Tianyou
"Five Strategies for The Time of The Past"
Zheng Guanying had very close contacts with Zhang Shusheng, the former governor of Liangguang. In 1881, Zheng Guanying was appointed as the general office of the Shanghai China Telegraph Bureau, and the following year Li Hongzhang was worried, and Zhang Shusheng, acting as the viceroy of Liangguang, passed through Shanghai and summoned Zheng Guanying to consult the telegraph business. Zheng Guan should take the opportunity to submit the "Political Book of Zhang Zhenshuai, Governor of Shangyue Province", and have new thinking in the way of employing people, such as the foreign affairs committee members of various provinces must "graduate from the School of Western Law and Politics", know how to invoke international law to negotiate with foreign countries, and "do not have to make concessions" to the unreasonable demands of the great powers in order to safeguard China's national system and national interests. (Zheng Guanying Collection, vol. II, p. 344) Zheng Guanying's proposal seems to be paving the way for Wu Tingfang to go north. Wu Tingfang graduated from Lincoln Law School in London with a Doctorate and is the first Chinese lawyer in Hong Kong. A few months after Zheng Guanying's letter, Wu Tingfang went north from Hong Kong and has since taken up the post of Beiyang, where he has performed very well in diplomatic relations and railway construction.
On March 17, 1884, Zhang Shusheng, the governor of Liangguang, sent Zheng Guanying to Hong Kong to negotiate with the Governor of Hong Kong and bring back the 25 Krupp cannons seized by the Hong Kong government to Guangzhou. On March 21, Zhang Shusheng inspected the Guangdong Telegraph Bureau, accompanied by Zheng Guanying. (Hong Kong Circulation Daily, March 24, 1884)
Zhang Shusheng, the governor of Liangguang
On July 8, the new governor of Liangguang, Zhang Zhidong, took up his post in Guangzhou, and Zhang Shusheng continued to command the Guangdong-Huai Army after leaving office, and died at the Huangpu Pavilion on October 26. According to the system at that time, when a high-ranking official of the first level of supervision died, he had a will and report to the imperial court, usually drafted by the children around him and the core staff. Zhang Shusheng's ordination is a rare official text in the history of the late Qing Dynasty, and he proposes that the West has its founding body, and China "leaves its body behind and seeks its use", which is actually a criticism of prince Gong and Li Hongzhang's foreign ideas. The posthumous title:
In recent years, scholars and doctors have gradually become clear about diplomacy, talking about foreign affairs, and planning for coastal defense, and Chinese and foreign countries have spoken at the same time. Although the Lile education is far inferior to that of China, it is tamed and enriched, and it has a physical use. Educating talents in the academy, discussing politics in the house, the unity of the monarch and the people, the unity of the upper and lower hearts, pragmatic and refraining from being vain, planning and then moving, this body is also. Ships, cannons, guns, mines, railways, wires, this is also used. China left its body behind and sought its use, no matter how exhausted it was, the pace tended to be out of reach, so that the iron ships were formed, the railways were reached in all directions, and the fruits were enough to be intimidated. ("Zhang Jingdagong (Shusheng)", Wenhai Publishing House photocopy, page 559)
Zhang Shusheng was born, started with regimental training, participated in the suppression of the Taiping Army, twisted the army, and spent his whole life on horseback, and he would have some understanding of the functions of foreign guns and cannons and telegraph ships, but he did not have systematic contact with Western studies, and if he could regard the Western "cultivation of talents in the academy and discussion of politics in the parliament" as the "body" of the founding of the country, I am afraid that there is no such level of understanding, and this line of thinking can only come from Zheng Guanying. As early as 1880, Zheng Guanying had a very clear exposition of the Western parliamentary system in his book "Yi Yan", and hoped that China would "follow the legacy of the three generations and imitate the good law of Taixi". His understanding of the British political system is:
The case was not true of the Ctesi nations, whose capitals had upper and lower houses of parliament. The Upper House is worthy of the clan of the kingdom and its great members, and is close to the king. The Lower House is filled with gentlemen and merchants, talents and respected people, and it is also known to the people. Where there is a matter of state, it shall be agreed upon by the Lower House of Representatives and shall be reached in detail in the Upper House. The House of Lords agreed to play the Lord of the Nation. If the agreement of the two chambers is in accordance with the will, the Lord of the Nation shall decide to disobey it. If there is a discrepancy between them, either the agreement shall be stopped or the reconsideration shall be decided later. Therefore, the political affairs of Taixi are well known to the whole country, so the feelings of the upper and lower levels are good, and the measures are good. (Zheng Guanying Collection, vol. 1, p. 103)
On July 11, Zheng Guan wrote in Singapore "Five Strategies for Tiao Chen Current Affairs", "Governor Zhang Xiangshuai of Shangyue", proposing: "The Yuping calendar chaxi people founded the foundation of the country, both physical and practical. Cultivating talents in the academy, discussing politics in the house, integrating the military and the people, and the same heart from top to bottom, this is the body; training troops, making equipment, railways, wires, and other things, this is the use of this. China's body is useful, and it is difficult to become rich and strong. (Zheng Guanying Collection, vol. 1, p. 967)
Carefully comparing the two paragraphs, it can be considered that Zhang Shusheng's thoughts are completely born out of Zheng Guanying's "Five Strategies for Current Affairs of Tiao Chen", and it is a pity that the full text of the "Five Strategies" has not been found so far. As early as 1985, Qi Qizhang determined that "the thought of the body described in Zhang Shusheng's posthumous fold can actually only be Zheng Guanying's point of view." Xia Dongyuan and Yi Huili also had the same judgment. Yi Huili also pointed out that Zhang Shusheng's eldest son, Zhang Huakui, was very close to Zheng Guanying. ("Zheng Guanying Commentary", p. 339) According to Zhang Zhidong's recital on October 16 of that year, Zhang Huakui did indeed "come to Guangdong with his appointment and do household chores in the department on weekdays", that is, when Zhang Shusheng died, Zhang Huakui served by his side, and it can be considered that this posthumous fold was written by Zhang Huakui to absorb Zheng Guanying's "Five Articles of Tiao Chen Shiwu". Zhang Huakui cleverly took advantage of the particularity of the ordination system and boldly suggested that the imperial court generally did not blame the ordination, but that was all.
Zheng Guanying's view that the Western people used both the state system may have borrowed from Guo Songtao's exposition in 1875. Guo Songtao believes that "the establishment of the Western countries has its own end, its origin is in the imperial court's politics and religion, and its end is in merchants, shipbuilding, and instrument-making, which complement each other to benefit its strength." ("Modern Chinese History Materials Series" Volume I, Yangwu Movement, p. 142) Zheng Guanying's "both physical and practical" is more accurate than Guo Songtao's "there is a book and an end".
Zheng Guanying believes that Western countries "have both physical uses" and "China's body is effective and useful", that is, he believes that the western affairs movement has gone in the wrong direction and tried to exert influence on the center through the special form of Zhang Shusheng's remains. At that time, the government and the opposition were generally very conservative, Zheng Guanying then felt the pressure, and had to make a retreat posture in the "Prosperous Dangerous Words and Western Studies": "Middle school is its original, Western learning is also its end, the main middle school is supplemented by Western learning." I think this is not Zheng Guanying's intention, but a concession under political pressure, as Yi Huili said: "... The more he pursues political legitimization, the more sharp his ideas for change become. ”
The biggest difference between Zhang Zhidong and Zheng Guanying lies in the concept of the body of the founding of the country. In Zheng Guanying's view, the developed countries in the West are all "both physical and practical", the ship gun is only "used", that is, the external performance, the root ("body") is a complete set of systems and cultures, "educating talents in the academy, discussing politics in the parliament" is the core of this system and culture, and "China has left its body to use, move more, it is difficult to become rich and strong." In 1898, Zhang Zhidong proposed that "the old learning is the body, and the new learning is the use", opening the bow left and right, not only to deal with the conservatives, but also to resist Kang Youwei and Zheng Guanying. Today, Zheng Guanying's exposition that "educating talents in the academy and deliberating on politics in the house" is also biased, and on that day it far exceeded zhang Zhidong's level of understanding in 1898.
Logically speaking, "the old learning is the body, the new learning is the use" does not make sense, as Yan Fu refuted: "The body user, that is, the one thing is also concerned." If there is a body of an ox, it is used to carry weight; if there is a body of a horse, it is used to go far. It is not heard that the cow is the body, and the horse is also used. (Yan Fu Ji, vol. III, pp. 558-559) Zhang Zhidong's ideological root is "applied through the ages", and he never forgets the word "use", and "old learning is the body, new learning is used" actually implies the thesis that "the old learning is useless", which may also be the reason why Zhang Zhidong insists on using the old and the new and the body against each other.
Zhang Zhidong
Zhang Zhidong and Zheng Guanying, the two great thinkers of modern times, met during the Sino-French War, spent 10 months together, and did not touch the spark, and the distance between the two was very obvious. By 1901, when the diehards were dead or abolished, and the situation in the DPRK had changed drastically, Zhang Zhidong trembled and tried to return to Zheng Guanying's proposition 17 years ago: "There is an urgent matter in changing the law, which is actually the root of the laws, and the words are frightening. The best of the West, the law of the Upper and Lower Houses maintaining each other. (Zhao Dexin edited "The Complete Works of Zhang Zhidong", vol. 10, p. 270) 17 years later, when Zhang Zhidong fried Zheng Guanying's cold rice, he still felt that "the words were frightening", which shows how much pressure Zheng Guanying once endured. Prophets were all killed by the "mainstream."
Editor-in-Charge: Zhong Yuan
Proofreader: Zhang Liangliang