Tip: Princess Honghua lived until her death in 698, and it may be that people thought that she was buried in Weizhou and was somewhat lonely, so they sent her to Wuwei and buried her in Qingzui Lama Bay. Wuwei is relatively close to Qinghai, which can give Princess Honghua some "comfort". The newly discovered tomb of Murong Zhi is located in Tianzhu, which may also have this meaning: on the one hand, Tianzhu is the hometown of Tuguhun; on the other hand, there is also the hope of "restoring the country"!
<h1>Let's start with a road, some places. </h1>
There is a road from Gansu Tianzhu to Qinghai Mutual Aid, less than ten minutes drive north of Tianzhu County, you can see the signage of this highway, and now it is a newly built wide highway. In the past, there were some scenic spots on the road, but now because of the ecological protection of Qilian Mountain, it has been shut down, and vehicles are hurrying on this road that shuttles through the branches of Qilian Mountain. This road was a passageway through which people in the Hehuang region of Qinghai and the Hexi Corridor and the area east and south of the Hexi Corridor were exchanged in history, and it is still the same.
The traces of humanities are obvious, first of all, Tianzhu is a Tibetan autonomous county, and the source of the people is of course the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The town of Huazang Monastery, where the county seat of Tianzhu is located, was originally a lamaist monastery, and there are many such monasteries on the way to mutual aid. Tianzhu, known in Tibetan as Huarui, means heroic tribe, but the name Tianzhu is derived from the first character of Heavenly Temple and Zhugong Temple in the territory. This name makes people can't help but think of this kind of association - heaven's good wishes.
The mutual aid at that end is still an ethnic minority autonomous county, the ethnic group is the Turks, and among the many theories of its origin, there is a more mainstream theory that the Turks originate from the Tuguhun (Huo'er) theory. The Huo'er people were originally a Tibetan generic term for the nomadic peoples living in northern Tibet and the area north of Tibet (north of the Yellow River). Tibetan historical texts have been used to refer to Uighurs or Mongols, and in modern times they have referred exclusively to the Turks. He'er County, He'ertun, He'erji, He'erchuan, and other places in the Turkish area of Huzhu County are said to be named because of the ancient inhabitants of the Khor people. He'er County, known in Tibetan as "Heri River", means the area inhabited by the Khor people. According to preliminary research, the Turkish legendary Khor people are likely to be Tuguhun people.
One road, in this way, connects the two peoples and introduces us into a more profound history. The name Mutual Aid County was only created in 1930, when Xining County set up Mutual Aid County, because of the complexity of the tribes, it took the meaning of mutual aid and cooperation. In 1954, it was reorganized into mutual aid Turkish Autonomous Region (county level), and in September 1955, it was renamed Mutual Aid Turk Autonomous County. However, Ledu, which is also located in the Haidong region, is a very famous place, and its name comes from the bald (Tuoba) Xianbei who established Nanliang, which is said in the history books to be Hexi Xianbei. During the Han and Wei dynasties, a branch of the Tuoba clan, led by a chieftain, moved from Saibei to Liangzhou, Hexi, known as Hexi Xianbei. He lived here for about two centuries, and the people gradually flourished, engaged in farming, repaired neighbors, and settled the territory. Its leader was tuoba wugu, and he was a brother to Tuoba Liwei, the ancestor of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
There are many Xiongnu components in the western Xianbei, but the bald Xianbei should be a branch of the Xianbei ethnic group that moved west earlier, from the Head of Suo, which is a people of the Eastern Hu family. Between 219 and 256, they traveled south along the banks of the Yellow River along the eastern foothills of the Helan Mountains along the yin mountains and hetao in northern Saibei to the north of Hexi, that is, from the present-day Ejina Banner of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Liangzhou to the northern part of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The area controlled by Southern Liang at its peak, in addition to Ledu and Wuwei, as well as some places in western Gansu and southern Ningxia.
If you look at the text, you will definitely think that Le du is the happy capital of Nanliang, but this is not the case: in earlier times, Le Du was called Luo Du, Luo Du Gu (a luo du valley), and later Ya became "Ledu". It is said that its name comes from the ancient Qiang language, which is the name of the valley, and its meaning is unknown. The Tibetan language inherits the ancient Qiang language, meaning "double fork ditch mouth" or "place where three ditches meet". It also means "mountain god" or sheep god, which means auspicious and peaceful.
Before the Han Dynasty, this area, including Tianzhu and Ledu, was the place where ancestors flourished, and its Neolithic cultural relics are good proof, dating back more than 4,000 years. Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, both places belonged to qiangrong land, and after the Han Dynasty entered the Hexi Corridor, in 111 BC, some ethnic groups in the Hexi Corridor, such as the Yueshi, were placed in the Huangshui River Basin, and then the Han army entered the Hehuang area, and took about this road. After the Han established Jincheng County (present-day Lanzhou), both places were within their jurisdiction, including Xining, but at that time, Xining was not called Xining, and was only called Yanzhou during the Northern Wei Dynasty, which was different from The Shanshan in Xinjiang, but both had the meaning of goodness and kindness.
<h1>Or return to the Tuguhun people. </h1>
Tuguhun (313 AD – 663 AD), also known as Tuhun, is the name of the ancient Chinese northwestern ethnic group and the founding of the country. Originally a branch of the Xianbei Murong Clan of Liaodong Province, the Tibetan people called it Achai. It was an ancient regime located in the Qilian Mountains and the upper valley of the Yellow River from the Western Jin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty.
The name of the tuguhun regime is also a personal name, and it was the eldest son of Murong Shan of the Xianbei Murong clan in Liaodong Province, who was assigned to the 1700 households and made other departments to mu. At the beginning of the 4th century, Murong Shu died, and his concubine Murong Yu succeeded him as Shan Yu, and was at odds with Murong Tuguhun, who moved his troops west to Shanglong and stopped at Fenghan (枹汉, in the vicinity of present-day Linxia County, Gansu Province), using this as a stronghold, and his descendants inherited each other, invading And Qiang, becoming a strong department.
It is not difficult to see that Tuguhun and "bald hair", both out of humility, are two tribes of one nation. Tuguhun comes from east to west, in addition to the contradictions between brothers, there are also some followers of the meaning of "relatives", which is also a microcosm of the migration of the northern ethnic groups in China from east to west.
After Tuguhun's death, his eldest son Tuyan succeeded to the throne. After Tuyan's death, his subordinate Yeyan developed his tribe in the area of Mount Bran in the baron river basin of present-day Qinghai, and established the headquarters of Mukechuan in the area of present-day Muketan in Guinan County, with officials such as Sima and Changshi. It is named after his grandfather Tuguhun. Since then, Tuguhun has changed from a personal name to a surname and family name. Later, after several generations of development, when it reached Shuluogan, its department was based on Gan and Qingjian, and its actual control was as far east as Taohe and Longgu (present-day Songpan, Sichuan Province), as far west as Chishui and Bailan, bounded by the Yellow River in the north and DajishiShan in the south. It is bordered by Southern Liang to the north and Western Qin to the east.
Tuguhun occupied the Qinghai Road of the Silk Road, their caravans from the Yangtze River and the lower reaches of the Yellow River in the east, to the Chengdu Plain in the south, to Central Asia in the west, as far as Persia (present-day Iran), while trading with these places, they also made their own animal husbandry, agriculture, mining, smelting and handicrafts develop rapidly, and absorbed the culture of all sides, so that the level of their own civilization was improved. Therefore, historians have called the Qinghai Road of the Silk Road, also known as tuguhun road, which shows from one side that Tuguhun once occupied an important position in the history of chinese and Western transportation.
Tuguhun had a high degree of civilization, and the established regime entered the era of feudalization. The early Tuguhun people believed in shamanism, and later Buddhism was introduced to Tuguhun, and its upper echelons accepted Buddhist culture. They spoken both Xianbei and Chinese, did not have their own script, and their aristocratic classes mostly used Chinese. Marriage customs are characterized by the "succession marriage" of wives and stepmothers, widows and sisters-in-law, and wives and brothers-in-law.
Tuguhun men's clothing is roughly the same as that of the Central Plains Han Chinese, wearing small sleeves, small mouth hakama, large heads and long skirts and hats; the hat covers the face with Luo Mi, and the horse can avoid the wind and sand. Tuguhun women's clothing is also similar to that of Han women, with braided hair and gold flowers as jewelry, especially Ke Dun (queen) wearing a golden flower crown for the first time, with a fresh and humble legacy. After the bunch, the hair is embellished with beads. People can see the difference between the number of gold flowers and pearl shells on the headdress.
As a political power, the territory of Tuguhun was dominated by Xianbei and Qiang people. The former is the ruling nation and the latter is the main component of the population. Judging from the Tuguhun Jiancheng Guo Yiju and so on, there are signs of fusion between Qiang and Xianbei. In Tibetan literature, Tuguhun is called "Sang Asha", and Sang is one of the first six clans formed by the Tibetan people. The referral of Tuguhun as "Saishi" also seems to reflect the phenomenon of Qiangzangization of Tuguhun. In addition, there are still Turks and Kangju people in Tuguhun territory.
This fusion gives today's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau a kind of population name, that is: Tuguhun conquered the local Qiang and Hun tribes, the power continues to grow, its sphere of influence in the east to the present southern Gansu, northwest Sichuan, south to the south of Qinghai, west to Xinjiang Ruoqiang, and the end, north to the Qilian Mountains, although eventually died in Tubo, but still maintained the past territorial scope and living habits, the upper rulers continued to marry each other with the Tubo royal family, the two began a new fusion, and finally formed the Ando people in Qinghai.
<h1>Let's talk about the Tuguhun regime. </h1>
Wang Changling, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, has a poem: The desert wind and dust are dark, and the red flag is half rolled out of the gate. The former army fought in The north of the river at night, and has reported that it has captured Guhun. Wang Changling was born in 698, at this time Tuguhun as a political regime, in fact, does not exist, but the poet still wrote it into the poem, which more or less from another level shows the glory and strength of Tuguhun.
From a geographical point of view, in the late Tuguhun period, it was sandwiched between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo in the Central Plains, which was really difficult to survive, but why were they able to rise and become strong? There are three main reasons for this: 1. Tuguhun attaches great importance to talents and accepts the advanced culture of all parties through the trade of the Silk Road; 2. Tuguhun metal smelting is relatively developed, and there are gold, copper, iron and other metal mineral resources in its territory, which can be used for war; 3. Tuguhun is good at raising horses, and its territory is also a natural and good horse farm. Let's focus on one last point.
Horses are animals that like cold places, but they can't be too tall, and the Tuguhun territory is such a place. As a weapon in ancient warfare, horses can even determine the fate of a regime and a country. The horses raised in Tuguhun are called "Qinghai Horses", the Book of Sui: Tuguhun has Qinghai and there are hills. Its vulgarity is that it is often square and horse and above it, saying that its dragon species. Taste the Persian grass horse into the sea, because of the birth of a colt, travel thousands of miles a day, so the world is called Qinghai foal.
The Qinghai here is the current Qinghai Lake, the hill is the island Haixin Mountain in the lake, and the horse is the mare. Persian grass is actually what is called alfalfa today, which was introduced from the Western Han Dynasty from the Western Regions and contains the richest vitamins. Tuguhun let the mare and the stallion mate in the relatively disturbed environment of Haixin Mountain, and gave the horses good food and drink, and the ponies born became Qinghai horses. Moreover, there seems to be a "sense of mystery" in it.
In 608, the Sui Emperor went to the Hexi Corridor and fought a battle with Tuguhun, which dealt a devastating blow to Tuguhun, and the Sui Dynasty established xihai and Heyuan counties in tuguhun territory, but most of these places were not effectively controlled later, and even the officials appointed by the imperial court could not find a place to take office. At that time, the Sui Emperor felt that the "Qinghai Horse" was very good, and asked people to bring the good horses donated by the countries in the Western Regions to Qinghai Lake and learn to raise them in order to "breed good horses", but unfortunately, this cultivation did not succeed. This was like the Sui Emperor's war against Tuguhun, which did not achieve substantial results -- a few years later, Tuguhun Fuyun not only recovered all the lost land, but also attacked the right side of the Sui Dynasty River, and the Sui Dynasty counties were difficult to resist.
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Tuguhun was still very bullish, uniting with the Western Turks, controlling small countries in the western region, often invading the borders of the Central Plains, attacking merchants, blocking the political, economic, and cultural ties between the Central Plains and the northwest frontier, hindering the economic and cultural exchanges between China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, and making the Silk Road impossible. However, they soon encountered a tough opponent, Li Shimin.
In June 634, the Tang army attacked Tuguhun, and its king Fuyun fled with the crowd, and the Tang army pursued it to Qinghai Lake. However, after the Tang Dynasty withdrew, Tuguhun appeared again, and in November of that year, when he came to harass Liangzhou again, Li Shimin was very angry and sent Li Jing, the god of war of the Tang Dynasty, all the way to Baihai (Eling Lake or Zhaling Lake at the source of the Yellow River), and his king Fuyun hanged himself, Tuguhun was attached to the Tang Dynasty, and Hun became a vassal state of the Tang Dynasty.
In order to unite Tuguhun and consolidate the gains of the war, Li Shimin married his daughter Princess Honghua to Murong Nuobao, the Tuguhun Khan, in 640. However, at this time, Tuguhun was no longer the same as the present, civil unrest was not to be said, and it was often attacked by Tubo, and by 663, it was finally destroyed by Tubo.
<h1>Now let's talk about the Tuguhun Tomb discovered by Tianzhu. </h1>
The newly discovered Tuguhun Tomb is located on the top of the mountain north of Chashan Village in Qilian Town, Tianzhu County, on a hill surrounded by three mountains in the east, west and south, 35 kilometers east of Wuwei City. The burial site belongs to the northern foothills of Qilian Mountain, which is a locally gentle combination of mountain basins and longitudinal valleys. Many cultural relics have been excavated, which are the earliest and most complete preserved tombs of the Tuguhun royal family found and excavated in the Wuwei area, which are also rare in China and are important discoveries in the archaeological research of Tuguhun tombs. It provides important value for people to study the burial customs of Tuguhun and the history of the relationship between the Tang and Tuguhun nationalities, the history of Silk Road transportation, and the history of material culture.
The owner of the tomb was Murong Zhi, Murong Nuo's third son. Compared with the hot discussion on the Internet, we think more about why this tomb appeared in Tianzhu.
After Tuguhun was attacked by Tubo, the Tang Dynasty placed the last Khans, Princess Nuoyu and Princess Honghua, as well as some fleeing Tuguhun tribes, in Wuwei, hoping that the Tang Dynasty could help them restore the country, but Princess Honghua and Princess Nuoyu waited for 9 years and did not move. In 670, in order to contain Tubo, which was expanding to the western region, and also to help the TuguHun tribe return to its homeland, the Tang Dynasty sent Xue Rengui to lead an army to attack the Heyuan region, but Tubo was defeated at DafeiChuan. Princess Honghua and NuoYubao felt that there was no hope of restoration, and wrote to the imperial court to request that they move into the interior of the Tang Dynasty.
After receiving the request of Princess Honghua and Nuoyu Bowl, the Tang Dynasty felt that it was not very good to move them into the interior, and wanted them to return to Qinghai and play the role they had played in the past, sandwiched between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo as a "buffer". In 672, the Tang Dynasty moved Princess Nuoyu and Princess Honghua to the south of the Datong River in the present-day Ledu river in Qinghai, but eventually moved to present-day Tongxinwei Prefecture, Ningxia because of "fear of the strength of Tubo and uneasiness about its residence". At that time, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty was Emperor Gaozong of Tang, who named Weizhou Anle Prefecture, which means to let Princess Nuoyu and Princess Honghua retire well in Weizhou, "wanting its peace and happiness".
In Ningxia, Princess Honghua lived until her death in 698, a full 10 years after her death. It may be that people thought that she was a little lonely in Weizhou, so they transported her to Wuwei and buried her in Qingzui Lama Bay. Wuwei is relatively close to Qinghai, which can give Princess Honghua some "comfort". The newly discovered tomb of Murong Zhi is located in Tianzhu, which may also have this meaning: on the one hand, Tianzhu is the hometown of Tuguhun; on the other hand, there is also the hope of "restoring the country"!
The fact is that history did not give Tuguhun the opportunity to "turn over" later, and during the five dynasties he scattered in Ulzhou and other places, once attached to the Shatuo Li clan; during the Song Dynasty, he was attached to the Khitan and later assimilated into the Han or other ethnic groups. The history of Tuguhun is moored in the history books, just like the "Qinghai Qi" they once cultivated, and later, it was frozen in ancient paintings as Yang Yuhuan's mount.
At the foot of the mountains on the east and west sides of today's Wusheling Mountains, there are two ancient cities, Anyuan in the north of the ridge and Anmen in the south. It is said that there is a city called Fancheng, built by Tubo, passing west through Cocoa through the Capture of Xixiu Dragon through Qinghai. The distance between the two cities was 10 kilometers, which should be the place where the two armies of Tibet and the Tang Dynasty were at that time. (Wen | Lusheng)