If we want to say that the most frequent regime changes and the most turbulent period of society in China's history, it must be the first to promote the Wei and Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties. Friends familiar with history know that this timeline of more than three hundred years has stringed together countless wars, witnessed countless regimes, and staged countless tragedies and joys. Today, we will take a look at this chaotic period of history.
In the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, eunuchs and scholars in the imperial court were fighting fiercely, and in 184, several peasants suddenly rebelled below, wearing yellow turbans, shouting slogans, and calling themselves the "Yellow Turban Army", which was one of the largest religious forms of civil revolt in Chinese history. In order to effectively suppress the uprising, in 188, the young Han Ling Emperor, at the suggestion of Liu Yan of Taichang, changed part of the history of thorns to zhou mu and gave him local military and political power. As a result, these states were self-respecting, not controlled by the imperial court, and formed warlords. As a result, many superheroes have been created.
In 196, Cao Cao welcomed Emperor Xian of Han to Xuchang and changed his name to Yuan Jian'an. Accepting the advice of the strategist Xun Yu, he adopted the policy of "feng tianzi to order not to be subordinate" (commonly known as "holding tianzi to order the princes"), and successively defeated many forces, and in 200 years, the Battle of Guandu defeated Yuan Shao. In 207, wuhuan was broken and the north was unified. In the winter of 208, the Battle of Chibi was defeated by Sun Liu's combined forces.
In 220 AD, Cao Cao died of illness, and his son Cao Pi forced the Han Emperor Chan Rang to establish the state as Wei, historically known as Cao Wei. At this point, the Eastern Han Dynasty collapsed and officially entered the Three Kingdoms period.
In 221, Liu Bei was proclaimed emperor in Yizhou, and the state name was continued to be Han, and the history was called Shu Han. In 222, at the Battle of Yiling, Liu Bei was defeated and Sun Quan occupied Jingzhou. In 223, Liu Bei died of illness in the White Emperor's City, and Zhuge Liang resumed his alliance with Sun Quan from the perspective of the overall situation.
In 229, Sun Quan declared himself emperor in Wuchang, and the founding name was Wu, and the history was called Eastern Wu. The strength of the Three Kingdoms, Cao Wei is the strongest, Eastern Wu is second, and Shu Han is the weakest. During this period, wars were frequent, mainly between Wu and Shu against Wei.
In 263, Sima Zhao launched a war against Wei against Shu, and Sima Zhao's heart was well known to passers-by, and Shu Han perished.
In 265, Sima Zhao died of illness, and his son Sima Yan deposed the Wei Yuan Emperor Cao Huan and established himself, changing the name of the country to Jin, known as the Western Jin Dynasty, and Cao Wei died. In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty launched a war against the State of Wu, and Eastern Wu perished. At this point, the three points returned to Jin, and the three kingdoms ended.
After a short period of more than ten years of stable and peaceful situation, in 291, due to the incompetence of the Jin Hui Emperor who was distressed by the people's "why not eat meat", the empress interfered in politics, and as a result, the Sima family really couldn't look down, and the internal bar was on the inside, mainly with the participation of eight Sima relatives, which was the vigorous "Rebellion of the Eight Kings".
After some bloody fighting, in 306, eight relatives disappeared, and after sixteen years of trouble, the Western Jin Dynasty was seriously injured. The ethnic minorities who migrated inland took the opportunity to raise troops, and the Wuhu Rebellion began, and a large number of people and clans began to flee south. In 316 AD, the Western Jin Dynasty fell, and the north began to enter the Period of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms ruled by ethnic minorities.
In 317, Sima Rui, the head of the Jin Dynasty, was proclaimed emperor in Jiankang, and the state name was continued to be Jin, and the history was called eastern Jin. The monarchs of the Eastern Jin Dynasty were in a corner of peace, had no intention of the Northern Expedition, and were not united internally, and the strength of the imperial court was not strong. In 383, Former Qin sent a national force to destroy the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the Battle of Shuishui, the monarch figured it out, worked together from top to bottom, won a great victory, and recovered a large amount of lost land. In 404, Liu Yu quelled Huan Xuan's rebellion and took control of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 418, he killed Emperor An of Jin and embraced Emperor Gong of Jin.
In 420, Emperor Gong of Jin deposed himself, and founded the country under the title of Song, known in history as the Southern Song Dynasty, for Emperor Wu of song, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty perished.
In 479, Xiao Daocheng deposed the Song Shun Emperor Liu Zhun and established himself, and founded the country with the title of Daqi, known in history as Southern Dynasty Qi, as Emperor Gao of Qi. The southern song dynasty fell, which lasted a total of 60 years.
In 502, Xiao Yan usurped the throne, and the founding name was Daliang, known in history as Southern Liang, and was for Emperor Wu of Liang. The fall of the Southern Dynasty Qi lasted 24 years.
In 557, Chen Baxian deposed Emperor Jing of Liang, established himself as emperor, and established Chen as Emperor Wu of Chen, known in history as Chen of the Southern Dynasty. The fall of the Southern Dynasty Liang lasted 56 years.
In 589, the Sui Emperor Yang Guang led an army to attack Jiankang, captured Chen Hou, and the Southern Dynasty of Chen perished, lasting a total of 32 years.
During the infighting among the Sima family in the Western Jin Dynasty, in 304 the Xiongnu Liu Yuan became king and established the Han regime, and soon changed the name of the country to Zhao, which was called Former Zhao in history. In 316, Liu Yao captured Chang'an, captured Emperor Huan of Jin, and the Western Jin Dynasty fell.
Since then, five ethnic minorities have established their own kingdoms, namely Xiongnu, Xianbei, Qiang (dī), Qiang, and Qiang, which generally have a very short lifespan, including Cheng han (Li clan of the Baqi people), Xia (Xiongnu Helian clan), Former Zhao (Xiongnu Liu clan), Hou Zhao (Shi clan of the Xiongnu clan), Former Qin (Qiang clan of the Yi clan), Later Qin (Yao clan of the Qiang clan), Western Qin (Xianbei clan of the Qifu clan), Former Yan (Murong clan of the Xianbei clan), Hou Yan (Murong clan of the Xianbei clan), Southern Yan (Murong clan of the Xianbei clan), Northern Yan (Han Feng clan), former Liang (Han Zhang clan) , Houliang (Lü clan of the Hun clan), Xiliang (Han Li clan), Nanliang (Xianbei bald clan), Northern Liang (Xiongnu clan depressed Qu clan) and other sixteen kingdoms.
In 386, Tuoba Jue took advantage of the fragmentation of Former Qin to proclaim himself acting king at Niuchuan (present-day southwest of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) and re-established the daiguo. In June 398, the name of the state was Wei, and the history was called Northern Wei. In 399, Emperor Daowu proclaimed himself emperor and gradually annexed the States of Xia, Northern Yan, and Northern Liang among the Sixteen Kingdoms.
In 439, Emperor Taiwu unified the north and confronted Liu Song in the south.
In 493, Emperor Xiaowen built the capital Luoyang and carried out major reforms.
In 534, Northern Wei split into Eastern Wei and Western Wei, ruling across the Yellow River. In the same year, Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei was coerced by the powerful general Gao Huan and fled to Guanzhong. Gao Huan established Emperor Xiaojing and moved his capital to Yi (邺, in present-day southwestern Linzhang, Hebei), known historically as Eastern Wei. In 550, it was replaced by Gao Yang (Gao Huan's son), and the Eastern Wei Dynasty lasted for 16 years.
In 534, Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei entered Guanzhong in the west, and the general Yuwen Tai greeted him. In 535, Yuwen Tai poisoned Emperor Xiaowu and established Yuan Baoju as Emperor Wen of Wei, with the capital chang'an, known historically as Western Wei. In 557, it was replaced by Yuwen Jue (Yuwen Tai's son), and the Western Wei dynasty lasted for 23 years.
In 550, the Eastern Wei general Gao Yang seized the power of Eastern Wei and declared himself emperor, with the state name Qi, the capital of Yuyi, and the history called Northern Qi. It was destroyed by the Northern Zhou In 577 and lasted for 27 years.
In 557, the Western Wei general Yuwen Jue seized the Western Wei dynasty and was proclaimed emperor, with the founding of the state of Zhou, the capital chang'an, and the history called Northern Zhou.
In 577, Northern Qi was destroyed and northern China was unified. In 581 AD, the Sui Dynasty lasted for 24 years.
In 581, the Northern Zhou chancellor Yang Jian was proclaimed emperor by Zen, the state name was Great Sui, in 583 the capital Daxing (present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi), in 589 destroyed the Chen Dynasty in the south, ending the division of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the whole country was reunited.