The Draft History of the Qing Dynasty can be described as one of the most tortuous pieces of Chinese history, and the book has always been full of controversy from initiative to compilation and then writing and then market sales. It is precisely because of this that the history book has a large number of research articles, and each researcher interprets the Qing History Manuscript from his own vision and point of view.
Regarding the reason for writing the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", Xu Yishi said in the article "> and Zhao Erxun" in the < Draft History of the Qing Dynasty: "In the third year of the Republic of China, the civil war stopped, and Yuan Shikai wanted to rule with literary affairs and discuss the revision of the history of the Qing Dynasty. Zhao Erxun was recruited to Qingdao and was hired by the president of the Qing History Museum. At that time, Yuan Shikai was the president of the Republic of China, and the opening of the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty was part of his civil rule, and the president of the book, Zhao Erxun, was originally a General Shengjing of the Qing Dynasty. After entering the Republic of China, he considered himself an old man and lived in Qingdao. Yuan Shikai's request for him to be the president of the Qing Dynasty official certainly had his intentions, and Xu Yishi said: "Yuan Shikai's establishment of the museum to repair history originally contained the intention of extending the old age of the Range Rover Dynasty and the seclusion of the mountains and forests, just like the early Qing Dynasty to repair the history of the Ming Dynasty. Erxun went in with the saying of 'aiding the example of Yi Yixian', and in Shikai itself is 'just in line with the lonely will', it is advisable that it has a contract of needle and mustard, and preferential funds are given for the use of 'soil nourishment'. ”
In fact, Yuan Shikai also took a lot of trouble when choosing the director of the Qing History Museum, he originally wanted to ask Xu Shichang to take up this position, but Xu Zhi was not here, not to mention that Yuan originally wanted to ask Xu Shichang to serve as the premier of the state, so that he was obviously overused and useless as the director of the Qing History Museum. Later, Yuan Shikai took into account Lu Runyu, but Lu believed that if he participated in this activity, he would be saying that he had betrayed the Manchu Qing, which was tantamount to being a courtier, so he resolutely refused. After that, this candidate also took into account Zhang Taiyan and Kang Youwei, but the two had their own ideas, and at the same time, Yuan Shikai and Kang Youwei also had a relationship, and then took into account Liang Qichao, but Liang was the president of the Currency Bureau at the time, and it was not appropriate for him to be transferred to the director of the Qing History Museum. Later, it belonged to Fan Zengxiang and Zhou Fu, but for various reasons it could not be negotiated.
A volume of "Hanyuan Words" In the thirty-first year of Qing Guangxu, Zhao Erxun carved a supplementary factory series of books
After some consideration, Yuan Shikai thought of Zhao Erxun, so Yuan summoned Zhao into Beijing to meet and discuss the matter, but Zhao resigned for various reasons. On September 29, 1914, the "Ta Kung Pao" published a report entitled "The Great President Urged Zhao Cishan to Come to Beijing", which was the number of Zhao Ersun, which said: "The President has decided to elect Zhao Cishanjun as the president of the Qing History Museum, and has been invited by telegram, but Zhao Jun has resigned due to illness, and there is no definite time to come to Beijing." Yesterday, I heard that the opening of the Qing History Museum could not be postponed any longer, and he personally wrote a special letter urging Zhao Jun to come to Beijing, and specially sent his secretary Wang Yannian to Qingdao to persuade Him to drive the clouds. ”
Yuan Shikai sent several telegrams to invite him, and Zhao Erxun resigned on the grounds of old age, so Yuan could only write a letter in his own handwriting and send a secretary to Qingdao to persuade Zhao Erxun to take office. Why did Zhao Erxun resign? On May 15, 1914, the Ta Kung Pao published another article entitled "The Reasons why Zhao Cishan was not allowed to go out of the mountain", which analyzed: "After the reorganization of the new government, the former Qing officials successively ascended to the throne, but Zhao Cishan, as the president's closest friend, could not come out with thousands of calls, and the reason for hearing it was not just a relationship. Roughly speaking, the case of a certain official has not yet been completed, one is old and sick, one is that there is no equivalent position, and the other is because it does not agree with the opinions of a certain authority. ”
This report lists four reasons why Zhao Erxun did not go to office, but all four reasons are vague, and the first point refers to the construction of the ancestral shrine by Zhao Erxun's younger brother Zhao Erfeng. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhao Erfeng was the governor of Sichuan, but was killed in Sichuan during the Xinhai Revolution and entered the Republic of China, and Zhao Erxun hoped to rehabilitate his brother. At the end of January 1914, The Sichuan people Yang Jun and Wei Shaoyou wrote a letter to the President hoping to approve the construction of a special shrine for Zhao Erfeng. According to the news, more than 200 people in Beijing in Sichuan held a meeting at the Quanshu Pavilion, and Du Dexing, chairman of the Hometown Association, was sent to negotiate with Yang Jun and others as a representative, and submitted a petition to the Ministry of Internal Affairs to cancel the case. Yang Jun and others saw that there was nothing they could do, so they took the initiative to withdraw the petition, and this matter should be Zhao Erxun's main heart disease.
Another reason stated in the Ta Kung Pao is "inconsistent with the opinions of a certain authority", and the "certain authority" in this sentence refers to Xu Shichang, because Xu and Zhao had another relationship at the end of the Qing Dynasty, but Xu Erxun also wrote to Zhao Erxun after he became secretary of state to ask him to come out of the mountain, which shows that Zhao Erxun's resignation as director of the Qing History Museum seems to have nothing to do with Xu. Reasons such as old age and old age are obviously more pretexts, so the main reason for Zhao Erxun's delay in taking office is to justify the name of his younger brother Zhao Erfeng.
A volume of "Hanyuan Words" In the thirty-first year of Qing Guangxu, Zhao Erxun carved a supplementary factory series of Zhu prints, tablets
Yuan Shikai learned of Zhao Erxun's true intentions and immediately resolved it, and Yuan Shikai signaled Zhao Erxun's subordinate Heilongjiang Protector to make Zhu Qinglan present a letter to Zhao Erfeng. After Yuan received Zhu's submission, he immediately sent someone to Sichuan to investigate the details of Zhao Erfeng's death, and then issued a grand presidential decree to rehabilitate Zhao Erfeng. In the "Official Gazette" No. 675, it was published: "On the occasion of the Revolutionary Revolution, the former governor of Cha Cai had a clear understanding of the overall situation, retired from his post and the people, and his desire for republicanism was clearly revealed. The State Council consulted on the preferential treatment, and the Ministry of internal affairs investigated the facts and publicized them to the History Museum in order to show the work. ”
After the publication of the Great Presidential Decree, it was still opposed by some Sichuan people, so the matter of establishing the transmission was postponed, while the pension awarded to the Zhao Erfeng family continued to be implemented. Zhao Erxun was not very satisfied with this result, and in an article published in the Shengjing Times on May 10, 1914, "Zhao Erxun shanshan came late", he said: "Yesterday the president repeatedly urged him by telegram, and Zhao did not express the intention of disobeying. After hearing a private letter to a certain dignitary, he must ask the government to satisfactorily resolve the case of a certain high-ranking martial artist. Finally, at the urging of the president many times, Zhao Erxun finally came to Beijing. On March 27, 1914, the "News Daily" said in the "New Commentary I" column: "Zhao Erxun, the president of the History Museum, had asked Zhao Xue to be a brother and was willing to take office, and now he has received the 24th Great President's order of mercy to the court for consultation, and Zhao Erfeng has been rehabilitated, so Zhao Erxun has to be safely inaugurated to the historical office." ”
Why did Zhao Erxun insist on rehabilitating his brother and then becoming the director of the Qing History Museum? Fu Chuanwei argued in the article "The Choice between the New Dynasty and the Old Lord: The Origin of the Establishment of the Qing History Museum and the Inauguration of Zhao Erxun": "Why did Zhao Erxun, who regarded himself as an old man, risk the anger of the Sichuan people and fight for his brother for the false name of the Qing court for the crime of the Republic of China, for internal reasons, implicated the relationship between the Republic of China and the Qing court. Former Qing ministers in Yuan Shikai's Beiyang government regarded the Republic of China as the result of the Qing court's 'Zen concession'. Since the Qing court 'looked down on the fortunes of the world, looked down on public opinion, declared a republic, and started with the people', zhao Erfeng hoisted the national flag in favor of the Republic of China, and both contributed to the Republic of China and did not live up to the old lord. This kind of explanation seems far-fetched for posterity, but in fact it is exactly the inner portrayal of the former Qing ministers such as Zhao Shi in the early years of the Republic of China, the so-called "and the revolutionary army in the south of Xinhai, the people's hearts are panicked, panic has been extreme, the Qing Emperor fu to save the people's water and fire as their duty, the establishment of a republic, willing to make concessions, the world depends on stability, is nothing more than a single thought for the people." In addition, Zhao Erxun's move was also to seek a basis for his own outing of the mountains. Since the Republic of China and the Qing court are 'Zen concessions' relations, and approving the Republic of China is not a betrayal of the Qing court, then the new dynasty naturally does not live up to the old lord. In this way, to repair the history of the old lord for the new dynasty, it should be meritorious rather than unfaithful. ”
When Yuan Shikai sent his secretary to Qingdao with a handwritten letter, in addition to asking Zhao Ersun to be the president of the Qing History Museum, he also invited Yu Shimei and Liu Tingchen to be vice presidents, but Yu and Liu refused to accept the appointment, and Liu Tingchen even accused Zhao Erxun in person: "Nian Bo has regarded Yuan Shikai as emperor of TaizuGao! The history of the dynasties, after the fall of the kingdom by the new dynasty, the current Emperor of the Qing Dynasty is still living in the deep palace, why endure is to repair the history? If Nian Bo thought it was okay, he would be good with Yuan Shikai; the little nephew could not follow it, and if he was obscure, he could not follow it. (Xu Yishi's "Draft History of the < qing dynasty> and Zhao Ersun"
Liu Tingchen believes that all the revision histories of the past dynasties have come to repair it after the advance and fall of the new dynasty, but the current Emperor of the Qing Dynasty has only abdicated and still lives in the Forbidden City. The implication is that the revision of history came from where the Qing Dynasty did not die, in fact, the dissuasion of Yu Shimei and Liu Tingchen was also the reason why Zhao Erxun hesitated after receiving the invitation. On August 1, 1914, the "Shuntian Times" published an article entitled "Liang Dingfen Speaks Bluntly", in which Liang explicitly opposed the establishment of the Qing History Museum: "Although the name of the country is even greater, the Young Emperor is still there, and at this time, the history of the Qing Dynasty is openly compiled. Contempt for the request is to be suspended, but it is stable. Liang's reasons for opposition are basically similar to what Liu Tingchen said, and he also believes that the name of the country changed from the Great Qing to the Republic of China, but the emperor of the Great Qing is still there, so it is obviously inappropriate to revise history at this time.
A volume of "Hanyuan Words" In the thirty-first year of qing guangxu, Zhao Erxun carved a zhu print of the supplementary factory series, the beginning of the volume
After several considerations, Zhao Erxun finally solved the entanglement from the bottom of his heart. Xu Yishi recorded Zhao Erxun's words in the text: "My generation has received great favors from the first dynasty, and now it is the Dingge, so I want to repay the first dynasty, but this is the only thing." Unlike serving officials, the letter of appointment is not comparable to the order. ”
Zhao Erxun believed that since he was an important minister of the previous dynasty, he could repay the former dynasty by revising history through the current social changes, because serving as the director of the Qing History Museum was not equivalent to being an official of the Republic of China government, because he received a letter of appointment rather than a letter of appointment. In the "Eighty-four-year-old Certificate of the Seventy-four Years of the Han Army in the Tieling Dynasty", Yi Liang also analyzed Zhao Erxun's mentality at that time: "Gong Shen thought about the fact that there was a generation in a generation, and there was a history of a generation. There are three hundred years of clearance inside and outside, the achievements are more than in previous generations, the changes are even greater than in the previous dynasties, the emperors are diligent and diligent, hand approving the chapters, and becoming the family law. And there is a gap with the arches of the past. And the history of the Law of Revelation, it must be directly harmed according to the matter, the relics of the distant years, or the history of the wilderness and then detailed. And this is precisely why Zhao Erxun agreed to be the director of the Qing History Museum.
Zhao Erxun came to Beijing and immediately began to prepare for the construction of the Qing History Museum, and Yuan Shikai gave sufficient financial guarantees. The Qing History Museum was opened in the Donghua Gate of the Forbidden City, and Zhao Erxun hired more than a hundred people to participate in the work of revising history, some of whom explicitly refused to be hired, and some of whom devoted themselves to this work. It is precisely because of the different mentalities that the quality of the articles written is uneven, but Zhao Erxun, as the curator, is conscientious about his work, and he requires the contributors to receive a salary every two months, but he himself goes to the library every day. The second issue of the Yijing has an article written by Xu Yishi entitled "On the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", which states that Zhao Erxun "proofreads the text, tastes and reads 20,000 words a day, and the energy is so sloppy." However, some compilers did not, as carefully as he did, "for a long time, or not even for a long time, or for several years to get a single article, or not to write a word". For such a writer, Zhao Erxun is also polite and courteous, which shows that he has really done a strict self-discipline and leniency toward others.
However, this way of writing is difficult to complete the task on schedule, so Zhao Erxun has formulated a reward and punishment system, and the promulgation of the system has not satisfied some contributors, but things have still been promoted. In the fifth year of the Republic of China, after the death of Yuan Shikai, the funds of the Qing History Museum could not be guaranteed, and in the sixth year of the Republic of China, there was a zhang xun restoration incident, and the History Museum was located inside the Donghua Gate, and soldiers forbade the personnel of the History Museum to enter and exit, so the History Museum had to close. Three months later, the museum was restored, but the cost was lost. Zhu Shiru said in the "Narrative of the History of the Qing Dynasty": "First after Xiangcheng's death, the funds in the museum plummeted by 100,000 yuan, and then decreased, to 3,000 or 4,000. These three or four thousand may not come from time to time, or participate in the treasury bills and the like. A few years later, there were successive wars of Zhiwan and Zhifeng, and the Donghua Gate was opened and closed, so the work of revising history was also stopped many times, and Zhu Shiru said in the text: "Librarians cannot adjust books and examine evidence, and there are many pauses." If the salary is reduced and reduced, it is no longer enough to support people, and the cover is not enough to owe wages, and in rare cases, it is only two-thirds of ten, so the staff in the museum are equal to half of the obligation. ”
Zhao Erxun's Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, Twenty-three Years of the Republic of China, 1
Fifteen years after the Republic of China, only fourteen staff members remained in the Qing History Museum, and Zhao Erxun re-divided the work of these people and prepared to complete the compilation of the Qing history in three years, but only half a year later, because the Northern Expeditionary Army won successive victories, Beijing was also threatened. Zhao Erxun felt that the situation was unstable, coupled with his advanced age, so he called a meeting of librarians and decided to print and distribute the unfinished manuscript. However, Xia Suntong did not think that this should be done, and Xia Suntong wrote in the "Book of the Curator of the Qing History Museum": "For the sake of the present, only according to the previous discussion, seeking truth from facts, revising them one by one, postponing the general reading, and discussing the whole, with a view to detailed examination, and the collection of matters in three years." Even if the unfortunate times change, and the competition leads to the middle of the dropout, and the ruler is the ruler, the inch is inches, and the revised draft is free, but it can be adopted later, that is, the public cannot be preserved, and the compilers have their own foundations, and it is not impossible to visit, and the perseverance of the deacons will eventually be forgiven by the world. ”
However, Zhao Erxun still insisted on publishing this book, and he decided to emulate Wang Hongxu's "Ming History Draft": "I can't publish the history of Qing, can't I publish the history manuscript alone?" However, the publication of a large number of copies of the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" also required a large amount of money, and at this time Yuan Jinjiao of Liaoyang came to Beijing, and he was willing to bear the cost of printing books, so Zhao Erxun put Yuan in charge of the distribution, and Yuan asked Jin Liang to be responsible for the specific work.
In August of the fifteenth year of the Republic of China, Zhao Erxun died of illness, and he failed to see the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" that he had painstakingly compiled. After Zhao Erxun's death, Ke Shaochen acted as curator, but Ke was also old, and because his eyes were dizzy, the words he wrote could not be recognized by others, and he himself could not say what he had written, so he directly handed over the revision to Jin Liang. And Jin Liang: "Arrange the daily printing, such as the editor of the news, the chief writer supervises, the hand people wait, there is no time to return for a moment, do you allow detailed verification, this should be called 'Qing Shi Bao' ear, the manuscript is cloudy!" Moreover, the daily newspaper Jude looked at the same thing, and the "Historical Manuscript" was printed and distributed, and it was not even taken into account before and after, and it was better to report it than to report it. (Jin Liang's Memoirs of the Qing History Manuscript)
It can be seen that the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" was hastily printed and published without systematic combing, but because the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" was written by different authors in the process of compilation, it was inevitable that there would be contradictions in the matter of bringing these texts together, which laid the foundation for the prohibition of this book.
At the beginning of 1928, the first fifty volumes of the Qing History Manuscript were printed, and in the summer of that year, the Southern Revolutionary Army invaded the city of Beijing and closed the Forbidden City, so Jin Liang continued to complete the printing of eighty-one copies at his home. A total of 1,100 copies of the Qing History Manuscript were printed, of which 400 were smuggled to Guanwai by Jin Liang, and others also wanted to smuggle history books. In order to prevent the loss of cultural relics in the palace, the Forbidden City Receiving Committee sent a letter requesting Zhu Shiru, a librarian of the Qing History Museum, to keep the relevant historical materials on his behalf: "Mr. Shaobin Dajian, respectful of the Enlightener, the Qing History Museum has been temporarily received by Heng Tong Kuiying and Tu Yu and others on June 28, and all the documents and books have been sealed and kept." However, the library bibliography and bookkeeping, to incomplete, particularly difficult to audit, Mr. Suizhi is familiar with the situation of the library, dare to ask Mr. to join as a temporary book inspector, Mr. for the maintenance of cultural relics, enthusiastic, forgiveness will be happy to sponsor also, specially invited Daan, the Forbidden City receiving committee member Ma Hengyu tongkui Wu Yingshen and Shi Xiao Yuqi, July 17. (Draft History of the < Qing Dynasty> Guan Nei Ben and Guan Wai Ben
Zhu Shiru's father, Zhu Kongzhang, originally served as an assistant scholar of the Qing History Museum, and later Zhu Shiru himself joined the Qing History Museum. When he was cleaning up the books, he found that the "Preface to the Chronicle of Art and Literature" he had written had been changed, so he reported the matter to the acting curator Ke Shaochen, and after investigation, many of the contents had been changed by Jin Liang. Later, Jin Liang also exchanged the contents of the 400 Qing History Manuscripts shipped to Guanwai, thus forming two different versions, so later generations called them Guannei Ben and Guanwai Ben.
Zhao Erxun's Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, Twenty-three Years of The Republic of China, 2
On June 20, 1928, according to the resolution of the Central Political Conference of Nanjing, Yi Peiji, director of the Ministry of Agriculture and Mining, was dispatched to handle the acceptance procedures of the Beiping Palace Museum. Because Yi was busy with work, Li Zongdong was selected to be responsible for the specific reception work, and Li Zongdong was Yi Peiji's son-in-law. In February of the following year, Yi Peiji was officially appointed as the director of the Palace Museum.
However, on December 24, 1929, the second page of the North China Daily published a "City News" entitled "Draft history of the Qing Dynasty compiled by Zhao Erxun and others counter-revolutionary and anti-Republican martyrs -- the Palace Museum asked the Executive Yuan to prohibit the issuance of submissions" The following words of the news said: "The Palace Museum has hired historians to examine the draft of qing history in detail. The results of its examination found nineteen items, including counter-revolution, anti-Republic of China, contempt for martyrs, irregularities in style, and simple mistakes. It has petitioned the Executive Yuan of the State Government to prohibit permanent issuance. ”
This news published the entire contents of the "Submission", in which President Li wrote: "The Wuhan Revolution in Xinhai was the beginning of the founding of the Republic of China, and the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" was written in the twenty-fifth century, and the book said: 'In August of the third year of the xuanun, the revolutionary party plotted chaos in Wuchang. The "Biography of Rui Ling" also reads: "The moon is yue, and Wuchang is changing." First, the party members plotted rebellion in Wuchang, and Rui Yi first heard the report, panicked, and was unprepared. And the biography of Hengling: "Hengling arrived in Yichang, and the work was chaotic." 'When Zhao Erxun and others were ordered by the government of the Republic of China to revise the history of the Qing Dynasty, they actually said that the founding of the country was a rebellion, and their counter-revolutionary intention was nothing more than that. ”
This is the problem pointed out in the article "Counter-revolution", and the example given in the article on "contempt for martyrs" is: "The success of the revolution is the greatest merit of the martyrs." Whoever is the people of the Republic of China should be admired, and the "Biography of Zhang Zeng", Yu Xu Martyr Xilin, wrote: "Thorn Enming." Without marking its revolutionary history, it means that it is not revolutionary. The martyr Yu Qiujin is also known as the book: 'Conspiracy and chaos. And yuqi, Peng martyr Jia Zhen's killing of Liangbi is also known to passers-by, and the "Biography of Liangbi", the book of Competition, says: "One day, Liangbi deliberated and returned, and the door, someone threw a bomb, and died in three days." 'Knowing that some people do not specify the ten Peng Lie, they take the meaning of the Spring and Autumn Period as a person who is lowly, and their contempt for the martyrs is so deep. ”
After the submission was issued, it caused great repercussions in the society, and the author of the submission was Li Zongdong. After Li Zongdong was a celebrity, he was the grandson of Li Hongzao, the son of Li Yuying, and as mentioned earlier, he was also the son-in-law of Dean Yi Peiji, so why did he write this submission? Li Zongdong talked about the background at that time in his article "The Draft History of the Forbidden Qing Dynasty and the Compilation of the General Jianchang of the Qing Dynasty":
This is an article I made more than forty years ago to ban the "Qing History Draft", the original manuscript has long existed, recently by the National Taiwan University History Department graduate student He Lie to criticize the "Qing History Draft" and "Qing History", I got to see the eighteenth year of the Republic of China old newspaper, a special copy of the copy, the old draft is seen again, my joy can also be known ... Later, the Palace Museum was nominally responsible for reviewing the "Qing History Draft", but in fact no one was responsible, and in the eighteenth year of the Republic of China, the National Government repeatedly telegraphed the charge, and the hospital could not, so I had to serve as the secretary general, and spent half a month to read the entire book of the "Qing History Draft" and find out nineteen pieces of evidence to make a submission as above, in fact, if it takes more time, it will be able to find more evidence.