In India, what are the ancient Shu cultures of the Southern Silk Road?

Tsing Yi Road: Starting from Chengdu, it is divided into two routes: one via Linqiao, Lushan, Yazhou, Hanyuan to Xichang;

A road through Leshan to Yibin, Soma Lake that is, the Jinsha River, to Anshang, from the dry road through Sanlinggang, Yueliangshan Huangmaogan, through Zhaojue to Xichang, this road is the ancient road from Yibin and Pingshan to Liangshan, to Xichang. Then from Xichang, through HuiwuHuili, the three seams are Lixi, crossing the Jinsha River, that is, Zhuge Liang's Lushui river crossing in May, going to Dragonfly to Nongdong, that is, Yao'an, and then from here to The West via Xiangyun and Xiaguan to Dali, which is close to the capital of the ancient Southern Zhao;

Or East Longitude Lufeng to Kunming Dianchi Lake. This road is the road from Xichang to Yunnan, and it is also the route of Zhuge Liang's southern expedition. From Dali, we also traveled through Yangpi and Bonan to Buwei and Baoshan in Yongchang County.

Yongchang, in ancient times, is the important town and passage of Sino-Indian traffic, there are poisonous people in the territory, suspected to be Zhuge Liang City recorded in the geographical records, history says that this is the ancient traffic point between China, Burma and India.

From this point on, through Tengchong, to yongping in the twelfth year of the county of Laijiao, along the Daying River, Taiping River, Irrawaddy River south through the dry cliffs to Bamo, Myitkyina, and then west to India; once through Luxi, Qicheng, Ruili, through Bamo, Myitkyina, Mako to present-day India, this road is basically along the ancient road into a modern highway, formed during the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Burma-India Highway.

This road, known as Tsing Yi Road in ancient times, got its name because it began in Tsing Yi, and was the western road for foreign trade in Shu County in the Han Dynasty, and it was also the route of Zhuge Liang's southern expedition of the Later Shu Han Dynasty.

　　Wuzhi Dao: It is a five-foot wide foreign trade route pioneered by the Chu wei king Zhuang Ji and built by Qin Wei in more than 300 BC, and is the predecessor of the Muke Dao opened by the Western Han Dynasty and the Shimen Dao in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. This ancient road runs south from Yibin, passes through Gaoxian and Junlian, turns west into the Hengjiang River Valley, and passes through Doushaguan, Daguan, Zhaotong, and Qujing to Kunming.

There are two more routes here: one passes through the Yuan River, downstream along the ancient waterway Red River to Vietnam, and the other passes through Mi Meng and Wen Shan to go abroad, along the Ming River to Hanoi. North Road, a common traffic road between Shu and the Central Plains, departs from Chengdu and runs along the Jinniu Road to Guanzhong, transiting through Chang'an. Judging from the conditions under which Indian Buddhism was introduced to Sichuan and the Buddhist relics excavated, Tsing Yi Dao may be more important.

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　　With the development of Shuyin transportation, the history of Indian Buddhism's activities in Sichuan is very early, and its influence on Sichuan is also very large. This can be examined from two aspects: documentary materials and excavated objects:

　　I. Lin Xiang's "Preliminary Investigation of the Tang and Song Pagodas in Sichuan", Wen Yu's "Selected Portraits of the Sichuan Han Dynasty", and Li Hongfu's "Contents and Background of Buddhist Statues on Kong Wangshan Mountain" analyzed that from the Han to the Sui, the peasant revolts in Sichuan overlapped with feudal divisions, and the disasters of war were continuous, and people's hearts were unattainable, so Buddhism was popular very early in the Hanyi area of Sichuan, and the Han Dynasty Buddhist relics unearthed in recent years were: Hexiao Dam of the Mahaoya Tomb in Leshan and the stone beam of the Xiangtang Tomb of persimmon Bending Cliff, inscribed with the statue of the Buddha who fell and sat down. About a foot high, about six inches wide, with a necklace of light on the head and a fearless seal on the right hand, five statues have been found successively, the position and shape are exactly the same, and now the Leshan Mahaoya Museum is on public display;

Pengshan unearthed a Buddhist Bodhi tree to indicate the Buddha's enlightenment and as the object of worship excavated from the statue of the Buddha's pottery, the head is clearly fleshed, and there are disciples standing on both sides; on the arch brick of the Han brick chamber tomb on the coast of Xichang Qiong, there is the Zhushu Sanskrit Buddha number, and the information is stored in the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture Museum;

It is said that Lushan, Xinjin, Chengdu and other places have also unearthed Han Dynasty Buddhist relics. Since this batch of Han Dynasty Buddhist relics has been unearthed, and this batch of Han Dynasty Buddhist relics is very clear and not an isolated accidental phenomenon, it shows that the history of popular Buddhism in Sichuan is very early, which is very different from the outside world.

　　According to the Ming Dynasty Cao Xueqiao's "Records of Famous Places in Shuzhong" and other documentary materials, so far, the Han Dynasty Buddhist temples and Buddhist activities found in Sichuan that can be studied and referenced by historians and Buddhist circles include:

(1) Shuangliu County: DataShan, Yin Hongdao "Yizhou Mountains and Rivers Map" Cloud: Ashoka made ghost soldiers build 84,000 pagodas, one of guangdu.

Huayang Guozhi,Guangdu (廣都), placed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the ancient city was in the southern forty miles of Chengdu Prefecture, that is, the rule of present-day Shuangliu County, which governed the present-day Shuangliu, northern Renshou and western Jianyang; (2) Pi County: "Ancient Language" Yun, Pi County Seventy Temples, distributed in four suburbs, the most author of which is the legal temple.

"Biography of the High Monk" Yun: The legal temple was built in China during the han Yongping period when the Dharma was first born, and later Jin Huiyuan lived in a residence, wrote a god, and the temple had a statue of Maitreya, which was made by the ancient chakra of the river;

(3) Pujiang County: Youdi Jisheng Yun, fifteen miles south, there is Town, according to legend, when Emperor Wen of Han had General march to the southwest, he studied Buddhism here, and in front of his Buddha platform, Shi Yang Shihu was still there.

(4) Chongqing: "Tujing" Yun: Jinyun Mountain, in the northwest of Ba County, there are nine peaks, pagoda peak is the most famous, there is Ashoka Pagoda, Jiaye Venerable adorned robes printed on Lion Peak; Jinyun Temple, a acacia temple, there are thirteen Buddhist relics, more than ten steps north of the Buddhist hall.

(5) Chungju: "Chronicle of the State" Yun: Thirty Miles to the Northeast, Daesungsa Temple, Han Chu Pingjian.

(6) Suining County: Wang Xiangzhi's "Monument to the Land of You" records that there is a stele in shu'an guo temple, outside The city of Luocheng in Suizhou, Yongping second year standing stone.

(7) Chengdu: Tomorrow will open the "Chengdu Fuzhi", Ten Thousand Buddhas Temple, according to legend, Han Yanxi built in the second year.

(8) Rongjing County: "Baofeng Temple Unearthed Inscription" Yun, Xingjing County Baofeng Temple, was founded in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

(9) Dayi County: Ming "Dayi County Chronicle" contains "Reconstruction of Xinglong Temple Stele", Xinglong Temple, a succession hall, built from the Eastern Han Dynasty Yongpingjian, there is a copper pagoda, eight feet high; Yang Sheng'an "Kaihua Temple Stele": Dayi Wushan Kaihua Temple, Han Yongping sixteen years built, formerly known as Daguang Mountain Puzhao Temple, Jin changed Tiancheng Mountain Xianying Temple, Tang Fu Fog Puzhao, now named Ming reform. (10) Jintang County: Chen Daokang's "Jintang Yunding Shicheng Examination", according to the "Monument to the Senior Monks of Ciyun Temple": Between the Han Huan Emperor (147-167), there was a Buddhist monk Shigao, who entered the mountain and became a Fan. Although the above-mentioned Han temples are passed down from generation to generation, they are still of reference value.

　　Of course, the activities and influences of Buddhism on ancient Sichuan are far more than these, for example, in the initial establishment of the Taoist and Buddhist religions, the mutual promotion and mutual influence, and the resulting formation of the Immortal Buddha homology theory, its role is conceivable