Houses can be said to be the most concerned topics for modern people, especially in recent years, the situation of soaring house prices has made everyone crazy. There are those who queue up in the middle of the night to buy a house, there are those who hold a large number of houses in their hands and refuse to sell, there are those who are willing to gamble on the happiness of the second half of their lives to buy a big house, and there are more people who can only watch the house prices rise and cannot afford to buy...
In the face of all kinds of strange phenomena in the real estate market, we can't help but ask, is it only modern people who face such a tight real estate problem? If we lived in ancient times, did we still need to worry about buying a house?
A real estate transaction more than 2,900 years ago
To understand the real estate market in ancient times, we must first know whether there were real estate transactions in ancient times. In the impression of most people, real estate transactions are also the last two decades, and sales departments, developers, installments, currency purchases, mortgages, house slaves, opening, transfers, these hot words have only appeared in recent years. In fact, things are not what we think.
Li Kaizhou, a famous columnist who has studied ancient real estate for many years, told reporters that all the phenomena in the real estate market now also exist in ancient times, according to archaeological objects and historical documents, China in the Western Zhou Dynasty appeared land transactions, in the Warring States period there were houses for sale.
On a Western Zhou bronze vessel named "盉", there is an inscription about the real estate transaction, which means that in the third month of the lunar calendar in 919 BC, a man named Zhibo mortgaged 1,300 acres of land to a man named Qiu Wei in two installments, in exchange for several luxury goods worth a hundred strings of shells, including two pieces of jade, a deerskin shawl, and an apron with flowers.
This is the earliest real estate transaction ever discovered.
And just 93 years after The completion of the land mortgage transaction between Ju Bo and Qiu Wei, that is, in the thirty-second year of King Li of Zhou, another land sale occurred. The transaction process of this land sale and purchase was also engraved on bronze.
This time it was recorded that King Li of Zhou bought land, and king Li of Zhou bought the land of a man named Mane Cong, in order to expand the palace, and did not immediately give money. King Zhou Li was worried about King Zhou Li's debts, and King Zhou Li sent someone to say to King Zhou Li, "Don't be afraid, I will definitely pay according to the price, and if I pay the bills, let the heavens punish me and be exiled." "It's a very poisonous oath.
How much money King Zhou Li spent on the land was not written on the inscription. However, Li Kaizhou said that some people bought land and some people sold land, indicating that in addition to land mortgages, there were also land sales at that time, and the real estate market already had a prototype.
If there is land for sale, there should be real estate developers to develop. So, when exactly did the first real estate developers appear? Is there already a businessman who has begun to think about making huge profits from real estate?
In ancient times, only second-hand houses were bought and sold, and the upside-down real estate was mostly for play tickets
Li Kaizhou told reporters that if the developer we are talking about refers to modern real estate development enterprises, then there must be no such developers in ancient China, because there were no enterprises in ancient China, and in ancient times, the real estate market was mainly based on the sale and purchase of second-hand houses.
In ancient times, the first generation of owners of a house generally built their own houses, that is to say, this house was generally not bought from the market at the beginning, but was built by the first generation of owners themselves. After the house was built, for various reasons, the house was sold to the second generation of owners, and then to the third and fourth generations of owners. In general, from the Warring States to the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Chinese real estate market is mainly sold to and from second-hand houses, and there is no such thing as the age of property rights.
However, in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were people who specialized in the development of shops, after they were built, or rented or sold, in a sense, they can also be regarded as developers. There was a man named Dou Qi, who was the best of them.
Li Kaizhou said that Dou Qi was a very legendary person, he was born in Shaanxi, he died when he was very young, his father died, he had no one to rely on, and he lived with his uncle. His uncle was a civil servant and lived in Chang'an City. Dou Qi first made some money by selling shoes, selling trees and other businesses, and later had a net worth of 800,000 yuan, so he began to march into the real estate industry. At that time, there was an abandoned septic tank in Chang'an West City, the area was not small, there were more than a dozen acres, idle for seven or eight years, and no one bought it. Dou Qi bought it, hired someone to fill it, built 20 shops on it, rented it to the Persian Hu people to do business, and collected an average of several thousand dollars in rent every day.
Later, Dou Qi heard that Li Sheng, the lieutenant of the dynasty, liked to play polo, so he spent 700,000 yuan to buy a piece of land, and spent 300,000 yuan to build this land into a polo field and gave it to Li Sheng. Li Sheng was very happy, and from then on, he formed a dead party with Dou Qi and responded to every request. With this kind of patron escort, Dou Qi developed faster, and became the richest man in Chang'an before he was 40 years old, known as "Dou Bancheng".
In addition to developers like Dou Qi, some of the ancient developers were civil servants, retired cadres, etc., and even the government itself was a developer.
For example, in the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a special development agency under the central government, called "repairing the capital office". Originally, this institution could only build walls and palaces, but later the walls were almost repaired, and the palaces were built luxuriously enough, and this institution began to transform and began to generate income for the central finance. How do you generate revenue? After repairing the capital, they asked the imperial court for instructions, allocated them a large piece of land, built houses and shops on it, built them well, some sold them to the common people, some paid to the people, and made great contributions to the national treasury.
But Lee said none of these developers specialize in real estate development. That is to say, their real estate development is only a kind of diversified operation, and no one only eats by selling houses. From the Tang Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, There were no professional developers in China, only amateur developers.
Professional developers did not officially appear until the Republic of China
Why there were no pure developers in ancient times. Li Kaizhou told reporters that first of all, since the Han Dynasty, traditional China has always emphasized agriculture and suppressed business, and making money by building houses alone will be looked down upon by everyone. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a person named Tao Hub, according to his description, at that time, as long as someone built a house to rent out, everyone said that this person was a villain in the city, and the money earned was called "crazy money". It means stupid. It can be seen that at that time, even being a landlord was discriminated against, let alone being a developer.
Second, what is most needed to be a developer is money. Buying land, buying building materials, hiring people, leveling relations, every link has to spend money. Especially to buy land, the liquidity can not be less, the money is not enough, you have to find a peer to borrow, or find a bank loan. In ancient times, there were no banks, but there were rich banks, but the scale of the money houses was generally very small, even if there were some large national chains of money houses, they did not do the developer's business, and lent money to other bosses. There are two examples of real estate mortgage loans in historical records, one is Xiao Hong, the king of Liang Dynasty during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, who let the family take the house deed to take a loan, and a house deed was only lent a few thousand dollars at most; and the other was a rich household in Shanyin County during the Jiaqing period of the Ming Dynasty, named Qiu Zhong, who lent 15,000 yuan at most. This little money is not enough to engage in development, and eating a big meal is not enough.
It wasn't until the Republic of China period, when foreign banks were doing business in China, that developers were able to borrow large sums of money. So China's professional developers did not appear until the Republic of China.
Ancient developers had to go to the board if they hoarded a lot of land
However, Li Kaizhou said that in ancient China, the most detrimental to the survival of professional developers was the policy factor. Specifically, ancient governments generally did not allow merchants to buy large amounts of land.
Take the Tang Dynasty, for example. During the reign of Tang Xuanzong, there was such a clause in the land policy: "Those who should give garden and homestead land should be given one mu below three mouths of good mouths, one mu for every three mouths, one mu for five mouths, and one mu for every five mouths,...... Those who buy land shall not pass the system. This means that the government allocates homestead land to the people, and the size of the homestead allocated depends on the family rank and family population, if it is a civilian family, every three people give one acre of homestead foundation; if it is a Dalit family, every five people give one acre of homestead foundation. In addition, ordinary people can also buy homesteads, but the area purchased is limited and cannot exceed the targets set by the government.
What are the indicators set by the government? When a civilian family buys land, every three people can only buy a maximum of one mu of homestead foundation; if a Dalit family buys land, every five people can buy one acre of homestead foundation.
In the Tang Dynasty, merchants also belonged to the untouchables, and even the rich merchants were also untouchables, and the untouchable bosses went to buy land, even if it was a large family of hundreds of people, they could only buy 20 acres of land at most, and use these 20 acres of land for development, and it would be upside down in a year or two. And what happens if you buy a lot of land in excess of the standard?
The Tang Dynasty law stipulates: "Those who occupy the land are oversized, one acre is ten flogging." "It means that those who buy land that exceed the indicators must be boarded, and for every acre exceeding the indicator, they will be hit by 10 large boards."
The demolition cost of Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty was equivalent to 45,600 yuan per household
Although the ancient developers were not as "cattle" as today's developers, and the environment and policies were not very favorable to them, it was always the developers who had the advantage when it came to demolition. For example, Dou Qi, he knew that in order to engage in real estate, he first had to face upwards, so he leaned on the imperial lieutenant.
The ancient demolition process was more violent, because under the whole world, there was no royal land, and the country used it wherever it wanted. Of course, in ancient times, there was no shortage of democratic monarchs. For example, in the sixth year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1083), the outer city of Kaifeng expanded outwards, and the planned new city wall should occupy the residences of 120 residents, Song Shenzong asked Kaifeng Province to formulate a demolition compensation plan, and Kaifeng Province wrote a report that a total of 20,600 yuan of compensation was needed, and the average household could get at least 171 yuan of compensation.
At that time, 171 copper coins were equivalent to about 45,600 yuan today. Can this money be used to buy a house in the Song Dynasty?
Su Dongpo, who did not make money, could only borrow a house to let his son get married
Li Kaizhou said that in ancient times, house prices were also high and low. Speaking of the Northern Song Dynasty, the housing prices in the capital Kaifeng are not affordable for ordinary people, and even many celebrities cannot afford to buy houses. For example, Su Dongpo, he has never been able to buy a house in Kaifeng in his lifetime, but only bought a few sets in other small places. His son got married in Kaifeng, there was no new house, Su Dongpo was very anxious, and finally borrowed a friend's house to do the happy event.
Su Dongpo's younger brother Su Rui was also. Su Rui worked for decades, and only bought a house when he was seventy years old, not in the capital Kaifeng, but in Xuchang, a city south of Kaifeng. Before buying a house, Su Rui wrote a poem, saying "My hair is half white, and there is no rafter in the world", and said "I have never had a house, and the sons think that they are talking", which means that I have lived most of my life, my hair is gray, I have not yet built a house, so that I can't lift my head in front of my sons, and they always complain about me.
Bai Juyi, who can't afford to buy a house in the city, becomes a migratory bird family
Ancient people bought houses, just like people today, to consider many factors.
The first is to see if house prices are affordable. Whether it is an ancient buyer or a modern buyer, before buying a house, you will weigh the price of the real estate and your own pocket. For example, the Su brothers never bought a house in the capital in their lifetime, but bought a house in other relatively cheap places. The Tang Dynasty poet Bai Juyi buying a house is more interesting, and it is very similar to the experience of modern urban migrant workers.
Bai Juyi was twenty-eight years old, twenty-nine years old, and thirty-two years old, and he joined the work force, working as a "school secretary", that is, a staff member responsible for proofreading red-headed documents in the Central General Office. The rank is Zhengjiupin, which is equivalent to the county magistrate of a small county, but the salary is not low, sixteen thousand yuan per month. Bai Juyi rented four huts in Changleli, the eastern suburbs of Chang'an, because it was far from where he worked, he raised a horse to walk around, and hired two nannies, so that the monthly expenses were 7,500 yuan, and the remaining 8,500 yuan was saved. But after ten years of saving, he also failed to buy a house in Chang'an.
Later, Bai Juyi felt that such a long-term rental was not the way, so he ran to Weinan County in Shaanxi Province, that is, the satellite city of Chang'an City, bought a house, usually lived in the unit, and returned to Weinan's home on holidays and rest days. A bit like the current metropolitan white-collar workers, who buy a house in the suburbs and can't live, but rent a house in the city to work.
The ancients had to get their neighbors to sign for permission to sell their houses
In addition to looking at house prices, ancient people should also consider whether the location and surrounding environment are suitable for buying houses. The ancients attached as much importance to the living environment as we do, and the most famous example is the Three Migrations of Mengmu. However, Li Kaizhou said that the most interesting point for ancient people to consider buying a house is also on a problem called the dispute between relatives and neighbors.
Li Kaizhou told reporters that before people buy a house now, they generally investigate whether the warrants of the house are complete and whether the quality is passed. Before the ancient people bought a house, the main thing was not to investigate the warrants and quality of the house, but to investigate the seller, to find out whether his family, clan and neighbors agreed to his sale of the house, because in ancient times, whether a house could be sold did not need to be approved by the price bureau and the housing management bureau, but needed to be approved by the seller's family, clan and neighbors. The formal practice is to take a small book, list the names of relatives and neighbors on it, and then go from the clan elder to the aunt next door and let them sign one by one. If one of them refuses, the house is not going to be sold.
The house slaves lived in so much distress that even the quilts were rented
Because the house price is too high, modern people buy a house, because they have to repay the loan every month, they will become house slaves. So in ancient times, was there also a saying of house slaves? Is it also possible to borrow money to buy a house?
Li Kaizhou told reporters with a smile that in ancient times, there were also house slaves, not only house slaves, but also snail dwellers.
In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a university scholar named Tao Hub, who personally saw how tight the housing of ordinary people was. "Four neighbors, half-empty shelf version, stacked cages, sleeping children." That is to say, the house is too small, just add a layer in the middle of the ceiling and floor of the house, and form a small duplex. The bedroom was too small to fit the bed, so I put together boxes and cabinets to let the children sleep. This kind of living life in which three generations of a family squeezes into a small house is similar to the scene that appears in the TV series "Snail House".
In the Song Dynasty, there were also house slaves in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and a Song Dynasty man named Zhang Zhongwen wrote a book called "White Otter Pulp", which described the life of house slaves: "Wives and children are all clothed and footy... At night, they live in peace. "The savings and borrowed money are all smashed into the house, and I can only cut down on food and clothing to pay off debts, not only do my wife and children not have a good dress on them, but even the quilts are rented by others."
The Qing Dynasty also had house slaves. During the Guangxu years, some people in Beijing could not afford to buy a house, so they built it themselves, and they could not build it, so they borrowed money to build it, and then slowly repaid it. There is a bamboo branch song that sings: "Build a canopy as wide as Xu, I don't know how much money is in debt?" ”
As for the ancient loan to buy a house, it did not appear until the Qing Dynasty, and in the Qing Dynasty, the owner took the property right certificate to the pawnshop to apply for a mortgage, and the real sense of housing mortgage was only in the Republic of China era.
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