On December 25, the third year of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and on February 12, 1912 of the first year of the Republic of China (February 12, 1912 AD), the Qing Emperor Ai Xin Jueluo Puyi promulgated the Qing Emperor's Abdication Edict in the name of the Qing court. The first decree is as follows:
Empress Dowager Longyu gave the orders of Empress Dowager Longyu: Because of the uprising of the People's Army, the response of the provinces, the boiling of the Nine Summers, the destruction of life, yuan shikai specially ordered Yuan Shikai to send representatives of the people's army to discuss the overall situation, open the National Assembly, and refer to the form of government. For two months, there has been no definitive solution. The north and the south are separated from each other, they stand with each other, the merchants quit on the way, the soldiers are exposed to the wild, and the national system is indecisive for a day, so the people's livelihood is uneasy for a day. The psychology of the people of the whole country today is more inclined to the republic, and the provinces in the south and central regions have advocated both the front and the generals in the north, and also advocate the latter, and the people's hearts are desired, and the destiny of heaven can be known. Yu Yi He endured the honor of a surname, and whisked away the likes and dislikes of the people. It is to use the appearance of the general trend, the internal examination of public opinion, the special lead of the emperor to publicize the ruling power to the whole country, designated as a republican constitutional state, close to the heart of the sea disgusted with chaos and hope to govern, far from the ancient holy world as a justice. Yuan Shikai was elected as the prime minister by the Senior Council, and when the old and new are metabolized, it is advisable to have a way to unify the north and the south, that is, Yuan Shikai will organize a provisional republican government and consult with the people's army on a unified method. In the whole period, the people were blocked, the sea was safe, and the five ethnic groups of the Han Manchus and Mongolians returned to Tibet to complete the territory, for a great Republic of China, to the emperor to retreat to a place of leniency, to travel for a long time, to receive the favor of the people, to see the completion of the rule of Zhi, wouldn't it be yi yi? Thanks.
This is the most important edict (specific statutory effect) in Chinese history, which marks the official end of more than two thousand years of feudal rule, and China became the first bourgeois republic in Asia, and it was completed in a bloodless manner. And the last holy decree of this feudal era was written by the Manchu Qing dynasty himself, Zhang Jian. Modern Chinese industrialist, politician, educator, and calligrapher.
Zhang Xiao (1853-1926), Zi Ji Zhi, No. In the twentieth year of Guangxu (1894), because of the sixtieth birthday of Cixi, the Enke Huihui Examination was set up, and the fifth time Zhang Jian participated in the examination, zhang Jian, 41, became the 99th head of the Manchu Qing Dynasty (a total of 112 subjects in the Manchu Qing). At the recommendation of his mentor Weng Tonggong, he served as the official of the Hanlin Academy of Liupin. During this period, Zhang Xiao did not hold a high official position and belonged to the Qing school, supporting Weng Tonggong and opposing Li Hongzhang. But with the passage of time, the horizons were broadened, especially after the Battle of Jiawu, Zhang Xiao's thinking underwent a huge change. He embraced new Western ideas. At the invitation of Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Huguang, Zhang Jian began to set up an industry, and in the twenty-second year of Guangxu, Zhang Jian raised 600,000 taels of silver and opened China's first spinning mill (textile factory). The third year of investment received a net profit of 100,000 taels. By 1908, the cumulative net profit reached more than 1.9 million taels. Zhang Jian became a veritable Manchu Qing dynasty rich man.
In 1906, Cixi issued an edict to prepare a constitution, and set up a senior government in the central government and consultative bureaus in various provinces. Zhang Xiao responded positively, and the Jiangsu and Zhejiang Preparatory Constitutional Convention was established, and Zhang Xiao was elected as the vice president of the Constitutional Convention, and later served as the president. The Jiangsu Consultative Bureau was established, a local deliberative body established by the Qing court, with the rudiments of a Western representative legislature, and he was elected as the chairman of the Consultative Council. After XuanTong succeeded to the throne, Zhang Jian wrote to the regent Zaifeng three times, asking for a congress to convene and establish a responsible cabinet. However, he was rejected, and Zaifeng reprimanded Zhang Xiao, and my family did not want to repay the country, but instead coveted money and lost his integrity. And now it is a chaotic party. Is it worthy of Cixi's grace at that time?
In 1911, the Xinhai Revolution broke out, the three towns of Wuhan were easy to defend in one day, and the Hubei military government was established. Manchu vibration. Zaifeng had no choice but to abdicate, and Yuan Shikai became the prime minister of the Manchu Qing Dynasty. After that, a series of revolutionary activities quickly burned throughout the country, and the Nanjing Provisional Government was born in Nanjing. Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated as the Provisional President of the Republic of China. Yuan Shikai did not send troops and waited for the price to sell. At this time, the strength of the revolutionary party was in the south, and the strength of Yuan Shikai was in the north, and it was far greater than that of Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary party. The constitutionalists led by Zhang Xiao had nothing but a moral, but Zhang Jian became the object of co-optation, not only because Zhang Jian was a champion (this is really not worth much). More than that, Zhang Jian is already a representative of the bourgeoisie and capitalists, to put it bluntly, Zhang Jian represents the rich. Coincidentally, both Sun Yat-sen's cabinet and Yuan Shikai's government assigned Zhang Xiao the same position as "Chief of Industry" (Minister of Economy). Zhang Xiao and Yuan Shikai had a good personal relationship. He is also Yuan Shikai's teacher.
In fact, as soon as the Xinhai Revolution broke out, Zhang Jian was completely desperate for the Manchu Qing, and Zhang Xiao returned to the revolution and supported the republic. After the restoration of Shanghai, Zhang Xiao, Zhao Fengchang and others wanted to set up a provisional conference body in Shanghai to discuss ways to deal with the internal and external affairs. Two months after the Xinhai Revolution, Sun Yat-sen returned from overseas. The day after Sun Yat-sen arrived in Shanghai, he personally visited Zhang Xiao and other constitutionalists, soliciting and discussing with them the opinions of organizing a provisional government. This is the first time that Sun Yat-sen and Zhang Jian met, but it was also the same as it was. Although they each absorb different cultural nutrients, they are all under the same blue sky, and the turbulent times and changing social realities have directly pushed them to the forefront of history. During the Xinhai Revolution, there were three forces playing games on the Chinese political stage: the revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen, the constitutionalists headed by Zhang Xiao, and the bureaucratic forces represented by Yuan Shikai. Of these three forces, the Constitutionalists were the least powerful, but they directly influenced the success or failure of the revolution. In the end, the Constitutionalists were transferred to the republic, and Zhang Xiao's role was great.
In order to make the country smooth and excessive, Zhang Xiao personally went to Beijing to meet with Yuan Shikai, a living Cao Cao (Chen Qimei), Zhang Jian used the friendship between teachers and students to persuade him to go along with the trend and approve of the republic. After all, Yuan Shikai is not Zaifeng, but also a generation of tyrants.
Under the mediation of Zhang Xiao, Yuan Shikai and Sun Yat-sen began north-south peace talks, and finally reached an agreement. On February 12, 1912, the Manchu Qing Dynasty officially announced its abdication, and Yuan Shikai formed a provisional government with full authority. Zhang Xiao wrote an edict on the abdication of the Qing Emperor, who once won the title of Emperor of the Qing Dynasty with his own splendid articles, and now wrote an obituary for the Qing royal family with his own raw flower magic pen, and history is sometimes really difficult to say.
Zhang Xiao died in 1926, and the whole country was shaken. Shen Enfu, the lyricist of the national anthem of the Republic of China, once sent an elegy to Zhang Xiaojing, which should be the best evaluation of Zhang Xiaojing
Famous and full of things, half a life of rough and proud Shi Xian; Jianghuai is worried about the world, and the vicissitudes of the market are in the twilight years;
A generation of talents qingshi crown, five mountains scenery white clouds sleep; the article economy is ancient, and there are two words of Nantong.
I am clear water, the watchman of history. Looking forward to your attention and comments.