The location of the Dawan Ancient Kingdom is in the area of the Fergana Basin of today's Uzbekistan, which is the junction of uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, which is the strategic route of Central Asia, an important node of the Silk Road, a collision point between Eastern and Western cultures, and one of the production areas of the world's famous horses.
The "Chronicle of History" has a record of the "Biography of Dawan Lie", which is one of the few biographies of the western countries, which records that Dawan is in the southwest of the Xiongnu, and in the west of the Han Dynasty, Dawan is about 10,000 miles away from the Han Dynasty, and there are more than seventy cities and pools under the jurisdiction of Dawan, and there are hundreds of thousands of people.
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Dawan is kangju to the north, the great moon clan (including the later established Kushan Empire) to the west, Bactria (Bactrian kingdom) to the west, Wusun to the northeast, and Khotan to the east, so who established the regime in Dawan?
Dawan's location in the Western Regions
Historically, Central Asia has always been an ethnographic museum, where different ethnic groups meet, for example, the Kangju kingdom is the regime established by the Chestnuts, the Chestnuts speak Indo-European East Iranian and belong to the whites, the Ōtsuki clan moved west from the Hexi Corridor of China to the Ili River Valley, the Ōtsuki people may be the same as the Loulan people are the homogeneous blood of the Europa race and the North Asian race, Bactria is also known as the Kingdom of Bactria, which was established by the descendants of the Greeks brought by Alexander after the Crusades.
After the Wusun people are said to be Serbs, the Serbs are also Indo-Europeans, that is, whites, the Huns are nomadic peoples in North Asia, and there are Tocharians in Central Asia, and the Tocharians are the first primitive European indian races to live in Central Asia, and they are also white, so it seems that dawan is almost surrounded by white or yellow and white mixed races.
It is generally believed that Dawan was a regime established by the Cypriots. The Cypriots belong to the Indo-Mediterranean type of the Europa race, which is a branch of the white people, whose indigenous people live along the Mediterranean coast, some of whom continue to migrate eastwards, establishing an Indian civilization, and some of whom migrated to the northern Tianshan Mountains and the Ili River Valley in Xinjiang, China, and established a political power.
Cypriots
"Book of Han, Tale of the Western Regions": Sai Zhong ben Yun surnamed Rong, who lived in Dunhuang, was forced to drive out for the Yue clan, so he ran to the south of the Onion Ridge.
In the Book of Han, it is believed that the Sai people were the Rong people of the Yun surname in the history of China, this Rong people fought against Qin Mugong in the Spring and Autumn Period, were defeated by the Qin state and forced to move west to Dunhuang, only to be defeated by the Yue people, and continued to migrate west to the Onion Ridge, that is, the Pamir Plateau, and later the Yue people were defeated by the Xiongnu, and were also forced to move west to the area around the Ili River, and the Ili River Valley has always been inhabited by the Sai people, the Sai people were once again defeated by the Yue people, some migrated south, defeated the Great Xia, and some remained in the local area and submitted to the Yue people.
Perhaps some people crossed the Pamir Plateau and came to the Fergana Basin to establish the Ancient State of Dawan, because there were many Serb regimes established around Dawan, such as Shule, Xiuxun, and Donating Drugs, and these three small countries were in the west of kashgar in present-day Xinjiang, especially the west of the Pamir Plateau, which was equivalent to the junction of the three countries of present-day China, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, and was very close to the Fergana Basin.
So it is very likely that it is the state established by the Cypriots, of course, this is only a logical inference, and there is no conclusive evidence.
Dawan people
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="28" >2, The War between the Han Dynasty and Dawan</h1>
The Han Dynasty people heard that Dawan learned from Zhang Qian's mouth, when Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty went to war with the Xiongnu, he sent Zhang Qian on a mission to the Western Regions, wanting to unite the Xiongnu enemy Yue Shi and the Han Dynasty to fight against the Xiongnu, and as a result, Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions for more than ten years, failed to complete this task, but had another major gain, that is, he knew the existence of the western region states, including Dawan.
The "Biography of Dawan Lie" in the "Records of History" is basically from Zhang Qian's experience and records, and the Han Dynasty probably knows the products and general actual situation of the western countries, such as Dawan, which produces wine and good horses.
The Chronicle of Dawan :(Dawan) has wine, many good horses, horse sweat and blood, and its innate horses are also.
The meaning of this is that Dawan produces wine, there are many good horses, this kind of horse sweats with blood, and the ancestor of the horse is the son of Pegasus.
Dawan is rich in sweat and blood BMW and wine
This information was very important to Emperor Wudi of Han, at that time the Han Dynasty fought against the Xiongnu, needed a large number of horses, the war horses in the Central Plains were inferior to the horses of the Xiongnu in all aspects, so when Emperor Wudi of Han heard that Dawan had good horses, he wanted to buy horses from Dawan through trade, so Emperor Wudi of Han sent emissaries to carry horses made of property and gold to Dawan, wanted to buy stallions from Dawan, but the two sides did not negotiate, and Dawan also killed the envoys of the Han Dynasty.
This act directly angered Emperor Wu of Han, who had already driven the Xiongnu away from Hetao, Hexi Corridor, Mobei, and Mobei through several wars, and its national strength and prestige were at the highest in history, and for a small country with a population of only hundreds of thousands of people, Emperor Wudi of Han did not pay attention to it, so in 104 BC he sent Li Guangli to attack Dawan.
At this time, the Han Dynasty, Wei Qing and Huo Wentai and other famous generals died, Li Guangli was the second most capable general after Wei Qing and Huo Goyi, Li Guangli's battle of Dawan was the farthest war launched during the Han WuDi period, from the Han Dynasty to the time of Dawan there were more than twelve thousand miles, even if the Han army walked 50 miles a day, it would have to walk more than 240 days on the road.
Li Guangli led the Han army to conquer Dawan
And the most important thing is to supply, fight thousands of miles away, this is the farthest war of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, farthest than the Battle of Mobei, which was the Battle of Mobei, the Han Dynasty used 140,000 horses, countless logistics personnel, and all the supplies of the Expedition to Dawan were carried by themselves, or obtained through war and trade along the way.
Once the war could not be won, the Han army would have to go hungry, this was the first time that the Han army had set foot on the land of the western region on such a large scale, Li Guangli took tens of thousands of people, actually did not get lost, accurately arrived at Dawan, and besieged the city of Yucheng in Dawan, but did not attack, could only be forced to return, from departure to return to the Han Dynasty, Li Guangli spent two years, lost 90% of the personnel, Emperor Wu of Han heard of Li Guangli's defeat, so he ordered that Li Guangli should not be allowed to enter The Yumen Pass, so Li Guangli began the second expedition to Dawan.
This time Emperor Wudi of Han sent a total of 60,000 troops, including more than 50 lieutenant officers, and some private people who brought grain to participate in the battle with the Han army, not counting, in addition to bringing 100,000 cattle, 30,000 horses, countless donkeys and camels, these livestock were used to transport grain and materials on the one hand, on the other hand, they also provided food for the Han army, which shows that Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty has made up his mind to expedition to Dawan.
Li Guangli's expedition road map
This time on the expedition to Dawan, Li Guangli appeared to be familiar with the road, on the road destroyed the Luntai state, attacked the Yucheng state, after arriving in Dawan, besieged for more than forty days, and also cut off the water source of Dawan, as a result, the nobles in Dawan first launched a coup, killed the king of Dawan, surrendered to the Han army with the king's head, and presented the good horses in the country to the Han Dynasty, and the Han army selected dozens of high-class horses, more than three thousand horses below the middle level, and returned with a full load.
The Han army also established the Dawan pro-Han nobleman Ming Cai as the king of Dawan, Li Guangli was also named the general of the second division by Emperor Wu of Han for his merits, the so-called second division is actually a city in Dawan, in today's Osh City in Kyrgyzstan, this war caused by the war horse trade ended in the victory of the Han army, this war in the western region has a huge impact, this is the first time that the Han Dynasty used troops on a large scale in the western region, which caused the shock of the countries in the western region.
Due to the great defeat of the Han army, the countries of the Western Regions began to look at the Han Dynasty with admiration, which provided conditions for the Later Han Dynasty to manage the Western Regions in the Western Regions, and since then the Silk Road has been smooth and the Han Dynasty has been far away.
Zhang Qian sent a road map to the Western Regions
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="46" >3. How did Dawan perish? </h1>
A year after Li Guangli conquered Dawan, the Han army established the Dawan King Mingcai was killed by his domestic nobles, and the Dawan nobles were crowned as the new Dawan King' widowed brother Cicada, because of the fear of the Han Dynasty, although Dawan killed the pro-Han king, he also did pro-Han things, and sent the prince to the Han Dynasty as a hostage, and at the same time paid tribute to the Han Dynasty every year with two sweat and blood horses.
The Han Dynasty also acquiesced to the practice of the Dawan nobles, and did not pursue it, and by the time of Emperor Xuan of Han, the Western Regions had set up the Western Regions Capital Protectorate to unify the administration of the Western Regions, and most of the countries in the Western Regions were subject to the Han Dynasty, from the king to the officials, all uniformly wearing the Han Dynasty's seal letters, and the appointment of senior personnel was also approved by the Han Dynasty.
In the last years of the Western Han Dynasty, the power was usurped by Wang Mang, and in the late new dynasty, the Central Plains were in turmoil, and the Western Regions were also in turmoil, and the states of Yanqi, Gumo, Wei Li, and Weisu betrayed the Han Dynasty and defected to the Xiongnu, and defeated Wang Jun, a general sent by Wang Mang to the Western Regions, and Li Chong, the last governor of the Western Regions of Xinmang, was also destroyed.
Map of East Asia-Central Asia-South Asia during the Han Dynasty
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dawan weakened, actually submitted to Shache, to know that the shache population is only more than 16,000 people, much less than the heyday of Dawan, but shache has always been loyal to the Han Dynasty, protecting the Han Dynasty in the western region of the capital guards and their families, until the Eastern Han, Han Guangwu Emperor period, Shache King called himself the Western Regions Protector, on behalf of the Han Dynasty to administer the Western Regions, until the Han Zhang Emperor period, Ban Chao with 36 people, with courage, ability and Han Dynasty national prestige, conquered many countries in the Western Regions, while rebuilding the Western Regions Capital Protectorate.
It was also in the Eastern Han Dynasty that Shache conquered Dawan, and Dawan's strength also weakened sharply, so it rarely appeared in Chinese history books, and after the Western Jin Dynasty unified the Central Plains, Emperor Wu of Jin once named Lan Yu, the king of Dawan, as the king of Dawan, and after Lan Yu's death, his son Mozhi became the king of Dawan and still paid tribute to the Han Dynasty.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Dawan was known as Broken Lorna, ruled by the Zhaowu Jiu surname from the Yue people, during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Dawan was called Khan, Bahanna, Pahena, etc. In the twenty-seventh year of the tang Xuanzong Dynasty (739 AD), the Tang Dynasty crowned the King of Dawan as the "King of Fenghua", and by 744, it changed its state name to Ningyuan, and was close to Dawan, and by the time of the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, Dawan was ruled by the Kokand Khanate.
Dawan paid tribute to the Han Dynasty
Judging from these records, from the beginning of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the people who ruled Dawan may be different from the Han Dynasty, the name of Dawan does not exist, although its land has always been there, but the ruler has changed a batch of people, Dawan has long disappeared in the dust of history, and Dawan people have long been integrated into other ethnic groups.
This is so mainly for two reasons:
First, the location of the Fergana Basin, where Dawan is located, is very good.
This location has two meanings, one is a strategic place, located in the strategic passage of the Central Asian region of the Silk Road, the intersection of trade and culture between the East and the West, and also a place where soldiers and families must fight, there is no eternally strong regime, once Dawan weakens, it will inevitably be replaced by others.
Another implication is that the Fergana Basin is an oasis in the mountains. There are mountains and waters, and the Syr Darya, Sokh and Isfara rivers pass through this basin, forming many oases, which can be arable land, nomadic, livestock, agriculture and livestock industry are developed, you can feed more people, of course, it has become a place of contention for soldiers.
Map of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty
Dawan cannot monopolize this treasure land of feng shui, only a powerful regime can occupy it, and feng shui takes turns, and with the change of dynasties in the Central Plains, Dawan is the same.
Second, there are many different ethnic groups in the local area.
Even in today's Fergana Basin, there are more than 100 ethnic groups living here, the ethnic composition is too complicated, which is caused by historical reasons, there are constantly other ethnic groups migrating to this place and surviving, so there will be more and more nationalities, and in the era of cold weapons, the more nationalities, the more wars, wars mean changing dynasties, Dawan is likely to have perished in a certain war, and the Chinese people only changed the name of the regime that ruled the land of Dawan to something else.