The green pest control technology of apple orchards is mainly aimed at producing green, safe and high-quality apples, mainly agricultural control and biological control, supplemented by physical control, supplemented by chemical control, and combined with fruit production and ecological safety. Pay attention to the monitoring of pests and diseases and early prevention, and take pharmaceutical control as a secondary control means. The main green prevention and control technologies are introduced below for reference.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >1 strengthened phytosanitary</h1>
In recent years, the invasion of alien species has an increasing impact on the development of China's apple industry, and many common diseases and insect pests are now due to the invasion of alien species, such as apple beetle moth, American white moth, Mediterranean fruit fly and so on. Some imported apple rootstock varieties have hidden virus genes, and the symptoms are often not obvious at the beginning of the establishment of the garden, and once they enter the full fruit period, they gradually begin to show up, which brings great hidden dangers to the benign development of China's apple industry. Therefore, it is necessary to earnestly strengthen plant inspection and quarantine work and strictly prevent the invasion of alien species. On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen customs security inspections, establish and improve rules and regulations, strictly enforce law enforcement operations, and completely prevent alien species from being introduced into China through the import of agricultural products. On the other hand, it is necessary to continuously improve the plant inspection and quarantine system, establish and improve the management institutions, regularly carry out plant quarantine testing, increase the research and development of new technologies for plant inspection and quarantine, innovate ways and methods, and in addition, for areas where epidemics occur, formulate a strict control system to prevent the spread of diseases and insect pests.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >2 agricultural control</h1>
Agricultural control is the comprehensive use of a series of advanced agricultural technology measures, purposefully changing certain environmental conditions, creating environmental conditions conducive to the growth and development of crops or fruit trees and the survival and reproduction of beneficial organisms, and not conducive to the occurrence of diseases and pests, so as to directly or indirectly eliminate or inhibit the occurrence and harm of diseases and pests, so as to achieve the purpose of ensuring the abundant yield of crops or orchards.
2.1 Breed varieties with strong resistance to pests and diseases
China has become a major apple grower and producer in the world, but there is still a huge gap compared with developed countries in the apple industry in the selection and breeding of new varieties. At present, most of the main varieties planted in China's apple-producing areas are imported foreign varieties and rootstocks, which lag greatly behind foreign countries in the study of apple stress resistance and adaptability. Therefore, in the future, we should further increase the breeding and research and development of new varieties of apples in China, and through extensive rootstock cultivation, research on resistance and yield, regional trial planting, and market research, select varieties that are suitable for the climate characteristics and growth environment of China's domestic region, strong resistance to diseases and insect pests, and good premature production and abundant yield as the main varieties of the apple industry.
2.2 Do a good job of cleaning the orchard in the spring
Apple spring orchard clearance is an important task of spring orchard management, and it is also a key part of the green prevention and control of apple diseases and insect pests throughout the year. Specifically, we should do a good job in the following aspects: comprehensively clean up the dead branches, fallen leaves, and zombie fruits of the orchard, and cut off some diseased and insect branches. Before the apple trees sprout, spray 3 to 5 ° Be stone sulfur compound and other garden clearing agents in the whole garden to reduce the base number of overwintering diseases and insect pests and reduce the frequency of spring occurrence. At the same time, the coarse and old warp skin at the main trunk, branch rights, and saw mouth of the apple tree is comprehensively and meticulously scraped, and some overwintering bacteria, insect eggs and their parasitic growth environment are eradicated to prevent the aggravation of diseases and insect pests in spring.
2.3 Tie the insect-trap belt
From August to October every year, tie the insect trap at the trunk, sooner rather than later. The untying time is in mid-to-late December, and all the eggs lurk in the insect belt to overwinter, and the insect belt should be untied and taken out of the park to be burned centrally.
2.4 Paint the trunk white
After the apple harvest and before the soil freezes every year, the main trunk of the apple tree is painted with whitening agent, which can effectively protect the tree body from frost damage and animal pests, which is conducive to the safe overwintering of the fruit tree. The whitening agent is composed of 10 parts of water, 3 parts of quicklime, 0.5 parts of sulfur or stone sulfur mixture stock solution, 0.5 parts of table salt, and a little animal and vegetable oil.
2.5 Reasonable dense planting, scientific pruning
The density of apple trees not only affects fruit yield and quality, but also has a close relationship with the occurrence of apple diseases and insect pests. The apple planting density is too small, the yield per unit area of apples is low, and the economic benefits of orchards are poor. The apple planting density is too large, the ventilation and light transmission of the apple orchard are poor, the occurrence of diseases and insect pests is frequent, the base of diseases and insects is large, and the seasonal incidence is heavy. Therefore, for different varieties, tree shapes, soil and other production conditions, the appropriate planting density and pruning measures should be selected to ensure that the orchard air is unobstructed, reduce the base of diseases and insect pests, make the light rate high, and achieve the good effect of seeing the light of leaves and leaves, effective branches and branches, and high quality of fruits and fruits.
2.6 Orchard grass
Raw grass orchards can effectively improve the ecological environment of orchards and reduce the incidence of diseases and insect pests. On the one hand, orchard grass can provide a good growth environment for pests and reduce the harm to fruit trees. On the other hand, it is conducive to the migration and reproduction of natural enemies, realizing the treatment of insects with insects, reducing the use of chemical agents, and reducing the cost of orchard production.
2.7 Scientific water and fertilizer management
Under normal circumstances, if the water and fertilizer of the orchard are well managed and the trees are robust, the fruit trees are strong in disease resistance and the orchard diseases and insect pests are light. On the contrary, the water and fertilizer management of orchards is poor, the trees are weak, the disease resistance of fruit trees is poor, and the harm of orchard diseases and insect pests is more serious.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >3 physical control</h1>
Physical control is a means of control that uses physical factors such as temperature, spectrum, sound, color, odor, and current equipment to achieve booby traps or avoid pests.
3.1 Solar insecticidal lamps
Now orchards widely use solar insecticidal lamps to control insect pests, solar insecticidal lamps use solar energy as a power source, using the phototropism of some insects for booby traps. It has the advantages of simple and efficient, environmental protection and energy saving. It is a practical technology that will be vigorously promoted in the future.
Generally, from April to September every year, an insecticidal lamp is placed at an interval of 2 to 3.3h㎡, and the suspension height is 20 to 50 cm higher than the top of the canopy. Turn on the lights at 19-21 o'clock every day and turn off at 5-6 o'clock the next day. It can effectively kill lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Homoptera pests.
3.2 Sweet and sour booby traps
The raw materials of sweet and sour liquid are ordinary, simple and easy, and have a good control effect on insects such as white star scarab beetles. Sweet and sour solution is prepared by 1 part brown sugar, 0.4 part wine, 2 parts vinegar, 10 parts water, 0.1 part enemy insects. The preparation method is to first put 1 part brown sugar and 10 parts water in the pot and boil, then add 2 parts vinegar and let it cool, then add 0.4 parts of white wine and 0.1 part of the worm and stir well. When using, put the sweet and sour solution into a jar and hang it every 20 to 30 cm in the upper and middle branches of the canopy without shelter, with a height of 1.2 to 1.5 m. Clear once a morning.
3.3 Sound drive
Apples enter the harvest period, and some small animals and birds often harm the fruit, resulting in a decrease in fruit yield and quality. In this regard, the method of playing the sound of natural enemies in the orchard can be adopted to drive away and reduce the harm of birds and animals.
3.4 Manual Capture
For some diseases and pests, manual capture can be adopted for prevention and control. For example, timely pruning of diseased insect branches, diseased insect leaf buds, insect fruits, artificial capture of scarab beetles and other methods, reduce the number of medications, save production costs. endprint
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >4 biological control</h1>
Biological control refers to the control method of controlling the population of pests using beneficial organisms and their metabolites.
4.1 Prevention and control of natural enemies
Orchard biome inhabits a variety of insects that prey on pests, such as red-eyed bees, more than 20 kinds of common ones, mainly pear small heartworms, stinging moths and other pests, aphid wasps, mainly aphids, apple cotton aphids, grass aphids mainly prey on aphids, leaf mites, mesozoans, etc., insectivorous bugs, many species, prey on the eggs and larvae of various soft insects and aphids, leaf mites, leafhoppers, etc., in addition to aphids, mantises, ladybirds, predatory mites, parasitic flies and other natural enemies.
The prevention and control of natural enemies should pay attention to the following two aspects: First, through the transformation of long-term orchard grass and tree-shaped inter-cutting, gradually improve the ecological environment of orchards, realize the ventilation and light transmission of orchards, and enrich the surface vegetation. Provide a good growth environment for insect activities. The second is to reduce the chemical use of chemical drugs in orchards, pay attention to protecting and increasing the number of natural enemies, try to use as little or no agents that are toxic, difficult to degrade, and pollute the environment, and chemical control should seize the early stage of disease and pest infestation, and use drugs in a timely and appropriate manner to protect natural enemies to the greatest extent. Finally, the control effect of insects to cure insects is realized.
4.2 Sexual trapping booby traps
Sex attractants are bionic high-tech products that mimic insect sex pheromones in nature and are released into the field through a releaser to trap and kill pests of the opposite sex. It has the characteristics of practicality, efficiency, green and pollution-free. At present, there are hundreds of insect attractants in the world, and the main types used in fruit trees are peach small heartworms, apple small heartworms, pear small heartworms, golden veined moths, apple beetle moths and other species.
The traps and kill lepidoptera and homoptera pests through selective hanging insect attractants. It can not only play the purpose of insect monitoring, but also effectively kill pests, protect natural enemies, reduce pollution, and achieve more in one fell swoop.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >5 biological drug control</h1>
Biological agents are a safe, efficient, targeted and environmentally friendly new type of medicine. There are many types and a wide range of applications. There are mainly the following:
5.1 Pesticides of plant origin
It is a substance extracted or synthesized from plants, which can kill insects, kill bacteria and treat viral diseases, and its insecticidal effect is to exert medicinal effects by acting on the insect nervous system and affecting the physiological and biochemical functions of insects, which has the advantages of low toxicity, strong selectivity, low residue, and is not easy to produce resistance. According to its chemical structure, it can be divided into:
(1) Alkaloids: At present, people have found more than 6,000 kinds of alkaloids, and the main ones that have been proved to have the effect of killing pests are nicotin, camptothecin, baibu alkali, reedine, matrine, triptolide, small Xue alkali, wood hexane, bitter bean alkali and so on.
(2) Terpenes: there are mainly neem, neem, bitter vine, anthra anthrin and so on.
(3) Flavonoids: the main ones with pest control effects are rotenone, catalone and so on. The mode of action is food refusal and poisoning.
(4) Essential oils: it is a class of plant secondary metabolic substances with small molecular weight, which not only have the effects of poisoning, smoking, avoiding or luring, refusing to eat, inhibiting growth and development, etc., but also have the lure effect of insect exosteroids, mostly used to prevent warehouse pests, such as artemisia annua oil, peppermint oil, thyme oil, cinnamon essential oil, turpentine oil, rue essential oil, turnip essential oil, etc. In addition, there are carboxylates such as pyrethroids, lignans such as etheryl perostelocarbin, steroids such as bososterone, glycosides such as lycopene, etc., which can be used to treat insects.
5.2 Microbial pesticides
It is a type of biopesticide that can be used to kill insects, sterilize, weed and regulate plant growth. These include agricultural antibiotics and live microbial pesticides. Commonly used microbial pesticides have the following categories:
(1) Bacterial insecticides, there are currently more than 100 kinds of insecticidal bacteria screened, of which Bacillus thuringiensis is the most successful microbial insecticide in the world.
(2) Fungal insecticides are a class of insect pathogenic fungi with a wide range of parasitic properties, mainly including white zombie insecticides, green zombie insecticides, penicillium insecticides and cypriotia insecticides.
(3) Viral insecticides are a type of virus taxon with insects as the host, which has the advantages of parasitic specificity and long effectiveness. At present, there are more research and common applications of nuclear polyhedravirus (NPV), granule virus (GV), mass polyhedravirus (CPV), NPV is used for the control of vegetable insects, etc., GV is mainly used for the control of vegetable insects, small cabbage moths, yellow ground tigers, etc.
(4) Microsporidium insecticides, belonging to protozoa, the current common microsporidia used for agricultural and forestry control are locust microsporidium, marching insect microsporidium, spruce leaf curling moth microsporidium.
(5) Nematode insecticides, the most effective application at present is Soko nematode and Si's nematode, which has a high infestation force for the larvae of some pests, and the control effect is good, which is an important research direction for future biological control.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >6 prevention and control period</h1>
In summary, the green prevention and control of diseases and insect pests should grasp the following four prevention and control periods: germination, flowering, young fruit, and late growth, do a good job of insect monitoring, grasp the initial stage of disease and pest occurrence and the best period of prevention and control, and take targeted physical and biological control methods to quickly control the development and spread of diseases and insect pests to achieve effective control.