First, the characteristics and characteristics of chives
The plant is erect and short, with thin cylindrical leaves and a height of 32-38 cm. Densely grown in clusters, 9-11 tillers per plant can be formed from January to April, 6-7 tillers per plant from May to September, and 15-16 tillers per plant from October to December. The bulbs are small and 7-15 cm white. The root system is well developed and shallowly distributed, about 5 cm long. Flowering and seeding or only flowering without seeds, sexual reproduction can be carried out, using seed seedlings, and cultivated separately.
Chives are cold-tolerant and heat-resistant and can be cultivated all year round. But the best temperature range for it to grow is 18°C-23°C. Chives have shallow roots, are drought-tolerant and are suitable for growing in loose, fertile soils.
Second, the choice of field blocks
The plot should be selected to be flat, the soil should be free of pollution or harmless treatment, easy drainage and irrigation, deep tillage layer, suitable structure, good physical and chemical properties, sandy loam or loam soil is appropriate, soil organic matter content should be more than 1.5%, pH value between 6.0-7.0.
3. Cultivation management measures
(1) Selection of varieties
The main varieties are: four seasons of rice onion, Sichuan chives, Lu onion No. 1, Chongzhou horn onion and long-term planting of chives in various places. The amount of seeds used per mu is 1.2-1.5 kg. Soak the seeds in 55 °C warm water for 20 minutes before sowing, rinse with clean water, dry and sow. Select the plot with high and dry terrain and good soil quality, make a high furrow seedbed with a width of 1.2 meters, and apply decomposing organic fertilizer as the base fertilizer. Before sowing, the seedbed is watered with the soles of the feet, and 4-5 grams of seeds are sown per square meter of seedbed, then covered with 0.5 cm of fine soil, and after suppression, watering. At the same time, cover the furrow surface with shade nets or lay straw for moisturizing. Keep the soil moist after sowing until the leaves are grown.
(2) Colonization
Before planting, the seedlings should be screened to remove diseased, disabled and weak plants. After screening, cut off the tip of the whisker root and leave 2-3 cm to promote the development of new roots. Transplant according to the row spacing of 20 cm, plant spacing of 10 cm, planting 4-6 plants per hole. Spring onions and autumn onions can be appropriately thinned, and the colonization should be shallow, about 3 cm-5 cm, and watered in time after planting. Before transplanting, it can be soaked in 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times liquid for 5-10 minutes, and then fished out to be planted.
(3) Reasonable rotation
The shallot producing area should be rotated with non-onion garlic crops for 2-3 years, and the stubble arrangement can adopt the cultivation mode of rice - chives, corn - chives, flue-cured tobacco - chives and so onions.
(4) Preparation of land for reclamation
After the harvest of the front stubble, timely ploughing, exposure, fine preparation, according to the width of 4.5m north-south direction to open the mound, the mound surface of 1.2m, the width of the ditch 0.3m, the depth of the ditch 0.2m. Do a flat ditch straight soil fine.
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(5) Timely sowing and reasonable dense planting
1. Sowing time
(1) Spring stubble: transplanted in January, harvested in mid-to-late March to April, in order to grab the morning market, can be covered with mulch film.
(2) Summer stubble: transplanted from late April to early June, harvested from May to the end of July. This stubble can be cultivated in shade nets or set between rows of tall crops to supply the "summer light" market.
(3) Autumn stubble: Transplanted from August to late September, and listed from mid-to-late September to November. Autumn onions are transplanted at a high temperature, so you can sprinkle some rice and wheat straw between the rows to cool down and moisturize.
(4) Winter stubble: transplanted from October to November, harvested from January to February. Winter temperatures are low, chives grow slowly, and the production mostly adopts the method of "autumn extension" to supply the New Year's Day and Spring Festival markets.
2. Sowing density and seed consumption
The amount of seeds used varies according to the size of the onion, the dryness and wetness of the onion seed, the fertility of the soil, the target yield and the production season, etc. The general seed dosage is 120-180kg/mu, and the small spring chives with the shallot leaves as the target product have a plant row spacing of 10×12cm, and 45,000 plants/mu.
3. Sowing method
On the ridge surface, open a shallow ditch 3-4 cm deep perpendicular to the row, and then sow according to the plant spacing, and then cover the soil with 2-3 cm, if the soil is heavy, it can also be sown according to the row spacing.
(6) Fertilizer and water management
1. Timely irrigation
The root system of chives is shallow, not drought-tolerant or waterlogging-tolerant, and it is necessary to irrigate water in a timely manner according to the moisture and seedling conditions. Spring chives generally need to be watered 6-7 times throughout their growth period.
2. Timely cultivation
After the chives emerge, according to the soil moisture and weed growth, timely cultivation and weeding should be carried out to prevent soil compaction and weed breeding.
3. Reasonable fertilization
(1) Fertilization principle
Fertilizer application should strictly implement the fertilizer application guidelines for the production of pollution-free agricultural products, and adhere to the principle of fully decomposed farm manure or commercial organic fertilizer as the mainstay, supplemented by chemical fertilizer; base fertilizer as the mainstay, topdressing as the supplement; multi-element package fertilizer as the mainstay, single-element fertilizer as the supplement.
(2) Base fertilizer
When preparing the land, apply fully decomposed farm manure 3000-4000kg/mu, calcium superphosphate 50kg/mu, ternary compound fertilizer (N:P:K=15:15:15) 25kg/mu, and the fertilizer should be evenly mixed with the soil.
(3) Topdressing
The root system of chives is shallow, the absorption is weak, it is not tolerant of thick fertilizer, drought and flood, it must be watered frequently with small water, and attention should be paid to the timely removal of stagnant water after rain. After colonization of slow seedlings, 1 bag of drip irrigation or Chong Shi Jiamei bonus + 1 bag of Jiamei brain platinum per mu, or 1 bag of Jiamei bonus + Jiamei Hailibao 2-3 kg, 15 days before harvest will not be applied. It is also necessary to supplement foliar nutrition 1000 times liquid Jiamei brain platinum in time to promote the tender green of the onion plant.
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(7) Integrated pest control
1. Prevention and control principles
In accordance with the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control", priority is given to agricultural control, biological control and physical control, scientific and rational use of chemical control, and the use of highly toxic and high residue pesticides is prohibited.
2. Prevention and control methods
(1) Agricultural control
Selection of disease-resistant varieties, rational layout, implementation of crop rotation stubble, seed treatment, rational fertilization, strengthen the management of cultivation, clean the countryside, reduce the source of insects.
(2) Biological control
Protect natural enemies, create environmental conditions conducive to the survival of natural enemies, and choose pesticides with low lethality to natural enemies, such as BT emulsion and agricultural streptomycin.
(3) Physical prevention and control
One is to set up a frequency vibration insecticidal lamp every 30-50 acres to trap adult insects; the other is to hang 20-30 yellow plates per acre to trap adult insects.
(4) Chemical control
(1) Soil disinfection
When the land is prepared with 50% carbendazim or 70% dixone 1-2 kg plus 3% octyl thiophosphorus granules 1.5 kg and fine soil mixed with fine soil per mu, it is spread throughout the field.
(2) Control of major pests and diseases
Shallot thrips, leafminer flies, aphids: you can choose 4.5% high-efficiency cypermethrin emulsion 2000 times liquid or 5% anti-Taibao emulsion 2500 times liquid + Jiamei point 1000 times liquid for control.
Downy mildew disease: At the beginning of the disease, 75% Bacillus Qing wettable powder 700 times liquid, 80% Daisen manganese zinc wettable powder 500 times liquid, 58% methammer Ling manganese zinc 600 times liquid + Jiamei gold point 1000 times liquid and other agents can be used for prevention and control.
Gray mold disease: At the beginning of the disease, 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times liquid, 70% methyl thiophex wettable powder 500 times liquid, 25% methyl cream wettable powder 1000 times liquid + Jiamei point 1000 times liquid and other agents can be used for prevention and treatment.
Leaf spot disease, leaf blight: At the beginning of the disease, 70% Bacillus Qing wettable powder 700 times liquid, 64% alum wettable powder 600 times liquid, 58% methyl cream ling manganese zinc 600 times liquid or 25% imidamine emulsion 2000 times liquid + Jiamei point 1000 times liquid and other agents can be used for prevention and control.
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Anthrax: At the beginning of the disease, you can choose 25% imidamine wettable powder 800 times liquid, or 25% bromine nitrile wettable powder 500 times liquid, or 70% methyl tolbuzin wettable powder 600 times liquid, or 40% polysulfide suspension 500 times liquid, or 2% agricultural resistance 120 water agent 200 times liquid + Jiamei dividend 1000 times liquid spray or root.
White rot disease: timely spraying at the beginning of the disease, the drug can be used for the prevention and treatment of 70% methyl tolbuzin 1000-1500 times liquid, or 25% carbendazim 250 times liquid, or 40% sclerotia net l000-1500 times liquid spraying. Or use 130 grams of 70% chloronitrobenzene powder per acre, mixed with fine soil 13 kg sprinkled on the roots. The above pests and diseases are controlled every 7-10 days, 2-3 times in a row, and the agent should be used alternately.
(8) Timely harvesting
It should be done in sunny and warm weather as much as possible, as this is conducive to maintaining the quality and quality of chives.
bibliography:
"Chives High Yield Cultivation Technology" Baidu Library
"Cultivation Techniques of Chives over Summer", China Food Science and Technology Network
"How to Grow Chives in All Seasons" is the blog of the Swordsman of the Snow Mountain
The picture comes from the crop technology group and references of The Trimble Specialty Agricultural Products Exchange Platform