The ancient Mongolian plateau nomadic peoples arose in the foothills of the Yin Mountains in present-day Inner Mongolia.
Hodge disease
In 215 BC, the Xiongnu were expelled from the Hetao region by the Qin general Meng Tian. At the end of the Qin Dynasty and the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu became powerful and repeatedly attacked, posing a great threat to the Western Han regime and controlling the Western Regions. In the early period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu were defeated by the Han army and withdrew from the south of the desert. In 119 BC, the Battle of Mobei, Huo went to the disease "sealed the wolf Juxu Mountain, Zen YuGuyan, and landed on the Han Sea (present-day Lake Baikal)." In the later years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu defeated the Han army and regained control of Northern Mobei. During the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han, the Xiongnu split and the Five Singles were in contention. In 53 BC, the Southern Xiongnu leader Hu Han led the people to surrender to the Western Han Dynasty. In 36 BC, the Western Han Dynasty destroyed the Northern Xiongnu Zhi ZhiDan Yu. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu again split into the Southern and Northern Xiongnu. In 48 AD, the Southern Xiongnu leader Yu Luo led the people to surrender to the Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu and was placed in the Hetao area. The Northern Xiongnu, on the other hand, were still rebellious. In 87 AD, Xianbei broke the Northern Xiongnu, and a locust plague occurred in the north of the desert, and the Northern Xiongnu began to "chaos". In 89 AD, Dou Xian broke the Northern Xiongnu and forced the Northern Xiongnu to move west, and Ban Gu carved the JiGong of the "Fengyanran Mountain Inscription" at the southern foot of Yanran Mountain (present-day Hangai Mountain, Mongolia). The Southern Xiongnu established the Former Zhao regime during the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms periods. The Xiongnu Tiefubu Helian Bo established the Huxia regime.
The Xiongnu interfered with China at that time, which is recorded in the Records of History and the Book of Han. Modern Western historians generally believe that the Huns north of the Central Plains were some nomadic people who liked to fight and ally with horses.
Xiongnu", a nomadic people recorded in ancient Chinese literature, was divided into two parts, the Northern Xiongnu were defeated by the Han at the end of the first century, moved west, and the Southern Xiongnu surrendered to the title of vassal.
The most powerful period
Territory of the Hun Khaganate
Some believe that the westward-moving Northern Xiongnu invaded Europe around 350 AD and are widely known as the Huns. However, modern academic circles have greatly disputed this, and there is no conclusive evidence that the Huns were descendants of the Huns.
When the Han Dynasty completed unification, the Xiongnu tribes also completed unification in the north of the desert.
The Xiongnu tribe Shan Yu tou Man was a rugged figure, and his ex-wife gave birth to a son, Mao Dun, and his second wife gave birth to a young son. Loving his wife and loving his young son is a special feeling of the elderly, and Touman intends to pass on the position of chief to his young son, so he sends Mo Dun to the Moon Clan as a hostage. After Mao Dun left, the ruthless father immediately sent troops to attack the Yue Clan, hoping that the Yue Clan would kill the hostages in anger. Mo Dun sensed Papa's ruse and immediately grabbed the good horse and fled. The father was probably a little remorseful, and at the same time thought that his son was very courageous, so he gave him a part of the people, but Mao Dun hated the old father to the bone.
Hun warriors
Soon after, Mo Dun invented a sounding arrow (hoaxe) that could make a sound when it was fired, and he ordered his subordinates to say: "Pay attention to the arrows, and whatever the arrows shoot, you will shoot whatever you want, and those who do not shoot will be executed." "Originally used for hunting, after the arrow was fired, it was found that there was no follow-up shooting, and immediately killed." Once, When Mao Dun shot his own horse with a loud arrow, his subordinates who did not dare to follow him were immediately killed. Once again, Mao Dun shot his own wife with a loud arrow, and if his subordinates did not dare to shoot with him, they were killed immediately. After some time, Maunton shot his father's mount with a loud arrow, and the subordinates did not dare not shoot again. Morton knew that he had succeeded in training, so in 201 BC, Morton shot his father with a loud arrow, and Touman died under the arrows of his son. Mouton killed his stepmother and brother at the same time, declared himself "Shan Yu", and established the Xiongnu Empire.
The definition of "empire" is: a country that does not have a fixed capital. In the history books, it is called "Xingguo", and the temporary location of Shan Yu and the central government is called "Wang Ting".
The huanglao politics of the early forty years of the Western Han Dynasty brought unprecedented prosperity to the Han Dynasty at that time, only in terms of horses, in 200 BC, the prime minister could only sit in an ox cart, the emperor of course had a carriage, but if he wanted four horses of the same color, he could not find it. However, by the 1950s, the central government had as many as 400,000 horses in the capital Chang'an alone. The folk streets and alleys are full of horses, and there is a competition to ride only male horses. The time had come to fight back against the Huns.
When the Han Dynasty counterattack began in the 1960s, it adopted the strategy of enticing the enemy to strike first. In 133 BC, the general Wang Hui (general Of Tun) led an army of more than 300,000 men and lay an ambush in the valley left and right of The City of Mayi. The local rich man Nie Yi and the Xiongnu had always had close commercial contacts, and he hung the heads of two death row prisoners on the gates of Mayi city and told the Xiongnu spies that he had killed the chief of Mayi and asked the Xiongnu to take advantage of the false attack. Believing it to be true, the military minister personally led 100,000 cavalry from Wuzhou to Point directly at Mayi. When it was less than a hundred kilometers away from Mayi, I saw cattle and sheep all over the field, and I didn't see herdsmen, and I felt strange. So they captured a nearby Seting (lookout), captured an official from Yanmen County, learned that it was a trap, and immediately led his troops back north. Since then, the han-Hungarians have fought for more than forty years.
Four years after Ma Yi's plot (129 BC), the generals Wei Qing, Gongsun Ao, Gongsun He, and Li Guang attacked from Shanggu, DaiJun, Yunzhong, and Yanmen respectively. The following year (128 BC), Wei Qing and another general, Li Xi, attacked from Yanmen and Dai Commandery respectively. The following year (127 BC), Wei Qing and Li Xi attacked westward from the clouds, this time beginning to have great gains, the Xiongnu were defeated, the Han Dynasty once again drove the Xiongnu out of Hetao, just between the Hetao Desert and the Yellow River, built Shuofang City. Three years later (124 BC), Wei Qing led six generals to attack from Gao que, Right Beiping, and Shuofang, three hundred kilometers deep into the Xiongnu, capturing more than ten xiaowangs, fifteen thousand men and women, and one million cattle and sheep.
The Huns are single.
In 121 BC, the young general Huo Fuyi attacked from Longxi, crossed the Yanzhi Mountains for 500 kilometers, killed more than 8,900 people below the xiongnu king, and obtained the Golden Man used by the Xiongnu King Xiutu for sacrifice. [2] Later in the same year, Huo went on a second attack from Longxi, crossing the Juyan Sea (Ejina Banner in Inner Mongolia) and penetrating more than 1,000 kilometers, killing 30,200 men. [3] Hodgson's disease won two unprecedented victories in one year. Yi Zhi was furious and forced to blame for the failure. Fearing that he would be killed, the Hun Evil King took his tribe and his land and surrendered to Huo, and the Hexi Corridor was returned to the Han Dynasty. This was a major blow to the Xiongnu, who sang at that time: "Kill me in the Mountains, so that my livestock will not flourish, and I will lose my mountains, so that my women will have no color."
The Han-Hungarian War lasted for fifteen years, and in the 1980s, there was another decisive battle.
The Xiongnu knew that the glory of the past had passed, so they took the advice of the general Zhao Xin, believing that it was impossible for the Han Dynasty army to penetrate deep into the desert, so they retreated the national border and moved far north of the Hanhai Desert Group. Of course, the Han Dynasty would not give up, in 119 BC, Wei Qing from Dingxiang, Huo to disease from Dai County, to the Xiongnu general attack, Wei Qing corps went deep into the Xiongnu five hundred kilometers, Yi Zhishan in a hurry to meet the battle, defeated, to the north to break through and escape. Wei Qing pursued Zhao Xincheng (Southwest of The Mongolian Har and Lin) in Yinyan Mountain, but there was no trace of the enemy, Huo Went Sick Corps went deep into the desert for more than a thousand kilometers, killing more than 70,000 people[4], and Huo went after the sick to the Wolf Juxu Mountain, and saw no enemy track.
This was the most important battle against the Xiongnu, and since then there has been no more Xiongnu royal court south of the Hanhai Desert Group, and the Xiongnu state can no longer pose an existential threat to the Han Dynasty as in the past. In 115 BC and later, the Han Dynasty established four cities in the Hexi Corridor, the homeland of the Xiongnu Hun Evil King: Jiuquan County, Wuwei County, and Zhangye County. Dunhuang County. This land became the territory of the Han Dynasty until modern times.
When the Han Dynasty was preparing to counterattack the Xiongnu, it remembered one of the Xiongnu's enemies, the Yueshi Kingdom. The Yue clan was originally founded in the Hexi Corridor. However, in the 1930s BC, he was defeated by the Huns, and the king's skull was used as a urinal pot by Lao Shangdan Yu (son of Mo Dun Shan Yu). The whole country fled westward, all the way to the south of the Aral Sea in Central Asia and the north of Afghanistan to settle down, and the capital was Lanshi City.
The Han Dynasty hoped to ally itself with the Yue Kingdom and form an east-west attack on the Xiongnu. According to the ideas of the Han Dynasty, the Yue kingdom had a deep hatred for the Xiongnu for killing their father and destroying the country, and once they heard that there was an opportunity to avenge the country, they would be very grateful, the central government asked for envoys, Zhang Qian applied, and there were more than a hundred people who had the same courage as him.
Yueshi was 3,500 kilometers away from chang'an, the capital of the Han Dynasty, and the air distance was 3,500 kilometers, when the border of the Han Dynasty was only to Jincheng, and the westward direction was still the territory and sphere of influence of the Xiongnu. Jincheng to the west across the Hexi Corridor is the western region, the western region has an endless desert and sand moraine, when the storm rises, the wind and sand overturned. There is also salt water that has no grass, and it is desolate, and it is often impossible to see anyone for a month. There was no official road at that time, and those who traveled here could only grope along the dry bones of the predecessors who died on the way.
In 138 BC, Zhang Qian and his envoys set out from the capital Chang'an and went deep into the northwest desert, which they knew nothing about, and were full of death. At the beginning, they encountered bad luck: soon after entering the Hexi Corridor, they were caught by the Xiongnu, and when they found out that they were going to the Yueshi, the military minister Shan Yu said angrily: "What is this, the Yueshi is in my west, how dare the Han Dynasty cross the Xiongnu and communicate with them." If I send an envoy to South Vietnam, will the Han Dynasty allow it to pass? "It was forbidden to leave the country, but respected them as heroes, so he found a Xiongnu woman as his wife for each of them, and tried to keep the envoys. This lasted for ten years, and in 129 BC, Zhang Qian and his companions seized an opportunity and fled westward. And successfully came to Dawan, the Dawan people sent the envoy group to Kangju, and the Kangju people sent the envoy group to Yueshi. However, the Yueshi people were very wealthy at that time, much more comfortable than in the Hexi Corridor. The current king is the grandson of the dead king, and his feelings for his grandfather are separated by a layer, so no one in the country thinks of revenge and restoration. Zhang Qian lived in Yueshi for more than a year and returned disappointed. Zhang Qian sent more than a hundred people on his mission, and returned to Chang'an twelve years later, leaving only two people: Zhang Qian and his servant Gan Father.
Zhang Qian's contribution can only be compared after Columbus discovered the New World. When Zhang Qian was lobbying in the Yue Kingdom, he once went to Bactria and found cloth from Chengdu, Sichuan, and bamboo from Qionglai Mountain, Sichuan. The Bactrians told him, "I bought it from poison (ancient India)." Zhang Qian speculated: The goods can be poisoned by the body, then, of course, the centaurs can also. That is to say, there was no need to risk being captured and detained by the Xiongnu, and instead set out from Shu County to the western region, when it was safer. This idea was supported by Emperor Liu Che, which led to the Han Dynasty's exploration of the "southwest".
In 121 BC, the Hun king of the Xiongnu surrendered to the Han Dynasty. Zhang Qian then proposed an alliance with Wusun (Kyrgyz Istik). Originally located in the western part of the Hexi Corridor, wusun was adjacent to the Yue clan, but was later expelled by the Yue clan and moved west to the southeast of Lake Balkhash in Central Asia, a large country across the Ili River. Zhang Qian believed that Wusun was more able to threaten the Xiongnu than the Yue clan, and to gain Wusun's friendship was equivalent to cutting off the xiongnu's right arm. In 116 BC, Zhang Qian made a second mission to the Western Regions, this time he arrived safely in Wusun. Wusun was invited to move back to his homeland, but Wusun's reaction was very cold, first, it did not know the size and strength of the Han Dynasty, and could not make such a major decision based on the words of the envoys. Second, it simultaneously feared revenge from the Huns. Zhang Qian stayed for a year and returned disappointed. However, this time he did two things: First, he sent his subordinates to Kangju, Yueshi, Bactria, Sabbath, Poison, and Khotan, to publicize the prestige of the Han Dynasty. First, when he left for China, he invited Wusun to send envoys to accompany him to visit the Han Dynasty.
Zhang Qian died the following year after his return to China (114 BC), but his envoys to various countries, accompanied by envoys and merchant groups from various countries, arrived in Chang'an one after another. Since then, exchanges have been frequent, and the relations between the Han Dynasty and the countries in the Western Regions have become increasingly close. Wusun, in particular, when its envoys discovered that the Han Dynasty was so behemoth and rich and powerful, could not help but be in awe. Although they were still reluctant to move east, and at that time the Han Dynasty had established four counties in the Hexi Corridor, they no longer wanted to move east. However, it decided to submit to the Han Dynasty, and the Xiongnu were of course not happy and threatened to take military action, and the Wusun king KunMo became nervous and asked the Han Dynasty to form an alliance.
However, not every envoy has the superhuman wisdom and insight of Zhang Qian. The envoys to Dawan reported to Emperor Liu Che that there was one of the best horses in the world, called the "Sweat Blood Horse", and the sweat that flowed out was like blood and could run five hundred kilometers a day. Liu Che immediately sent envoys to carry 200,000 taels of gold as the price. He also cast a golden horse out of gold and bought it from Dawan as a gift. King Dawan considered the Sweat And Blood Horse to be their national treasure and refused to sell it. The envoys of the Han Dynasty, believing that the country was strong, smashed the golden horse in front of the widow, broke the mouth and cursed, and turned away. King Dawan was furious and ordered Yu Chengwang, the town guard of Yucheng City on its eastern border, to intercept the Han Dynasty envoys and kill them all.
Emperor Wu of Han was furious and ordered Li Guangli to lead the expedition, and the following year (103 BC), the expeditionary army arrived at Yucheng City, and the initial battle could not be attacked, leaving Tun Dunhuang County. The following year, reinforcements were received from the expeditionary force and besieged the capital of Dawan, Guishan City (Kasansai City, Uzbekistan). The outer city of Guishan fell, and the nobles of Dawan knew that they could not support it, so they had to kill the king and ask for peace, hand over all the sweat and blood horses, and let the expeditionary army choose. Yu Chengwang, who killed the Han Dynasty envoys, fled to Kangju and was extradited to the Han Dynasty army for execution.
Since Zhang Qian, the countries of the Western Regions have been caught between the two superpowers of the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu, and they are in a dilemma.
The Xiongnu established their power in the Western Regions very early, with the Viceroy of the Western Regions (孭仆都尉). When the Xiongnu envoys went to the Western Regions, all the expenses were supplied by the kingdom. However, the envoys' diet was bought with money, which was uncomfortable enough, and coupled with the fact that countries often intercepted and killed envoys under the pressure of the Xiongnu, the Han Dynasty finally launched a series of punitive wars.
Now the Huns
The Huns suddenly entered the eyes of the Europeans around 360 AD, and then began their war of conquest under the leadership of the king known as Barranbir, the first target of which was the Turkic kingdom known as Aran at that time. At that time, the kingdom of Aran was a powerful country, but the king of Alan poured his troops into the country and fought against the Hun army along the Don River but was defeated, the king of Alan was killed and the kingdom of Alan was destroyed, and the remnants of Alan eventually submitted to the Huns. The first appearance of the Xiongnu in western history books was accompanied by the demise of the Alan state, and the entire Western world was shaken.
Archaeologists took their genetic components from the tombs of the Huns and compared them with humans of all the peoples of the world. In the end, they found that they most resembled the Hungarians of Eastern Europe. Historically, after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty completely defeated the Xiongnu, some of the Xiongnu fled to Europe.
Today's Hungarians
The first to put forward this idea was the French scholar De arjuni. Later, the British historian Gibbon, the scholar Burke, and the German scholar Schard all quoted this view in their own writings. Many prominent Chinese scholars also agree with this view. Zhang Taiyan believes that 'present-day Hungary is the Xiongnu yin'. Scholar He Zhenya believes that Hungary's 'Hun' is an ethnic name, 'Yali' is a place name, and Hungary is 'Huns' residence'.