Memorabilia of Xinzhou in the early years of the Republic of China
1. The activity center of the Xinxian League Association
As one of the birthplaces of the Shanxi League, Xinzhou played a very important role in the Taiyuan Xinhai Revolution and the construction of the Republic of China in Shanxi.
The pioneer of the Xinhai Revolution and the head of the XinDaining Gongtuan, Xu Xifeng (3rd from the left), and the commander of the Gonggong Regiment, Gong Fukui (2nd from the right), and other revolutionary colleagues
The Xinzhou League had the following activities at that time:
The first is in Wencun, Xinzhou. Liang Junyao was introduced to the League by Zhao Daiwen on the eve of the Xinhai Revolution. When Liang Junyao graduated from Shanxi University, he taught at Xinxian Middle School to propagate the theory of revolutionary national salvation. After resigning from teaching in the middle school hall, he returned to his hometown Wencun to propagate revolutionary principles and organize training for the masses. Later, Liang Jirong, who had joined the League in Japan, also returned to Wencun, and the two worked closely together to carry out the work of the League. Liang Junyao is responsible for armor protection training, and Liang Jirong is responsible for the training of guoshu and exercises. During the training, it received the support of the masses and developed to the neighboring Sunjiawan and Qi villages, and received more than forty Rifle guns.
The second is in Sanjiao Town. After Wang Jianping joined the League, he organized the training of Zhuang Ding in the town, and at the same time contacted Chen Zengguang, the xiucai of Yongxing Village, Chengxian County, and gathered the villagers to prepare for the uprising. Later, due to an accident due to fundraising, the uprising did not succeed, and Wang Jianping was imprisoned. He was later released on bail by Chen Zengguang.
The third is in the xinxing persuasion factory. The Xinxing Persuasion Factory is located at Wenshu Monastery in the northeast of the city. In 1908, Zhang Tong of Xinzhou Zhizhou appointed Chen Jingtang and Ge Mengjiu to preside over the preparations. Chen Jingtang immediately sent a letter to Xu Zhihan, who was studying in Japan, to come back as a sitting office (Yi is the director of the factory) In 1909, Xu Zhihan returned with a machine, and the factory was built, mainly engaged in textiles. Xu Zhihan joined the League when he was in Japan. After returning to Xin, he used the persuasion factory to engage in revolutionary activities. Mao Zhihe and Zhao Liangchen, members of the League, did liaison work.
The fourth was in the county at that time. In the autumn of 1911, the Xinzhou revolutionaries went to the province to report on the relevant situation in Xinzhou, and after returning from Zhizhou, Zhu Shanyuan immediately organized three new companies. With allied members Yin Chengye and Duan Miao as company commanders, they were used as preparations for the taiyuan army to supplement. The Forces nouvelles were joined by more than thirty students, more than forty workers, the unemployed and petty traders. League members Xing Yangpeng and Cao Buzhang were trainers. When Niangziguan was breached by the Qing army, the new army was transformed into a local militia regiment, and the members of the alliance were hidden in the militia group, stationed in various villages, training on the one hand, patrolling on the other, and maintaining local law and order. In 1913, after Yan Xishan returned to Taiyuan from the North Road, the New Army was disbanded.
The fifth is the Monkey Mountain in Inner Mongolia. In the early period of the Xinhai Revolution, Zhao Guigen, a native of Xinzhou, and Gong Fukui, a native of Xinzhou, went to Inner Mongolia to explore the rivers and lakes and met some good local men. Hou Gongfukui joined the League, organized a group of people, and established a revolutionary base area on Monkey Mountain. Later, they met Yang Jinniu, a native of Xinzhou, and set up a "bookstore" in the Li Blanket Courtyard in Xinzhou Lane, Feng Town, as a revolutionary liaison station, with information ranges from Xinzhou Yuanping in the south, to Taolin and Erdaohe in the north, and to Liangcheng in the west. After the Xinhai Revolutionary Uprising, the Xin Daining Public Regiment was proclaimed, and Gong Fukui was appointed as the commander and ordered recruitment. Hou Bow Fukui recruited more than a thousand warriors and attacked Datong.
2. Social changes in the early years of the Republic of China
In the early years of the Republic of China, social life underwent remarkable changes, and the theme of the change was "changing customs and customs, breaking the old and building the new".
Mainly reflected in: First, men cut their hair in braids, and women are forbidden to wrap their feet. After the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, a presidential decree was issued in March 1912, stipulating that "those who do not remove their braids shall be cut for 20 days on the date of the order." Women can untie their feet and go to school.
Second, the change of clothing. From the past robe and horse coat to Zhongshan costume, suit, to achieve a collection of Chinese and Western clothing.
3. Changes in etiquette. From kneeling and praying, it changed to bowing hands and shaking hands.
Fourth, the change of writing. Chinese characters began to simplify, and brush characters were converted into pen characters.
3. The economy of Xinzhou in the early years of the Republic of China
In the early years of the Republic of China, the economy of Xinzhou was mainly based on agriculture and commerce.
Agriculture relies on livestock tools and grows traditional plants. There are mainly sorghum, millet, soybeans, mung beans, millet, buckwheat, hemp, eggplant, pumpkin, cabbage, radish, potatoes, fennel white, mustard greens and so on.
Business booms
First, the city: there are six major consortiums. They are: Gao, Wang, Zhang, Chen, Lian and Shi Liu. There are 10 line bits. They are: silk, cloth, paper, money, grain, iron, medicine, estimation, wood, dang, etc.; there are 18 qianzhuangs. They are: Yixingheng, Jufengtai, Jinyixing, Xuanqingyuan, Yiqingyuan, Compound Source, Yiyuanyong, Yiyuancheng, Deyiyong, Jumeicheng, Dexingheng, Yiyuanxing, Yuanyiheng, Yideheng, Tiandeheng, Yifengjiu, Yuanhetai, Yijuheng, etc., of which Jufengheng, Yixingheng and Xuanqingyuan are the three largest.
There are 7 silk shops. They are: Gongyichang, Judechang, Jiujukui, Gongruiheng, Gongyihe, Shuangshengming, Dexingji, etc.
Second, the market town: there are mainly Qi village, Dong village, Zhuang Mo, Sanjiao.
Qicun is a grain and oil distribution center in Ningwu, Jingle, Ganlan and other counties, as well as in the northwest of the county and the southwest of The county. In the early years of the Republic of China, commerce was booming. There are 192 businesses with a capital of 326,000 yuan, 826 employees, 47 street vendors, and more than 60 employees. The big stores are: Dade, Shunchengyuan, Fuxingming, Fuxingcheng, Fuxingdang, Wangrongdian, Daxingdian, Fengyudian, Hengjumo, Tianshengyong, Shihechang, Gong yichang, Guangyuhou, Jingshengyuan, Deshenghou and so on. The various industries include: 8 grain stores, 4 qianzhuang, 4 accounting houses, 2 pawnshops, 30 cloth shops, 5 foreign goods estates, 10 flower cloth groceries, 3 silk satins, 6 pastries, 7 Chinese medicine stores, 1 Western pharmacy, 5 paper stores, etc. Sources of goods: Quinoa and pea rapeseed from Ningwu and Jingle; miscellaneous grains from benxian County; coke from the western mountains of Chengxian County; cotton cloth from Jingjing, Huolu and Pingshan in Hebei; tea from Hankou; tobacco from Daixian and Quwo; iron from Luxian; medicinal herbs from Qizhou and Wu'an in Hebei; peanuts and pears from Wutai and Dingxiang; sugar from Shouyang; and Jingguang miscellaneous goods from Taiyuan.
During the period of dongcun people's republic, there were more than 3,500 people, more than 70 shops of various kinds, and more than 200 employees. Temple fairs are held 9 times a year.
Trang Mo is the center of activity in the surrounding countryside, and the town has a population of more than 800 people. There are more than 40 stores of various kinds and about 200 employees. There are grain stores, cloth shops, medicine, groceries, tobacco and alcohol, small food and other shops; the largest is dry goods stores, there are more than 20.
Sanjiao is located at the intersection of the roads of Zhuangmo, Jingle and the county seat, and is a resting place for passers-by. There are 16 shops of various kinds, and the famous sanjiao noodles are marketed in Xinzhou and Taiyuan. At that time, there were 28 plates of stone grinding, specializing in the processing of noodles. The wheat comes from Jingle.
Third, go out to do business:
Since the Qing Dynasty, Xinzhou people have gone out to do business and traveled all over the country. There are about 15 provinces and cities, more than 90 counties and cities. Among them, naturalization and Baotou are the main strongholds. Typical business names mainly include:
Tianshen Heng. Opened by Fanno village Wang Pengshan, the main store is located in Naturalization. The branch is located in Qitai, Xinjiang.
Yi Chengchang. Founded in the Guangxu years, the founder Fan Nomura Wang Huan. The general number is located in Baotou. Neimeng Naturalization and Xinjiang have branches with more than 100 employees. The above two shops mainly transported Hunan tea and Beijing-Guangzhou miscellaneous goods to various parts of the northwest for sale; and then transported the northwest medicinal materials, peels, dried grapes, dried apricots, etc. back to the mainland for sale.
Dayi Chang. A fluff shop opened by Shuangbao Gao. The main store is located in Baotou, with more than 60 store staff. Branches in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Lanzhou, Wuwei, Zhangye, Xi'an, Yinchuan and other places.
Ju Hengchang. The East Wing Zhang clan opened a large business in Naturalization. There are more than 30 clerks.
Yuan Yichang. Ma Quanzhong in Xinzhou City opened in Feng Town, with more than 50 clerks, a capital of 4500 yuan, and an annual turnover of 250,000 yuan.
IV. Chamber of Commerce:
The Chamber of Commerce is a business organization, and its leaders are representative figures in various industries. It is mainly to lead various industries to carry out commercial work, mediate disputes, and be responsible for the government's apportionment of taxes and donations to the business community. The Xinxian Chamber of Commerce was established in 1919 and the address is in Caishen Temple. Originally, it was a president system. The 10 major banks select candidates, and then select the president and vice president from among the candidates. At the beginning of the establishment of the Chamber of Commerce, the term of office of the president is generally 1 to 2 years, and he can also be re-elected.
V. Major commercial events in Xinzhou
In 1919, Xinzhou City set up the Xinxian Office of the Bank of Shanxi Province to circulate "Jin banknotes" and at the same time ban the "ping post" issued by private money banks, pawnshops and merchants.
In 1920, Shanxi set up a telecommunications bureau in Xinzhou City.
In 1924, at the initiative of Wang Mengling, a student studying in the United States, the county magistrate, the president of the Chamber of Commerce, and the five shares of the factory raised funds to establish the Xinxian Electric Light Company, which (located in Taishan Temple Lane) was equipped with a 24-kilowatt thermal power station.
In 1932, Yan Xishan reorganized the provincial bank and issued new banknotes.
In 1935, the Bank of Shanxi set up a branch in Xinxian County. The four banks of Shanxi Bank, Railway, Reclamation industry and salt industry were established, and a branch library was set up in Xinxian County, and a large number of banknotes were printed and distributed. In 1936, copper dollars were banned from circulation in the market.
In August 1935, it was opened to traffic through the North Tongpu Railway in Xinxian County, and the Xinxian Railway Station was officially opened. The name of the station was inscribed by Ning Chaowu, secretary general of the Shanxi Provincial Government and a famous calligrapher.
4. Cultural education in the early years of the Republic of China
In the 28th year of qing guangxu, that is, in 1902, Xiurong College was renamed Xinxing Middle School, marking the beginning of new learning in Xinzhou. In 1904, Xinxian established the first higher primary school, namely Xinzhou Higher Primary School. In 1912, the primary school was renamed as a primary school, and the Xinxing Middle School was renamed Xinxian Middle School; in 1917, the B Middle School Commercial School was established, and the Xinxian Middle School was attached to the Teacher Training Institute, and primary schools were generally set up in urban and rural villages. In the second half of 1919, 5 higher primary schools were added to Xinxian County, and the county's educational undertakings developed rapidly.
The Higher Primary School has enrolled three classes. They were 1907, 1908 and 1909. At that time, the school system was four years. Beginning in 1919, the number of students enrolled in high schools doubled. From one shift a year to two shifts. According to the "Overview of Education in Xinxian County" in April of the ninth year of the Republic of China, there were four classes in a high school at that time, and there were more than 130 people. The first principal was Xing Jianyuan.
With the development of education, the county zhishiren has compiled teaching materials for students according to their needs, and has successively compiled and printed "Gao Xiao Chinese Picking Up Grades", "Geographical Common Sense Q&A", "Arithmetic Essence" and so on. At the same time, a number of books were published, mainly including Wang Xilun's "Yiqingtang Anthology", Zhou Tianyi's "Six Books", Chen Jingtang's "Records of Ancient Books and Poems of Xinxian County", and Chen Fengtai's "Guan I Zhai Relics".
Source: Xinzhou Memory