Eight on the integration of key issues in the middle of the historical period
1. Reasons for the outbreak of the Opium War:
(1) The root cause: in order to open the Chinese market, the United Kingdom (2) fuse: Humen sells cigarettes
Influence: China began to change from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the Opium War was the beginning of China's modern history.
2. The first treaty in modern Chinese history refers to the Sino-British Treaty of Nanking;
Main contents: (1) land cession: ceding Hong Kong Island to the United Kingdom; (2) indemnity: 21 million silver dollars; (3) trade: opening Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai as treaty ports; (4) taxation: China must agree with the United Kingdom on customs duties;
The root cause of the failure: the decadent and backward feudal system
3. The root cause of the outbreak of the Second Opium War: an attempt to further open up the Chinese market
Crime: The Anglo-French coalition burned the Yuanmingyuan; the impact: the degree of semi-colonial and semi-feudalization in China was further deepened.
4. In the post-war Treaty of Beijing, which region was ceded to Britain? During this period, Tsarist Russia took advantage of the fire and looting, and how much territory did it occupy in northeast and northwest China? Which of these treaties ceded the most Chinese territory?
Ceded land: Kowloon Division 1 District; Tsarist Russia ceded 1.5 million square kilometers of territory; the Treaty of Yaohun occupied 600,000 square kilometers in the northeast.
5. Reasons for the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement: The defeat of the Opium War further deepened the crisis of qing government rule, and class contradictions became increasingly acute.
6. What are the signs of the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion, the formal establishment of political power, its heyday, its transformation from prosperity to decline, and its end?
Process: Jintiancun Uprising, Dingdu Tianjing, Northern Expedition and Western Expedition, Tianjing Incident, Fall of Tianjing.
7. The Significance of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was the largest peasant war in Chinese history, dealing a heavy blow to the rule of the Qing Dynasty and foreign invading forces;
Administrative Plan: "The Tianchao Tianmu System" (embodies the wishes of the peasants and has a certain positive role), "The New Chapter of Senior Administration" (the first bourgeois reform plan in modern China, but failed to put it into practice)
8. The main contents of the foreign affairs movement: (1) The establishment of modern military industry: with the slogan of "self-improvement", the Fuzhou Shipping Bureau (Zuo Zongtang), the Anqingnei Ordnance Institute (Zeng Guofan), the Jiangnan Manufacturing General Bureau (Li Hongzhang), etc.; (Brief Note: Fu'an Jiangnan Seeks Self-Improvement)
(2) Establishment of modern civil enterprises: with the slogan of "seeking wealth", the Steamship Merchants Bureau (Li Hongzhang), the Kaiping Coal Mine (Li Hongzhang), the Hanyang Iron Works (Zhang Zhidong), and the Hubei Weaving Layout (Zhang Zhidong) were established (Jianji: Han Kai Steamship Weaving);
(3) Establish a new type of navy and army: army: form a new type of foreign gun team; navy: build three navies of Nanyang, Beiyang and Fujian.
(4) Establish new-style schools to train translation and military talents; send overseas students to study abroad. (Learn more)
Nature: a failed self-help movement of the landlord class;
The root cause of the failure: the backward feudal system was not changed.
Evaluation: (1) The Western Affairs Movement was the first modernization movement in China's modern history. (2) Objectively promoted the emergence of Chinese national capitalism and played a certain role in resisting the invasion of foreign capitalism. But it has not put China on the path to prosperity and strength.
9. The main battles of the Sino-Japanese War: the Battle of Toshima (the sign of the beginning), the Battle of the Yellow Sea (Deng Shichang), the Battle of Weihaiwei (the complete destruction of the Beiyang Fleet);
Impact: Greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China.
The contents of the Maguan Treaty are: (1) the cession of the Liaodong Peninsula, the entire island of Taiwan and its affiliated islands, and the Penghu Islands to Japan (separating Taiwan from the mainland for a long time) ;(2) a compensation of 200 million taels of silver; (3) the opening of Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou, and Hangzhou as treaty ports (allowing the aggression of the great powers to penetrate deep into the interior from the coast) ;(4) allowing Japan to set up factories at treaty ports (the aggression of the great powers entered the stage of capital export, which seriously hindered the development of Chinese national capitalism);
10. Lessons from the Reform Law: In semi-colonial and semi-feudal China, the road of bourgeois reform is not feasible.
11. The nature of the Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion was a mass anti-imperialist patriotic movement; the slogan: "Fu Qing and Destroy the Foreigners";
Significance: A heavy blow to imperialist ambitions to carve up China;
12. In order to suppress the Boxer Rebellion, the great powers launched the Eight-Power Alliance's War of Aggression against China; signed the Xinugu Treaty; contents: ; The Qing government has been completely reduced to a tool of imperialist rule over China; foreign garrisons in Beijing to the first line of Shanhaiguan; and changed Prime Minister Yamen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Features: The Treaty of Xinugu is an unequal treaty with the largest amount of reparations and the most serious loss of sovereignty in China's modern history.
Influence: The Qing government became a tool for imperialist powers to rule China, and China was completely plunged into the abyss of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
13. Who is known as the forerunner of China's modern revolution? What revolutionary activities did he carry out to overthrow the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty?
Forerunner: Sun Yat-sen.
Revolutionary activities: (1) In November 1894, the first bourgeois revolutionary group, the Xingzhong Association, was established.
(2) In 1895, Sun Yat-sen launched the Guangzhou Uprising.
(3) In 1905, the first national-scale bourgeois revolutionary party, the Chinese League Association, was established in Tokyo, Japan.
(4) In 1905, in the publication of minbao, the "Three People's Principles" (nationalism, civil rights, and people's livelihood) were first proposed, which became the guiding ideology of the Xinhai Revolution.
(5) In 1907, he and Huang Xing launched the Guangxi Uprising.
(6) In 1912, the first bourgeois republic, the Republic of China, was founded in Nanjing, and the Provisional Treaty Law of the Republic of China was promulgated.
14. The political program of the Chinese League: "Expulsion of the Tartars, Restoration of the Chinese Nation, Establishment of the Republic of China (Civil Rights), Equal Land Rights (People's Livelihood)".
Nature: The first national-scale, unified bourgeois revolutionary party. Publication: Minbao
Role: It has enabled the bourgeois revolutionaries throughout the country to have a unified leadership and a clear goal of struggle, and has promoted the development of the revolutionary movement throughout the country.
15. The nature of the Xinhai Revolution: a bourgeois-democratic revolution.
Results: The overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and the creation of the Republic of China; the promulgation of the Provisional Law of the Republic of China, which has the constitutional nature of a bourgeois republic.
Significance: (1) it overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty and announced the end of China's monarchy for more than two thousand years; (2) it created a modern national democratic revolution in the full sense; (3) it greatly promoted the ideological emancipation of the Chinese nation and opened the floodgates of the progressive trend.
The final result (limitation): The fruits of the Xinhai Revolution were stolen by the Beiyang warlord Yuan Shikai, which did not change the nature of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and failed to complete the revolutionary task of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism.
16. In the face of Yuan Shikai's dictatorship and the restoration of the imperial system, what kind of struggles have emerged in China? After Yuan Shikai's death, how many major factions did the Beiyang warlords split into? What is the political situation in the country?
Resistance: Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing launched the "Second Revolution; the Patriotic War broke out."
Factions: Direct, Anhui, and Feng; warlords are divided into chaotic situations
17. Significance of the New Culture Movement: The New Culture Movement shook the dominance of feudal morality and etiquette, enabled the Chinese people to receive a democratic and scientific baptism, played a role in ideological propaganda and paving the way for the May Fourth Movement, and was a great ideological emancipation movement.
18. Signs of the beginning and end of the New Democratic Revolution: from the May Fourth Movement in 1919 to the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.
19. The root cause of the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement: the dark rule of the Beiyang warlords.
Direct cause (fuse): In 1919, The Paris Peace Conference failed Chinese diplomacy.
Results: Initial victory was achieved, with the Beiyang government releasing the arrested students; removing Cao Rulin and others from their posts; and the Chinese delegates did not sign the Paris Peace Treaty. (Learn more)
Significance: The May Fourth Movement was a patriotic movement that thoroughly opposed imperialism and feudalism. In this movement, the Chinese working class began to take the stage of history and show great strength. The May Fourth Movement was the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.
Spirit: Patriotism, Progress, Democracy, Science (May Fourth Spirit)
20. Conditions for the founding of the Communist Party of China: (1) Ideological basis: the wide spread of Marxism in China (2) Class basis: the growth of the proletarian ranks (3) Organizational basis: the establishment of the early organization of the Communist Party. Founding Sign: The Convening of a Major Congress of the Communist Party of China.
Significance: It announced the birth of the Communist Party of China and was a groundbreaking event in Chinese history. Since the advent of the Communist Party of China, the Face of the Chinese Revolution has taken on a new look. (The new core of leadership: the Chinese Communist Party.) The new guiding ideology: Marxism. New Goal: Achieving Communism)
21. It was Li Dazhao, who actively advocated the new cultural movement and was later called the pioneer of the spread of Marxist ideas in China; his "My View of Marxism" systematically introduced Marxism; the significance of the second congress of the Communist Party of China was that the Communist Party of China put forward a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program for the first time in history; after the founding of the Communist Party of China, the historical event that pushed the first workers' movement to the peak: the Beijing-Hankou railway workers' strike