History of the Liberation of Chongqing (Part 2)
Hu Plain
The People's Liberation Army made it
The great victory of liberating Chongqing and annihilating the enemy army
In order to fully realize the purpose of the strategic encirclement of the Central Military Commission, the Former Committee of the People's Liberation Army's Erye Front Committee ordered: "Quickly cutting off the retreat route of the enemy forces in Hu Zongnan and Sichuan is still the key to the current operation." In addition to leaving the Seventeenth Army in Guiyang to take over the city, eliminate the remnants of the enemy, and maintain transportation, the main force of the Corps and the Tenth Army occupied Bijie and Zunyi, and quickly captured the areas of Xuyong, Chishui, Yibin, and Luzhou, cutting off the enemy's retreat; The main force of the Three Corps and the Siye Army forcibly crossed the Wu River and tried to encircle Song Xilian and Luo Guangwen at Nanchuan and the area east of nanchuan. If the enemy withdraws from the Qijiang River area, the Plaster will suspend itself in the Nanchuan area, waiting for the Fifth Corps and the Tenth Army to return to their predetermined positions before continuing to advance. ”
On the afternoon of November 21, 1949, with the help of the local masses, the First Wing Army of the People's Liberation Army organized a commando team to cross the Wu river from the upper ferry port of Giethoorn Town, quickly occupied the top of Baima Mountain, and took control of the Sichuan-Xiang Highway. Immediately, the large army quickly broke through the Wujiang River from various crossings, and gave Luo Guangwen's fifteenth corps, who had rushed to reinforcements, in the Baima Mountain area to meet the blow. On the same day, in order to divide the enemy army and speed up the pace of liberating Chongqing, Commander Liu Bocheng and Political Commissar Deng Xiaoping put forward four pieces of advice to the Kuomintang military and political personnel in the southwest:
"The remnants of the Kuomintang are now nearing the end of their final period after successive annihilation blows from our People's Liberation Army in east, central, southern and northwestern China. Guiyang has been occupied by our army, and the so-called final strategic system of the Kuomintang has been cut off by us. If You, Xiu, Qian, and Peng have been liberated, then the southeast gateway to Sichuan has been opened, and Chongqing, Chengdu, Kangding, Kunming, and other places will also be liberated in the short term. The so-called 'US aid' and 'counter-offensive' of the bandit leaders, such as Chiang Kai-shek, Li, Bai, and Yan, and the so-called "The Second World War is coming, and everything awaits the Third World War, are the dreams of the bandit leaders, and their purpose is purely imperialist propaganda, in order to deceive the subordinates who are still there to drive them, so that they can go to the grave together with the bandit leaders and so on. You should understand the situation and quickly choose the path you should take.
This time, our army was ordered to march into the southwest, and it was tasked with resolutely overthrowing the Kuomintang's reactionary rule in the southwest and liberating the seventy million people in the southwest, but it gave the military and political personnel of the southwest the opportunity to reform themselves and make meritorious atonement for their sins in accordance with the common program of the CPPCC and the instructions of Chairman Mao and Commander-in-Chief Zhu of the Eight Chapters of the Law.
(1) The Kuomintang army shall immediately cease its resistance, cease its sabotage, and wait for its reorganization.
2. Personnel engaged in political, economic, cultural, and educational work in Kuomintang government organs shall immediately protect the property, utensils, and archives of the original organs and schools and wait to be taken over.
3. Kuomintang agents should immediately change their former wrongs and stop committing evil deeds.
4. Township security personnel shall, under the instructions of the People's Liberation Army, maintain local order and run errands for the People's Liberation Army.
The military and political personnel of the Kuomintang in the southwest entered the peaceful construction at an early date and recovered the wounds of many years of war, which is the unanimous ardent hope of the people of the whole country. You should no longer make senseless resistance to increase your sins in vain. If we can realize it immediately and turn to the light, it is not too late, and there is still a chance to repent to the people. If it is delayed any longer, it will never be forgiven by the people, and the consequences it deserves will be borne by it. Continue to be reactionary and immediately turn back, darkness and light, death and life, two paths are before you, do not linger, look forward to early choice. ”
On the orders of the Nino Front Committee, the troops continued to encircle the enemy in a roundabout way. After the main forces of the Three Corps and the Forty-seventh Army, north of Gongtan and Pengshui, as well as Baima and Tukan, broke through the Wujiang River, they immediately attacked the enemy forces in the Nanchuan area with a pincer-shaped offensive. With rapid and courageous action and the tactics of multiple roundabout interceptions, the troops finally divided and encircled the enemy army in the area north of Nanchuan, and occupied Nanchuan City on the 24th, cutting off the enemy's retreat to the west of the Qijiang River. After several days of fierce fighting, by November 28, the People's Liberation Army annihilated the main force of the Song Xilian Group and the Luo Guangwen Corps, most of which were annihilated in the mountains north of Nanchuan, annihilating more than 30,000 enemy troops.
Chiang Kai-shek pinned his hopes on the United States until November 25, when the U.S. government sent Senator Nolan to Chongqing to provide spiritual support. After Nolan arrived, he bluffed: "Chongqing is not only the center of China's anti-communism, but also an important anti-communist stronghold in the world, and I resolutely oppose the CCP regime." Convinced that the future of the Chinese government's counter-insurgency is infinitely bright, the Nationalist army has supported the mainland for six months, and the party has been assisted by the United States. ”
Chiang Kai-shek, Yan Xishan, Gu Zhutong, Chen Lifu, Yang Sen, and others cried tearlessly at this empty cheque. Seeing that Chongqing and eastern Sichuan could no longer be saved, Chiang Kai-shek decided to turn Chongqing into ruins and then give it up. On November 14, Mao Renfeng presided over the convening of a secret meeting of the responsible persons of the Chongqing military command unit to carry out the four major tasks of massacre, infiltration, guerrilla attack, and sabotage given by Chiang Kai-shek. On the 27th, the frenzied Kuomintang opposition massacred revolutionaries and progressives imprisoned in the White Mansion and the Slag Cave, killing more than 300 people, creating the "11.27" massacre that shocked China and foreign countries.
Some of the martyrs killed by the spies
On the 27th, Chairman Mao Zedong, who was directly in command and always paying close attention to the situation in the southwest, sent a telegram to the chief of Erye, asking whether he could attract more Hu Zongnan troops to Chongqing. Is it necessary for the armies of Erye to attack Chongqing to slow down their movements a little in order to attract more enemy troops to hold Chongqing and then gather and annihilate them? Because Chiang Kai-shek was in Chongqing, he might fight a good battle like the annihilation of Tang Enbo in Shanghai. Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping immediately called back, believing that Chiang Kai-shek might change his plan to stick to Chongqing, and that the two armies seemed to cross the Yangtze River as early as possible and encircle or capture Chongqing as appropriate. The next day, Chairman Mao called back to agree to Chief Liu Deng's plan.
On the 28th, the People's Liberation Army liberated the outskirts of Chongqing on the Fuling, Qijiang, and Jiangjin lines. After the main forces of Song and Luo were annihilated, the garrison headquarters that Yang Sen had put together were scattered by birds and beasts, and the wind was overwhelmed, and only Hu Zongnan's First Army was deployed on the outskirts of Chongqing. The 11th, 12th, and 47th armies of the People's Liberation Army took advantage of the victory to pursue and marched toward Chongqing from the east, south, and west. After occupying the Qijiang River, the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-sixth Divisions of the Twelfth Army quickly left Shunjiang Field and left Jiangjin with a regiment. The Thirty-fifth Division took a shortcut along the Qijiang River and exited the Jiangkou Field, and the 103 regiments under it rushed to the South Hot Spring area and directly knocked on the last gate south of Chongqing City. The Thirty-fifth Division intercepted and captured enemy deserters at Yipinchang, Yudongxi, and Shunjiang, and defeated a division of Hu Zongnan's 167th Division of the First Army at Nan hot spring. A unit of the Eleventh Army pursued the remnants of Luo Guangwen along the Sichuan-Qian Highway and occupied Yudong Creek in Ba County on the 28th.
In the early morning of the 29th, the People's Liberation Army advanced into the Lijiatuo Ferry Port. After occupying the double victory, one unit directly approached the Huangjue area, and the Forty-seventh Army pointed directly at the area around Mudong Town. As of the 29th, the People's Liberation Army controlled the Yangtze River defense line from Mudong in the east to Jiangjin in the west, crushing the enemy's stubborn resistance on the south bank of the Yangtze River. Just as Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping expected: After the breakthrough of Chongqing's periphery, Chiang Kai-shek expected that Chongqing would be difficult to protect, and once the troops on the southern front of the communist army cut off chongqing from the Yibin and Neijiang regions, the troops of Chongqing and eastern Sichuan would become the turtles in the urn of Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping. Just when the Kuomintang army was cornered, Chiang Kai-shek stepped up his deployment to destroy Chongqing, and on the other hand decided that the Nationalist Government, the Southwest Military and Political Governor's Office, and the Chongqing Garrison Headquarters would all retreat to Chengdu. Originally, the original deployment was: when the last resort was to retreat to southern Sichuan, through the east and west roads of Sichuan and Yunnan to Yunnan. Because Zunyi and Guiyang had been lost one after another, and the People's Liberation Army had advanced to southern Sichuan, the road to Yunnan was already facing serious threats, and the original plan was no longer feasible, so it was temporarily decided to retreat in the direction of Chengdu, in an attempt to abandon eastern Sichuan and Chongqing, continue to resist in western Sichuan, and then wait for the opportunity to retreat to Yunnan via Xikang. Executive Yuan Yan Xishan and Southwest Military and Political Chief Zhang Qun rushed to Chengdu on the 27th to deploy. In the early morning of the 28th, all organs and personnel began to evacuate one after another. On the same day, Chiang Kai-shek took a strong composure and took Chiang Ching-kuo and others on a tour of the city. Due to the rapid progress of the People's Liberation Army, the garrison command sent troops to the south bank to deploy the troops, the deployment has not yet been completed, on the 29th was ordered to retreat north of the Yangtze River, Hu Zongnan's first army as soon as it arrived in Nanquan was annihilated by the PLA.
At noon on the 29th, Chiang Kai-shek held an emergency meeting in the cave, attended by Gu Zhutong, Xiao Yisu, Yang Sen, Qian Dajun, Wang Shuming, Yan Yuqun, Mao Renfeng, Chiang Ching-kuo, Yu Jishi, and others, and decided to destroy large buildings in Chongqing after The withdrawal of Chiang Kai-shek's army from Chongqing. At 6 p.m., the ignition and explosion of each destruction point began. The explosions succeeded in several places, causing huge losses to people's lives and property. Fortunately, due to the early capture of Chongqing by the People's Liberation Army, the desperate protection of the underground party organization of the CCP and the broad masses of workers, as well as the partial disintegration of the Kuomintang, the scattering of trees, and the poor implementation of the orders, most of the factories and important facilities were protected. Late that night, Chiang Kai-shek, under the cover of nightfall, drove from Linyuan to Baishiyi Airport, hid in the cabin of the "Meiling" for a night, and flew to Chengdu to escape for his life at dawn.
On November 30, 1949, the various armies of the People's Liberation Army successfully crossed the Yangtze River. After crossing the river from Baisha, the Thirty-sixth Division of the Twelfth Army came out of Fengyi and blocked the fleeing enemy troops along the Yongchuan and Rongchang-Chongqing Highways. After the main forces of the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Divisions crossed the river from Shunjiangchang in Jiangjin, the Thirty-fourth Division left Bishan Mountain, the Thirty-fifth Division took baishiyi airport directly, and the last two divisions pursued along the line of Dazu, Tongliang, and Hechuan. On December 1, the 34th Division captured Bishan, captured more than 1,000 Kuomintang troops who had escaped from the enemy, and then annihilated a unit of Hu Zongnan's 76th Division with the 35th Division in Dazu and Anjuchang. The Thirty-sixth Division annihilated the enemy at Yongchuan and Rongchang. The 31st and 33rd Divisions of the Eleventh Army crossed the Yangtze River from Lijiatuo and occupied Chongqing at 17:30 on the afternoon of the 30th. The Thirty-second Division simultaneously crossed the Yangtze River from Haitang Creek, and the enemy's Defense Guard Regiment surrendered to the division. Then, in addition to leaving the Thirty-second Division and the Ninety-fifth and Ninety-sixth Regiments as the garrison of Chongqing City, the main force of the Eleventh Army marched westward along the direction of Tongliang, Hechuan, and Tongnan. The Forty-seventh Army crossed the Yangtze River from the Mudong area, surrounded and annihilated the fleeing enemy troops from the east and north of Chongqing, and pursued the right flank of the Eleventh Army in the direction of Chengdu, and Chongqing was completely liberated.
In the days of celebrating the victorious liberation of Chongqing
The liberation of Chongqing, the new capital of the Nationalist Government and the capital of the southwest, marked the complete bankruptcy of the Kuomintang Chiang Kai-shek's conspiracy to occupy the southwest and was dying, and also marked a great victory in the strategy of great detour, encirclement, and annihilation of Chairman Mao Zedong and Commander-in-Chief Zhu De.
On December 1, the People's Liberation Army held an entrance ceremony. Hundreds of thousands of people in Chongqing dressed in festive costumes, singing and dancing, carrying huge portraits of Chairman Mao and Commander-in-Chief Zhu, holding aloft huge banners reading "Long live General Liu," marched on the main streets of Shancheng. The sound of gongs, drums and firecrackers was accompanied by "Long live the Communist Party of China!" Long live the People's Republic of China!"" Long live Chairman Mao!"" Long live Commander-in-Chief Zhu!"" Long live General Liu!"" "Long live General Deng" slogan resounded through the air, from early morning to dusk. On this day, the people of Shancheng who stood up from the pool of blood were full of energy and spirits. The whole of Chongqing is exactly: "The five-star red flag sweeps away the clouds and mist, and the laughter and song dispel the bloody rain and bloody wind!"
Celebrate the liberation of Chongqing
On December 8, the leading organs of the People's Liberation Army entered Chongqing. On the 12th, the Field Army Headquarters announced the results of the 40-day Sichuanqian Operation from November 1 to December 10: the annihilation of the enemy's 14th Corps Headquarters; Sixth Training Command and three regiments; One direct subordinate unit of the Fifteenth Army, all of the 169th Division, most of the 64th Division, and one division of the 243rd Division; One direct subordinate unit of the 79th Army, all of the 199th Division and the 98th Division, and one unit of the 194th Division; One unit of the Second Army, most of the 164th and 9th Divisions, and one division of the 76th Division; All of the Sixty Divisions of the 124th Army, and most of the 223rd Division; All of the 54th Division of the 118th Army and one division of the 298th Division; One unit of the forty-ninth army, all of the 249th Division, all of the 327th Division, and one part of the 275th Division; Part 1 of the Eighty-ninth Army; All of the 15th O Division of the Forty-fourth Army; Most of the 241st Division of the 1st O8th Army, and the 1st Division of the 242nd Division; 11O111 Division, 364th Division all; All of the Independent 263rd Division; The Remaining Office of the Twenty-first Army and the 1st Division of the 145th Division; Most of the 34th Division of the 72nd Army; The 31st Division of the 27th Army, the 234th Division of the 1st 3rd Army, the Independent 367th Division, the 1st 9th Army, the 513rd Division, the 23rd O Division, etc.; All of the Chongqing Guard Corps; The 167th Division, the 78th Division and the 30th Army of the 1st Army were each divided. A total of one corps headquarters of the enemy's regular army, one formation and training headquarters, one unit each of the four corps directly subordinate units, 10 integrated divisions and most of the 37 divisions, one part of 14 divisions and four whole regiments, numbering about 76,000 people, liberating 132 large and small cities, capturing 17 aircraft, and capturing countless weapons, guns and ammunition...
The liberation of Chongqing was a great victory in the strategy of great military detour, great encirclement, and great annihilation formulated by Chairman Mao Zedong and Commander-in-Chief Zhu De. The liberation of Chongqing is the brilliant result of the heroic battle of the People's Liberation Army; Liberate Chongqing and make the solemn five-star red flag more windward; The liberation of Chongqing is a brilliant movement composed by the People's Liberation Army and the underground Communist Party in China's military history!
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(Reference: Chongqing Literature and History Materials, Vol. 32)
About the Author
Hu Pingyuan, pen name: Huang Huiqing, Hu Xin, born on October 11, 1957, university degree, major in Chinese language and literature, senior language teacher, before retirement, was a teacher of Hongqi Primary School in High-tech Zone, Zigong City, Sichuan Province. Since 1978, he has published more than 1,000 works in newspapers and periodicals such as Yanhuang Chunqiu, People's Political Consultative Conference Daily, Chinese Literature, Chinese Soul, Zongheng, Writers' Digest, Southwest Writers, Wenshi, Sichuan CPPCC Literature and History, Military Shilin, Wenshi Chunqiu, Archival Memory, Jianghuai Literature and History, and Collecting Circles. He is currently a member of the China Internet Poetry Association, a member of the Zigong Writers Association, a member of the Chongqing Banan District Writers Association, a special researcher of literature and history of the Chongqing Banan District CPPCC committee and the Democratic League, a member of the Chongqing Documentary Literature Society, a special researcher of the Chongqing Municipal People's Government Literature and History Research Museum, a member of the Chongqing Communist Party History Society, and an editor of "Oral History of Banan Party History" in the Party History Research Office of the Banan District Committee of the Communist Party of China.