Ming Ji Donglin Party, the portal is too heavy. There are also devotees, and evil and righteousness are mixed together
———— Zhang Xunjia
preface:
In the last years of the Ming Dynasty, after the fall of Zhang Juzheng, what faction was the most famous?
Of course, even the emperor had to be afraid of the Donglin Party
During the Shenzong period, the biggest landlord at that time was none other than the landlord group represented by the emperor, the prince, the eunuch, and the powerful ministers, and the large landlord group was basically the most decadent group at that time. Of course, in addition to this part of the population, there are also some middle- and low-level officials, small and medium-sized landlords, and landlord class intellectuals who are called "Qingliu."
And this part of the people, although the official position is not high, but the victory is large, and some of them have already seen the corruption of the imperial court, the dynasty has reached the point where the edifice will fall, and if you are not careful, you will perish!
Therefore, in order to avoid the collapse of the dynasty, this part of the depressed but at that time considered to be the mainstay of the group decided to ease class contradictions, and at the same time solve the social crisis, learned to hold the group for fire, formed a huge group, and fought against the imperial group headed by Shenzong at that time in a way that exceeded quality. This is the famous "Donglin Party" at the end of the Ming Dynasty.
From a historical point of view, this is a party that disrupts the program of the DPRK and accelerates the progress of history. But from a cultural point of view, this is a cultural event with far-reaching influence!
In my opinion, this is a group of so-called "qingliu" and depressed literati and inkers, and middle- and low-level officials have formed a party in order to protect themselves, hoping to compete with the sky. Moreover, it has succeeded in "pulling gangs" that have had a certain impact on themselves and on history.
So, what does the real Donglin Party look like?
< h1 class = "pgc-h-center-line" >01 The rise of Donglin Academy and Donglin Party</h1>
In the twenty-second year of the Wanli Calendar, that is, in 1594, Gu Xiancheng, the official Langzhong, was dismissed from his post because of disagreement with Emperor Mingshenzong, and he immediately returned to his hometown of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, and opened Donglin Academy in Wuxi with the original pedestrians Gao Panlong, Yushi Qianyi, Taifu Shaoqing Shi Menglin and other celebrities.
Gu Xiancheng and others have always believed that scholars and doctors should care about the imperial court, the people's livelihood, and the world. In his lectures and those of his colleagues, he often met to discuss the government and politics, and from time to time he used the lectures to criticize some big bureaucrats who had neglected their duties and great eunuchs who had committed wrongdoing. It is precisely because of this that it has won the recognition and support of the big landlords, bureaucrats, intellectuals, and businessmen in another part of society who are dissatisfied with reality and suppressed.
Even some upright officials in the DPRK at that time, such as Zhao Nanxing, the official Langzhong, also supported the "Donglin Academy" and its support. Thanks to the support and help of multiple forces, these like-minded (gang-like) people collude. Donglin College was widely promoted. In a short period of time, the then Donglin Academy became the center of public opinion. Soon the climate was formed!
Due to the rise of the fame of Donglin Academy, this group of people who were suppressed, resisted and even exiled formed a huge interest group, and gradually began to compete with the Emperor Group. Because most of these people are from Donglin Academy, it is named: "Donglin Party"
In my opinion, the main reason why the Donglin Party formed so quickly was that the Emperor Group at that time did not understand the sufferings of the people, which led to controversy and let the people of the Donglin Party win the hearts and minds of the people. That's why there's such a climate.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-center-line" > 02, the ideas and struggles of the Donglin Party</h1>
The social propositions of the Donglin Party were mainly expressed through a large number of individual activities under the circumstances at that time, and were summed up in a comprehensive way, that is, the four foundations of governing the country, namely, the establishment of princes, the use of virtuous subjects, the anti-arbitrariness, and the eunuchs. Is the Donglin Party really so righteous?
1. Establish Zhu Changluo as the crown prince
Emperor Shenzong's empress was childless at the time, and Princess Wang Guifei gave birth to Zhu Changluo, later Emperor Mingguangzong, and Concubine Zheng gave birth to Zhu Changxun, later King Fu. Originally, according to common sense, Zhu Changluo was the eldest son. The crown prince should be him. After all, the etiquette in Confucianism has a saying:
"There is a concubine, no concubine"
According to this number of ceremonies, it was natural to let Zhu Changluo be the prince. Unfortunately, Emperor Shenzong preferred Zheng Guifei and wanted to make Zheng Guifei's son Chang Xun the crown prince. Of course, such an approach was completely contrary to the etiquette of the time and the ideas of the courtiers. Thus the first conflict broke out, which led to the subsequent "dispute over the foundation of the country".
Do you know about the "butterfly effect"? At that time, there was a butterfly effect, and after the "dispute over the foundation of the country", the later "dispute between the three kings and the sealing" broke out, and after the settlement of this dispute, there were "the dispute between the fu kings on the country" and the "dispute over the three cases", which is the "butterfly effect, because of a sneeze, it caused a series of chain reactions." Suddenly, there were numerous disputes and tragic situations.
In the end, it has to be said that the Donglin Party is really powerful, and it has won the Emperor Group, and Zhu Changluo naturally became the crown prince, that is, the "Ming Guangzong". Although this time the "Donglin Party" won the dispute, due to the huge consumption in the dispute, Guangzong died of illness shortly after he ascended the throne, resulting in the "Donglin Party" accompanying his daughter-in-law and sending land!
As a result, the big landlord clique quickly counterattacked, and the "Donglin Party" suffered heavy losses, laying the groundwork for the bankruptcy of the Donglin Party in the future.
2. Reuse Li Sancai
Li Sancai still has a certain ability, from the head of the household department all the way to the hubu Shangshu. During his tenure as yushi supervisor of Caoyun and inspector of the Fengyang provinces, he advocated reforming maladministration, suspending commercial taxes, opposing mineral salt, and punishing Chen Zeng's subordinates.
Moreover, he was a talented and morally good official who distributed grain and paid to help the victims of disasters, repaired rivers and rivers to deal with floods, and was deeply loved by the people. Unfortunately, where there are people, there are rivers and lakes, let alone the imperial court? Although there were people from the Donglin Party to escort him at a price, unfortunately, in the dispute between the princes, the Donglin Party had already suffered heavy losses, and it also lost the emperor's patron. The Donglin Party itself is unable to protect itself.
Sure enough, soon after, due to too many people who were jealous of Li Sancai and the "partisan dispute", the imperial court attacked Li Sancai en masse, plus Li Sancai had previously committed suicide himself, using imperial wood and building private land
These two points were enough for him to die, so under the suppression of the big landlord class, Li Sancai was eventually reduced to a commoner. The Donglin party wanted to rely on Li Sancai as the mainstay, and their plan to create a court of meritocracy and clarify the rule of officials collapsed.
In my opinion, the defeat of Li Sancai in this battle was already doomed, and the number of parties at that time in the late Ming Dynasty was staggering. Li Sancai is also the kind of person who, although he has talent, belongs to the person who guards his family and has no hope of making a fortune. Under the double suppression of the party and political enemies, Li Sancai will undoubtedly lose! The Donglin Party was also led to the road of annihilation.
3. Oppose arbitrary expropriation and tyranny
If it is said that the establishment of the prince and the heavy sages are only the differences in political views between the Donglin Party and the big landlord class, it is difficult to say who is right and who is wrong, then opposing the wanton expropriation and tyranny can objectively still be worthy of its "clear stream" word.
Yao Ximeng, minister of the Hanlin Academy, believed that the wealth of the three Wu counties has always been very heavy. Since the rise of the Manchus in the northeast, the household department has been in a hurry, so the household department is in short supply. What to do in this case? The way for the big landlord clique is to increase taxes, but the common people in the whole world, then you can suffer from fishing in the land.
The fundamental land of wealth, ten rooms and nine empty. The Donglin Party therefore advocated lightening the people's burdens in order to maintain the people's minimum living and production conditions and guarantee the exploitation income of the feudal ruling class. For example, it is necessary to reduce the indiscriminate requisition and indiscriminate faction, reduce the supply of light industry, especially the weaving industry in Jiangnan, adopt more measures to "benefit merchants", reduce the people's heaviest burden of "dismissal", and so on.
All of them are for the benefit of the country and the people. Unfortunately, the Donglin Party has already suffered heavy losses before, and now if it wants to fight against the big landlord clique, how can it still have a chance? In the end, all these policies were rejected by the royal family. Donglin Party has built a building that will fall!
4. Oppose eunuchs interfering in politics
During his reign, Emperor Myōjin sent many great eunuchs to other places in order to loot their belongings. These people often extort money, kill people, and commit wrongdoing, but they are unscrupulous. In serious cases, even some local officials have been arbitrarily dealt with by them for opposing their behavior. But they were appointed by the emperor, so how dare the local officials fight with them?
Initially, the Donglin party members Ye Xianggao, Yang Lian, Zhao Nanxing, and others were given the opportunity to govern, so they had certain constraints on the large landlord clique and eunuchs. They also fantasized about relying on the emperor and important courtiers to improve the government and stabilize the people's livelihood.
Unfortunately, in the end, these illusions are all because of the destruction of the interests of the big landlord group, which is in order to ensure its own interests. In the end, the grand eunuch Wei Zhongxian entangled forces other than the Donglin Party in Zhejiang, Chu, and Qi to carry out a cruel blow to the Donglin Party, creating public opinion to suppress them, and the Donglin Party suffered a huge blow because it opposed the eunuchs' interference in politics. At this time, the Donglin Party was basically broken, and it was absolutely impossible to make a comeback.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-center-line" >03, the right and wrong of the Donglin Party</h1>
Although the Donglin Party is named after "Qingliu", is it really so just and clear-flowing?
The Donglin Party has always regarded itself as a clean stream, and some of the governing concepts put forward have also brought hope and positive significance to the country and society at that time. Unfortunately, the Donglin Party itself has a dispute over interests.
Where there are people, there are rivers and lakes, and the Donglin Party is no exception! Within the Donglin Party, it also often uses morality and etiquette to give the enemy a big hat, and uses treacherous tactics to attack political enemies and seek personal gains for themselves. Once the Communist Group begins to seek private interests, it is not far from broken. Sure enough, after the development of the Donglin Party, infighting began. Caused a huge internal friction. Coupled with the enemy's provocation and suppression, the Donglin Party was naturally broken in the end.
Because the people of the Donglin Party were bent on selfishness, coupled with the view of the portal, they vigorously excluded the joint cooperation of Ma Shiying and Ruan Dacheng, who were also members of the Donglin Party, as well as DaShun and the Great Western Army, which caused the division and chaos of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and eventually directly accelerated the collapse of the Hongguang Dynasty.
The famous historian Wu Han also sharply criticized Qian Qianyi: "His character is really very poor, he was a prodigal son when he was young, he was a keen politician in middle age, he was a traitor who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty in his later years, he was a local tycoon and inferior gentry when he lived in the countryside, and he was a corrupt official in the DPRK." After a lifetime of upheaval, there was no position, no national integrity, and I never thought of anything other than wanting to be an official. ”
To summarize:
No matter what the initial significance of the Donglin Party was, after the development of the Donglin Party, its own internal losses, and the dispute over the prince led to serious internal friction, and the final dissolution was inevitable.
But I have to say that the original intention of the Donglin Party at the beginning of its establishment was still good, just like Wei Zhongxian, although in the end it was also a constant insult, but if there was no Wei Zhongxian, Daming would decline faster, and the Donglin Party was the same.
Who can be equal to the merits of a thousand autumns?