1. Purple-stemmed Zelan
Scientific name: Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.
(Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R. M. King & H. Rob.)
English name: Crofton Weed
Chinese synonyms: liberation grass, destruction grass
Taxonomic status: Asteraceae
Distinguishing features: purple stem, glandular short soft hairs, leaf opposites, ovate triangle, coarse serrated edges. Cephalic inflorescence, up to 6 mm in diameter, arranged in an umbel-like shape, total bracts 3-4 layers, small flowers white, 1-2.5 m high.
Biological characteristics: perennial herbaceous or subshrub, row and asexual reproduction. Each plant can produce about 10,000 thin fruits per year, which are spread by the crown hair with the wind. Rhizomes are well developed and can be rapidly expanded and spread by relying on strong rhizomes. It can secrete allemolytics and crowd out a variety of neighboring plants.
Origin: Central America, widely distributed in tropical parts of the world.
Distribution status in China: distributed in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan (southwest), Taiwan, vertical distribution limit of 2500m.
Causes and hazards of introduction and spread: Found in southern Yunnan in 1935, it may have been introduced through Burma. In its occurrence area, it often forms a single dominant community, which excludes native plants and affects the restoration of natural forests; invades economic woodlands and farmland, affects the growth of cultivated plants; blocks water channels, obstructs traffic, and the whole plant is toxic, endangering animal husbandry.
Control methods: (1) Biological control: Zelan fruit fly has obvious inhibition effect on plant high growth, and the parasitic rate in the wild can reach more than 50%; (2) alternative control: alternative control with plants such as arm grass, red clover, dog tooth root and so on has certain results. (3) Chemical control: 2,4-D, glyphosate, dicorbicides and other more than 10 kinds of herbicides have a certain control effect on the aboveground part of the purple stem Zelan, but the effect on the roots is poor.
2. Vincentro
学 名：Mikaina micrantha H. B. K.
English name: Mile-a-minute Weed
Distinguishing features: slender stem, creeping or climbing, multi-branched; the middle of the stem leaves are triangular ovate to ovate, the base is heart-shaped; the flowers are white, head-like inflorescences.
Biological characteristics: perennial grassy or slightly woody vine, both asexual and asexual breeding methods. Both stem and internodes can take root, and the leaf axillaries of each node can grow a pair of new branches to form new plants.
Origin: Central America; now widely distributed in the tropical regions of Asia and Oceania.
Distribution status in China: It is now widely distributed in Hong Kong, Macau and the Pearl River Delta region of Guangdong.
Introduction of diffusion causes and hazards: It appeared in Hong Kong in 1919 and was discovered in Shenzhen in 1984. Virgosum is a kind of vine with super reproductive ability, after climbing on shrubs and trees, it can quickly form a whole plant cover trend, so that the plant is destroyed by photosynthesis and suffocated to death, and Virgo can also inhibit the growth of other plants by producing allelopathic substances. The harm to trees below 6-8m, especially to some secondary forests and landscape forests with low density, can cause a piece of tree to wither and die and form catastrophic consequences. The species has been listed as one of the 100 most harmful invasive alien species in the world.
Control methods: At present, there is no effective control method, and research on chemical and biological control is being carried out at home and abroad.
3. Hollow lotus grass
Scientific name: Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb
English name: Alligator Weed
Chinese synonyms: water peanut, dry lotus seed grass
Taxonomic status: Amaranthaceae
Identification characteristics: Aquatic plants have no root hairs, the stem is up to 1.5-2.5 m; terrestrial plants can form a fleshy storage root with a diameter of about 1 cm, with root hairs, the height of the plant is generally 30 cm, the stem is solid, the internode is up to 15 cm, the diameter is 3-5 mm, and the medullary cavity is small. The leaves are opposite, oblong to inverted ovate lanceolate. The cephalic inflorescence has a total peduncle 1.5–3 cm long. The flowers are white or slightly pink, stamens 5.
Biological characteristics: Perennial herb, reproduced by stem node nutrients, dryland type fleshy storage roots can produce adventitious buds when stimulated. It can grow 2-4 cm per day during the peak period of growth. The flowering period is from May to October, and it is often not fruity.
Origin: South America, widely distributed in temperate and subtropical regions of the world.
Distribution status in China: almost all over the south of the Yellow River Basin in China. Naturalized plants have also been found in Tianjin in recent years.
Causes and hazards of introduction of diffusion: appeared in 1892 on islands near Shanghai, promoted cultivation as pig feed in the 1950s, and then escaped to cause grass disasters, which were manifested in: (1) blocking waterways and affecting water traffic; (2) crowding out other plants and making community species homogeneous; (3) covering the water surface, affecting fish growth and fishing; (4) endangering crops in farmland, causing damage to yields; (5) breeding in large quantities of field ditches, affecting farmland drainage and irrigation; (6) invading wetlands and lawns, destroying landscapes; (7) breeding mosquitoes and flies. Endanger human health.
Control methods: (1) The effect of controlling aquatic plants was better with the special-feeding natural enemy insect Lotus grass Agasicles hygrophila native to South America, but the effect on terrestrial plants was not good. (2) Mechanical and manual prevention is suitable for small density or newly invaded populations. (3) The use of glyphosate, Nongda, water peanut net and other herbicides for chemical control, short-term effective for the aboveground part.
4. Ragweed
Scientific name: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.
English name: Ragweed, Bitterweed
Distinguishing features: less than 1 m tall, the lower part of the stem leaves are opposite, the upper leaves are alternate, the leaves are one to two feathers, and the edges have small lobed teeth. The male inflorescence is disc-shaped and arranged in a total shape, and the female inflorescence grows under the male inflorescence or in the upper leaf axils.
Biological characteristics: annual herb, grown in wasteland, roadside, ditch or farmland, wide adaptability, high seed yield, each plant can produce more than 300-62000 seeds. The thin fruit has a beak and spikes at the apex, and is mainly transmitted by water, birds and human carrying; ragweed seeds have secondary dormant characteristics and are highly resistant to stress.
Origin: North America; naturalized in all regions of the world.
Distribution status in China: About 15 provinces and municipalities in Northeast China, North China, Central China and East China.
Introduction of diffusion causes and hazards: found in Hangzhou in 1935, as a malignant weed, its harm is manifested in: (1) pollen is one of the main pathogens of human hay fever; (2) invasion of farmland, resulting in crop yield reduction; (3) release of a variety of allelopathic substances, grass, Asteraceae and other plants have inhibitory and rejection effects.
Control methods: (1) Biological control with ragweed curl moth has good effect; (2) bendazone, tiger wei, kewu trace, glyphosate, etc. can effectively control the growth of ragweed; (3) alternative control with purple locust, sea buckthorn, etc. has a good effect.
5. Poisonous wheat
Scientific name: Lolium temulentum L.
Darnel Rye-grass, Poison Darnel
Taxonomic status: Gramineae, poaceae
Identifying features: stem cluster, 20-120 cm tall. The leaves are linear lanceolate, 6–40 cm long and 3–13 cm wide. The spikes are narrow, 5–40 cm long, with a spindle wavy and tortuous, grooved on both sides, with 8–19 alternate spikelets; each spikelet contains (2-) 4–6 flowers. The second has 5-9 veins; the length of the mang is 7-15 mm. The fruit is oblong oval, 4-6 mm long, green and purple-brown.
Biological characteristics: older or annual herb, wide adaptability, strong tillering force. Its seeds ripen earlier than wheat, and fall off with the flakes after ripening. Seed propagation.
Origin: Euro-Mediterranean region; now widely distributed all over the world.
Distribution in China: With the exception of Tibet and Taiwan, it has been reported in all provinces (autonomous regions).
Causes and hazards of spread: spread with wheat seeds. It was found in 1954 in wheat imported from Bulgaria. It can cause a serious reduction in wheat crop yields. Wheat seed is affected by the fungus Strmatia temulenta Prill. & Del. Infection produces a poisonous temuline, which paralyzes the central nervous system. People eat flour containing 4% poisonous wheat, which can cause poisoning. Poisoned wheat can also cause poisoning of livestock and poultry when used as feed.
Control method: manual removal.
6. Interflower rice grass
Scientific name: Spartina alterniflora Loisel.
English name: Smooth Cord-grass
Identifying features: stalk height 1-1.7 m, upright, unbranched. The leaves are 60 cm long, 0.5–1.5 cm wide at the base, at least when dry, and curled inwards, with tapering at the apex; the leaf tongue is ring-shaped, 1–1.8cm long. The conical inflorescence consists of 3-13 spike-like inflorescences that are 3–5–15 cm long and somewhat erect; spikelets are 10–18 mm long and arranged in a tile-like arrangement. The first tip is sharp, with 1 vein, the first is shorter than the second, hairless or short soft hairs along the ridge; the anthers are 5-7 mm long.
Biological characteristics: Perennial herb, born in the intertidal zone. The plant is salt-tolerant and flood-resistant, wind-resistant. Seeds can be spread with wind and waves. In the beach soil with a root distribution depth of 60 cm, a single plant can breed dozens or even hundreds of plants in a year.
Origin: Southeastern Coast of the United States; Naturalized on the Coast of Western United States and Europe.
Distribution in China: Shanghai (Chongming Island), Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong.
Introduction of diffusion causes and hazards: Introduced in 1979, it has achieved certain economic benefits. However, in recent years, it has become a pest grass in some places, which is manifested in: (1) destroying the habitat of coastal organisms and affecting tidal aquaculture; (2) blocking the channel and affecting the departure of ships; (3) affecting the ability of seawater exchange, resulting in water quality decline and inducing red tide; (4) threatening the indigenous coastal ecosystem, resulting in the disappearance of large areas of mangrove forests.
Control method: Herbicide can remove the upper part of the surface, but it is less effective for seeds and roots in the tidal flats.
7. Aircraft grass
Scientific name: Eupatorium odoratum L.
(Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob.)
Fragrant Eupatorium, Bitter Bush, Siam Weed
Chinese alias: Xiang Zelan
Taxonomic status: Asteraceae Compositae
Distinguishing features: up to 3-7 m, thick rhizome, upright stem, branching extension. The leaves are paraphyletic, ovate triangular, with a short tapering apex, coarsely serrated edges, distinctly three veins, rough on both sides, covered with soft hairs and reddish-brown glandular spots, with a pungent odor when squeezed; the cephalic inflorescence is arranged in an umbel- shape; the total bracts are cylindrical, 1 cm long, and the total bracts are 3-4 layers. The corolla is tubular, pale yellow, stigma pink. The fruit is narrowly linear, ribbed, 5 mm long, with short hard hairs on the edges, and the crown hairs are stained white and have rough hairs.
Biological characteristics: clump type of perennial herb or subshrub, lean fruit can be spread with the wind by crown hair, and the ripening season coincides with the dry and windy dry season, so it spreads and spreads rapidly. Seeds have a short dormancy period and do not survive in the soil for long. It blooms twice a year on Hainan Island, the first time from April to May, and the second time from September to December.
Origin: Central America; widely distributed in South America, Asia, Tropical Africa.
Distribution status in China: Taiwan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macau, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou.
Causes and hazards of introduction to spread: Aircraft grass was introduced to Thailand as a spice plant in the early 1920s and was discovered in southern Yunnan in 1934. To harm a variety of crops and encroach on pastures. When the height reaches 15 cm or higher, it can significantly affect the growth of other herbs, can produce allelopathic substances, inhibit the growth of neighboring plants, and also make insects refuse to eat. The leaves are poisonous and contain coumarin. Rubbing the skin with leaves can cause redness, swelling, blistering, and accidental consumption of young leaves can cause dizziness, vomiting, and poisoning of livestock and fish, and is the middle host of the leaf spot pathogen Cercospora sp.
Control method: first with mechanical or manual removal, followed by herbicide treatment or planting of vigorous, well-covered crops for substitution, in addition, with natural enemies parachutees pseudooinsulata control has a certain effect.
8. Hyacinth
Scientific name: Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms
English name: Water Hyacinth
Chinese synonyms: hyacinth blue, water hyacinth
Taxonomic status: Pontederiaceae of the family Ayuridae
Identifying features: 30-50 (-100) cm high on the water, or higher. The stem has long creeping branches. The leaf basal is rosette-shaped, broadly ovate, widely ovate to kidney-shaped round, bright, with arc-shaped veins; the middle of the petiole is somewhat enlarged, and there are most air chambers inside. The flowers are purple, larger on the top and have macula in the middle. The capsules are ovate.
Biological characteristics: Perennial herb, floating water or raw swamp. The breeding method is mainly asexual, and the number of plants can increase by 1 times in 5 days by relying on the separation of creeping branches and mother plants. A single inflorescence can produce 300 seeds, and seed deposits can survive underwater for 5-20 years. It grows in reservoirs, lakes, ponds, ditches, slow-moving channels, swamps and rice paddies.
Origin: Northeast Of Brazil; now found in warmer regions of the world.
Distribution status in China: It is cultivated in 19 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) in southern Liaoning, north China, east China, central China and south China, and it grows as a weed in the Yangtze River Basin and its southern regions.
Causes and hazards of introduction and proliferation: Introduced from Japan as a flower in Taiwan in 1901, a large number of idle flowers were introduced as pig feed in the 1950s, blocking the river, affecting shipping, drainage and irrigation and aquatic product breeding; destroying aquatic ecosystems and threatening local biodiversity; adsorbing toxic substances such as heavy metals, sinking into the water after death, constituting secondary pollution of water quality; covering the water surface, affecting domestic water; breeding mosquitoes and flies.
Control methods: (1) artificial salvage; (2) specialization of natural enemies Neochetina eichhorniae and N. Bruchi has a controlling effect; (3) herbicides are effective for a short period of time.
9. False sorghum
Scientific name: Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.
English name: Johnson Grass
Chinese synonyms: stone grass, Arabic sorghum
Distinguishing features: rhizome elongation, branching. The stalks are erect, 1–3 m tall, the leaves are broad and linear, and the leaf tongues have marginal hairs. The conical order is large , lilac to purple-black ; branches are reincarnated , with white soft hairs at the junction with the spindle ; spikelets are paired , one of which has a sessile , the other is sessile , 3.5–4 mm long , without a mantle , and covered with soft hairs. The fruit is tan and inverted ovate.
Biological characteristics: Perennial herb, growing in fields, orchards, and wet areas on riverbanks, ditches, valleys, and lakeshores. The flowering period is from June to July, the fruit period is from July to September, and the seeds and rhizomes are propagated.
Origin: Mediterranean region, now widely distributed in the world's tropical and subtropical regions, as well as Canada, Argentina and other high latitude countries.
Distribution status in China: Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Fujian, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Liaoning, Beijing, Hebei, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan.
Causes and hazards of introduction and spread: In the early 20th century, it was introduced from Japan to southern Taiwan for cultivation, and naturalization was found in Hong Kong and northern Guangdong during the same period, and seeds were often mixed with imported crop seeds to introduce and spread. It is a weed in more than 30 kinds of crop fields such as sorghum, corn, wheat, cotton, soybeans, sugarcane, jute, hemp, alfalfa, etc., which not only reduce crop yields through ecological niche competition, but also may become a host of a variety of pathogenic microorganisms and pests. In addition, this species can be crossed with other species of the same genus.
Control methods: (1) for seeds mixed in imported seeds, they can be removed by wind selection and other methods; (2) with volt ploughing and autumn tillage weeding, the rhizomes are placed in a high temperature and dry environment; (3) the method of temporary water accumulation is used to inhibit their growth; (4) it is controlled with herbicides such as glyphosate or tetrafluoropropionic acid.
10. Cane flat moth
Name: Opogona sacchari (Bojer)
English name: Banana Moth
Chinese synonym: banana moth
Taxonomic status: Lepidoptera, Family Hieroxestidae
Identifying characteristics: Adult body length 7.5-10 mm. Wing lanceolate. The forewings have 2 distinctly dark brown spots and many fine brown stripes. The antennae are filamentous. The foot is stout and flattened, with the longest tarsal segment, and the posterior tibial segment has 2 pairs of distances. The ovoid is oval, pale yellow, and about 0.5 mm long. The larvae are milky white and transparent. Pupate, bright brown, dark reddish brown on the back, mostly black at the ends of the head and tail.
Biological characteristics: 3-4 generations occur in 1 year, the life cycle is about 3 months at 15 °C, and under higher temperature conditions, it can reach as many as 8 generations. The larvae are extremely mobile and agile, mothing the cortex, stalks, and biting new roots. The larvae overwinter in the soil of the host flower and tree, and the next year the larvae are harmed by the tree, and mostly moth in the dry bark of the Brazilian wood for more than 3 years. Eggs are laid in scattered or piled up, with 50-200 eggs per female. It has a wide range of diets, and more than 60 species of host plants.
Origin: Tropical and subtropical regions of Africa.
Distribution status in China: it has spread to more than 10 provinces and municipalities directly under the central government. It occurs more severely in the south, where the basilis wood (i.e., the dragon blood tree Dracena fragrans Ker-Gawl.) can be seen. Almost everywhere there are cane flat moths that are endangered.
Causes and hazards of introduction of proliferation: It is easy to spread and spread with the host plant, and has been found in Europe, South America, the West Indies, the United States and other regions. Brazilwood is its important host plant. In 1987, the cane flat moth entered Guangzhou with imported Brazilian wood. With the popularity of Brazilwood in China, the cane flat moth also spread, spreading to Beijing in the 1990s. The cane flat moth has a wide range of food habits, threatening crops such as bananas, sugarcane, corn, potatoes and greenhouse-grown plants, especially some precious flowers. Infected plants are partially damaged at worst, and the entire cortex of the entire cadre is hollowed out.
Control method: The overwintering period of the larvae into the soil is a favorable time to control this insect. It can be used to irrigate the affected areas of the stem with a fast-killing agent such as chrysanthemum emulsion, and make poisonous soil with enemy insects and sprinkle it in the topsoil of the pot. In the greenhouse of mass production, it can be fumigated by hanging enemy cloth strips. Or spray control with chrysanthemum vinegar chemicals. When the Brazilian wood stem is locally damaged, it can be biologically controlled with local injection of Stis nematode.
11. Wetland pine whitefly
Scientific name: Oracella acuta (Lobdell)
English name: Lobdelly Pine Mealybug
Chinese synonym: Flaming pine mealybug
Taxonomic status: Homoptera Pseudococcidae
Identifying features: Nymph oval to asymmetrical oval, length 1.02-1.52mm. 3 pairs of feet. Late-stage insects secrete wax to form white wax packs that cover the worm body. Male adults are divided into two types: winged and wingless. Differences from the local pine mealybug: the female adult of the wetland pine mealybug is pear-shaped, the abdomen is sharply pointed backwards, and the antennae are 7 segments, and the female adult adult of the local pine powdery mealybug spindle-shaped, antennae are 8 segments. Biological characteristics: Nymphs and female adults suck the sap of pine shoots as a pest, and when they are pests, they are mainly concentrated at the end of the branches, and the especially stout branches have the largest number of insect mouths. Only during overwintering are some nymphs hiding in the sheath of old conifers. The number of eggs laid is large, the temperature conditions are not strict, and a certain low temperature can be tolerated.
Country of Origin: United States of America.
Distribution status in China: Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and other places have been reported.
Causes and hazards of introduction of dispersion: In 1988, it entered Taishan, Guangdong Province with the propagation material of the wetland pine clone, and by 1994, it had spread to many counties and cities in Guangdong Province, destroying 277,000 hm2 pine forests. It is estimated that the wetland pine mealybug is currently dispersing at a rate of 70,000 hm2 hours per year. In the past 30 years, China has introduced many excellent species of pine trees from the Americas, the most widely planted are wetland pine, torch pine and Caribbean pine, which provide convenience for the spread of wetland pine mealybug. At the same time, it also poses a serious threat to the local Pinus massoniana, South Asian pine Pinus latteri, etc., and the harm in the low-altitude area along the central coast of Guangdong has been quite serious, and the harm area is spreading rapidly. The insect can tolerate low winter temperatures, indicating the possibility of continued spreading northward. Control method: Many chemical agents and microbial control experiments have been carried out in China, and a certain insecticidal effect has been achieved, but it has not been used in a large area in production.
12. Powerful beetle
Scientific name: Dendroctonus valens LeConte
English name: Red Turpentine Beetle
Chinese synonym: Red lipid beetle
Taxonomic status: Coleptera Scolytidae
Identification features: adult cylindrical, 5.7-10.0 mm long, pale to dark red. The male is 2.1 times longer than the width , the adult body is reddish brown , the forehead is irregularly raised , and the dorsal plate of the forebreast is wide. It has thick notchs, narrowing to the sides of the head and not shrinking; the insect body is sparsely arranged with long, untidy hairs. Females are similar to males, but have a pronounced midfrontal bulge in the upper part of the eyelin, a larger anterior thorax incision, and a rough end of the elytra, with slightly larger particles. Biological characteristics: The main hazard is the large-diameter standing wood that has been matured and weakened, and the harm is particularly serious in fresh pile cutting and logging. 1-2 generations in 1 year, the insect period is not neat, in addition to the overwintering period of the year, there are red fat-sized silverfish adult activity in the forest, and the peak period appears in mid and late May. Female adults first reach the trees, moth into the inner and outer bark to form layers, and the xylem surface can also be carved. For a short time after the females invaded, the males entered the tunnels. When reaching the formation layer, the female first feeds upwards, continuously expanding the tunnel to both sides or vertically until the sap flow stops. Once the sap flow stops, the females feed downwards, usually reaching the roots. A mixture of fluid and moth chips that condenses into funnel-like blocks appears around the intrusive hole. Various insect forms can overwinter between the bark and phloem, and are mainly concentrated at the root and base of the tree.
Origin: USA, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras and other regions of the Americas.
Distribution status in China: Now distributed in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hebei, Henan and other places.
Causes and hazards of introduction and spread: It was first discovered in Yangcheng and Qinshui, Shanxi Province, China in 1998, and it is speculated that the introduction is related to the introduction of wood from the United States in Shanxi in the late 1980s. Unlike what happened in North America, it attacked not only weak trees, but also healthy trees, resulting in a large number of deaths of hosts in the area. At the end of 1999, the insect occurred in Hebei, Henan and Shanxi with an area of 526,000 hm2, of which 130,000 hm2 was seriously endangered, and the mortality rate of pinus oleifera in some areas was as high as 30%, which had caused more than 6 million pine trees to die. In Shanxi, according to the survey statistics in 2000, the damage area reached 163,000 hm2 million, of which 91,000 hm2 were affected, and 3,424,000 adult pine trees were killed.
Control method: remove the seriously damaged trees, and fumigate the logging piles, etc., to eliminate the remaining fools and avoid the harm of laying eggs on the piles again. Spraying at the base of the tree with a pyrethroid pesticide during adult invasion prevents adult infestation.
13. American white moth
Scientific name: Hyphantria Cunea (Drury)
Fall Webworm, American White Moth
Chinese synonyms: Autumn caterpillar, autumn moth
Taxonomic status: Lepidoptera Lamp moths of the order Arctiidae
Identifying features: Adult insect white, body length 12-15 mm. Male antennae are double-chestnut-toothed. There are several brown spots on the forewings. The female antennae are jagged and the forewings are pure white. Ovoid. The body color of the larvae varies greatly, and it is divided into two categories according to the color of the head, red-headed and black-headed. The pupa is long spindle-shaped, dark reddish brown, cocoon brown or dark red, and consists of sparse silky mixed larval body hair.
Biological characteristics: American white moth occurs in 2 generations in 1 year in Liaoning and other places. Pupae overwinter under the bark or at the dead leaves on the ground, the larvae hatch and spit out a net of wire, feed on the leaves in the cluster net, and after the leaves are eaten, the larvae move to the branches and other parts of the young branches to weave a new net.
Country of Origin: North America.
Distribution status in China: Now distributed in Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Tianjin, Shaanxi and other places.
Causes and hazards of introduction of proliferation: Introduced to Europe in 1940, it has now been introduced to more than 10 countries in Europe, as well as Japan, the Korean Peninsula, and Turkey. In 1979, it was introduced to the Dandong area of Liaoning Province, China, and in 1981, it was introduced to Rongcheng County, Shandong By fishermen carrying wood from Liaoning, and spread successively in Shandong, and was found in Tianjin in 1995, and found and endangered in Wugong County, Shaanxi In 1985. It is mainly spread through wood, wood packaging, etc., but can also be further spread by flying. Its fertility is strong, spreading quickly, and can spread outward for 35-50 km per year. It can harm more than 200 kinds of plants such as fruit trees, trees, crops and wild plants, and in places where orchards are dense, as well as tourist areas and boulevards, when the occurrence is serious, the whole tree can be eaten up, causing some branches and even the whole plant to die, seriously threatening the sericulture, forest fruit industry and urban greening, causing amazing losses. In addition, the affected trees are weak, vulnerable to other pests and diseases, and reduce their resistance to cold and stress. The larvae prefer to eat mulberry leaves, posing a threat to the sericulture industry.
Control methods: the use of artificial, mechanical, chemical and other methods to control its hazards, such as the use of black light to trap adult moths, manually cut the net curtain; artificially dig pupae in autumn and winter; spray bromide cymbidium vinegar, urea and other chemical and biological insecticides.
14. African snail
Scientific name: Achating fulica (F. ochrussac)
Giant African Snail
Chinese synonyms: brown cloud onyx snail, Dongfeng snail, vegetable snail, flower snail, French snail
Taxonomic status: Stalk eye Stylomnatophora Achatinidae
Distinguishing features: the shell is oblong ovoid, dark yellow or yellow, with brown and white mixed stripes; the umbilical hole is closed by the shaft lip, the shell mouth is long and fan-shaped; the number of light blue snail layers in the shell is 6.5-8; the soft part is dark brown or tooth yellow, and the shell height is about 10 cm. The feet are muscular, the back is dark brown, and the mucus is colorless. Biological characteristics: it prefers to inhabit dark and humid environments with rich vegetation and places with a lot of humus. Most active from June to September, morning and evening or nocturnal activities. The diet is mixed and large, and the young snails are mostly scavengeral. Hermaphrodite, allogeneic mating, rapid growth, 5 months can mate and lay eggs. Fertile, with 100-400 eggs laid at a time. Long lifespan, up to 5-7 years. Strong resistance to stress, when encountering a bad environment, quickly enter a dormant state, in this state can survive for several years.
Origin: Zanzibar, Pemba Island, Madagascar Island in Tanzania on the east coast of Africa.
Distribution status in China: It has spread to Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Taiwan and other places.
Introduction of diffusion causes and hazards: As human food, pets and animal feed, in addition to the place of origin, it has spread to South Asia, Southeast Asia, Japan, the United States and other places, and the spread speed is very fast. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, it was discovered in Xiamen, Fujian Province, probably introduced by a plant brought by a Singaporean Chinese. Later, it was introduced to several southern provinces as a delicious food. In addition to human active introduction, its eggs and larvae can be transmitted with ornamental plants, wood, vehicles, packaging boxes, etc., and the egg stage can be mixed into the soil for transmission. They bite off the young shoots, shoots, young leaves and stem skins of various crops and have become pests that harm crops, vegetables and ecosystems. The snail is also an intermediate host for human-animal parasites and pathogenic bacteria.
Control method: The farm must establish a quarantine system; after the end of the breeding, it must be thoroughly sterilized. In addition to drug prevention and treatment, various methods should be used to kill it as much as possible.
15. Fushou snail
Scientific name: Pomacea canaliculata Spix
English name: Apple Snail, Golden Apple Snail, Amazonian Snail
Chinese name: large bottle snail, apple snail, snow snail
Taxonomic status: Mesogastropoda Cosmopoda Ampullariidae
Distinguishing features: thin, ovoid shell, pale green olive to yellowish brown, smooth. The shell is topless with 5-6 rapidly growing spiral layers. The spiral part is short and conical, and the body snail layer occupies 5/6 of the shell height. The suture line is deep. The shell mouth is broad and continuous, accounting for 2/3 of the height of the shell; the callosum is thin and blue-gray. The umbilical hole is large and deep. , ovoid, with concentric growth lines. The nucleus is near the inner lip axis. The shell height is more than 8cm, the shell diameter is more than 7cm, and the maximum shell diameter can reach 15cm.
Biological characteristics: it prefers to inhabit slow-flowing rivers and ditches, streams and paddy fields. Benthic, hermaphroditic. Miscellaneous eating habits. There is hibernation and hibernation. Mating begins in early March, laying eggs on the stems of watery plants near water or on the shore wall, with bright orange-red initial egg masses and light pink in the air. A female snail usually lays 2400-8700 eggs a year and hatches up to 90%. It reproduces about 10 times faster than the local closely related species in Asian rice fields. Although it is an aquatic species, it can spend 6-8 months buried in moist mud during the dry season. Once flooded or irrigated, they can come back into life.
Origin: Amazon River Basin.
Distribution status in China: widely distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Zhejiang and other places.
Causes and hazards of introduction and spread: As a high-protein food, it was first introduced to Taiwan; it was introduced to Guangdong in 1981, and around 1984, it has been widely farmed as a special economic animal in the province, and then introduced to other provinces for breeding. However, due to excessive farming, poor taste, and poor markets, they were abandoned or escaped in large numbers, and soon spread from farmland to natural wetlands. Fushou snails eat a large amount of food, and can eat very rough plants, but also scrape algae, and its excrement can pollute water bodies. The damage to rice production clearly far outweighs its value as a delicacy. In addition to threatening the aquatic shellfish, aquatic plants and disruption of food chains in the invasion area, Fushou snail is also an intermediate host for the curling spiny mouth fluke and the Guangzhou tube roundworm.
Control method: focus on the prevention and control of overwintering snails and the first generation of snails before the peak of spawning, reduce the occurrence of the second generation, and timely grasp the prevention and treatment of the second generation. To rectify and destroy its wintering places, reduce the amount of snail residue after winter, as well as artificial snail picking, duck feeding snails, supplemented by drug prevention and control.
16. Bullfrog
Scientific name: Rana catesbeiana Shaw
English name: Bull Frog, American Bullfrog
Chinese synonym: American frog
Taxonomic status: Anura (Salientia) frog family Ranidae
Distinguishing features: large and stout, body length 152-l70mm. The head is similar in length and width, the snout is blunt and rounded, the nostrils are near the snout end facing upwards, and the tympanic membrane is very large. The skin on the back is slightly rough. The eggs are small, with an egg diameter of 12-1.3 mm. The total length of tadpoles can be more than 100mm.
Biological characteristics: to survive and reproduce in aquatic and grassy waters. Adult frogs are generally scattered in the water except for clusters during the breeding season. Tadpoles have a multi-benthic life and often forage among aquatic plants. It is widely eaten and abundantly, including insects and other invertebrates, as well as fish, frogs, salamanders, young turtles, snakes, small rodents and birds, and even eats each other. Eggs can be laid 2-3 times a year, each spawning 10,000-50,000 eggs. 3-5 years of sexual maturity. Lifespan 6-8 years.
Origin: East of the Rockies of North America, north to Canada, south to northern Florida.
Distribution status in China: Almost all over the area south of Beijing (including Taiwan), except for Tibet, Hainan, Hong Kong and Macau, there are natural distributions.
Introduction of proliferation causes and hazards: widely introduced around the world due to consumption, l959 introduced to china. Bullfrogs are highly adaptable, have a wide range of diets, have fewer natural enemies, have a long lifespan, have strong reproductive ability, have obvious competitive advantages, and are easy to invade and spread. Native amphibians are at risk of decline and extinction, and have even affected biodiversity, such as the native fish of Dianchi Lake, while also posing a threat to some insect populations. Poor early farming and management methods were the main cause of its spread. There is a lack of strict management in domestic trade and consumption processing, and the phenomenon of animals escaping during long-distance trafficking and processing is common.
Control method: Strengthen the management of bullfrog breeding and the control of the catering industry to avoid further expansion of the invasion. Change the breeding method from stocking to captivity. Pond clearing treatment is carried out at the tadpole stage to control populations. Capture and deplete adult bullfrog resources to control their numbers in their natural habitats.