The author | Crop Circle Team Harvest State
Now there are many kinds of vegetables in the shed, even in the cold winter, we can eat anti-seasonal vegetables, but cabbage is still very popular, for example, when eating hot pot, there must be cabbage.
Although cabbage is delicious, it is not easy to cultivate, so today we will understand how difficult it is to cultivate cabbage from the three aspects of growth period management, pest control and fertilization technology.
Cultivation management of cabbage during growth
1. Germination period
From sowing to basal leaf development, 6 to 7 days.
Germination period
Seed fullness and weather during this period have a great influence on seed germination and seedling growth.
Water in time to keep the seedlings in place.
Management essentials
There are 2 kinds of direct and seedling transplanting, which are generally determined by the harvest of the previous stubble crop in the morning or evening.
The former stubble crop is harvested early, and the land can be prepared in time, which can be broadcast directly; otherwise, the method of seedling transplanting is adopted.
Either way, keep the surface moist at the seedling stage, and when watering, the ridge surface must be soaked thoroughly.
2. Seedling stage
The germination period ends until the first ring leaf formation, 7 to 8 days, also known as the tufting stage.
Seedling stage
Seedlings 8 to 10 leaves, the main root, side roots grow at the same time, but at this time the climate is often changeable, to strengthen field management, to prevent the epidemic of pests and diseases, and strive to achieve seedlings, seedlings, seedlings.
3~4 leaf stage to carry out inter-seedlings, out of the co-existing, overcrowded, crowded, diseased, insect, weak, residual seedlings;
5 to 6 leaves are fixed seedlings, with a spacing of 10 cm.
In high temperature and drought years, it is appropriate to set seedlings late, so that the seedlings are dense, cover the ground, reduce the ground temperature, and reduce the occurrence of diseases.
Overly dense seedlings can be transplanted in the missing seedlings, and the seedlings should be in the afternoon, and after each seedling and seedling replenishment, it should be watered immediately to prevent the root system from shaking and wilting.
At this time, it is in the late rainy season, rainy, high temperature, drought occurs more often, seedlings grow fast, and the root system is small, and it must be watered and fertilized in time.
When the seedling stage encounters heavy rain and waterlogging, it is necessary to drain the water in time, the soil is slightly dry, and the soil is tightened in the middle of cultivation.
If the occurrence of aphids at the seedling stage of cabbage is serious and leads to the epidemic of viral diseases, a yarn mesh should be used to block the aphids as pests, and timely spray control.
3. Lotus period
From the seedling stage to the growth of the second and third ring leaves of mesophytes, the leaves of the plant overlap like a rosette, which takes 20 to 22 days.
Lotus period
(1) Timely seedlings, reasonable dense planting
Seedlings are fixed at 3 to 5 leaves, the plant spacing is 35 to 45 cm, and 2200 to 2700 seedlings are left per mu.
Varieties with early maturation and plant type should have a large plant spacing, and those with late sowing period should have a large plant spacing.
(2) Control watering and carry out squat seedlings
In order to make the seedlings grow robustly and prevent the aboveground parts from growing, it is necessary to control the irrigation water for squatting in the later stage of the lotus seat.
Generally, there is little rain and drought and no squat seedlings planted in sandy soil or slow seedlings, and early maturing varieties do not squat seedlings.
After the end of the squat seedlings, it is necessary to irrigate and fertilize in time, check the insect situation frequently, and prevent and control the vegetable green insects, kale nocturnal moths and maggots in time, and eliminate the pests before the 3rd age.
4. The end of the ball period
From the beginning of the heart to the growth of the whole leaf bulb, the medium and late maturing varieties take about 45 days, and the early maturing varieties last about 30 days.
The knotting period
The growth of cabbage during this period has an important impact on its yield and quality, and it is necessary to strengthen water and fertilizer management.
5. Harvest period
Generally, cabbage is harvested in winter to light snow, and it should be harvested in time according to the weather and market conditions.
In the late stage of cabbage growth, the weather is changeable, the temperature drops, and it is necessary to bundle it in time to prevent frost.
Generally, 10 to 15 days before harvest, stop watering, lift the lotus seat, hold the leaf ball, and then bundle the leaves with soaked sweet potato stalks or grain grass.
To make the envelope more firm and continue to grow, 2 to 3 days before the light snow, it should be harvested in time, and dried in the field, until the outer leaves wilt, you can store.
Identification and solutions to major diseases
Viral diseases
Identify the gist
From the seedling stage to the adult plant stage, systemic diseases, the whole plant is affected.
Diseased plants often have symptoms such as flower leaves, deformities, and necrotic spots.
Cabbage virus disease - flower and leaf type
Cabbage virus disease - deformity
Cabbage virus disease - necrotic spots
Cabbage aphid - spreads viral disease
Solution (1) (1) Select a disease-resistant seed
Disease-resistant varieties are selected according to the region: ZhengZao 60, Zhengzao 55, Xinzao 58, JCDecaux 16, Jinlu 55, etc.
(2) Strengthen cultivation management
Reasonable interstitial, set and rotation; deep turning of ridges, application of sufficient base fertilizer, increase application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; sowing at the right time to avoid high temperatures and peak activities of aphids; timely removal of diseased seedlings; frequent irrigation at the seedling stage to cool down and preserve roots and enhance resistance.
(3) Treatment of aphids and prevention of aphids Seedbed to drive away aphids
a. Plastic film mesh seedlings; b. Hanging white polyethylene plastic bags; c. In the cellar area of the plant, it is necessary to completely eliminate aphids, and before planting autumn cabbage, it is also necessary to eliminate aphids in neighboring vegetable fields and weeds to avoid the spread of winged aphids.
Solution (2)
At the beginning of the disease, use virus A, anti-virus agent No. 1 water agent, virus net, virus buster, bacteriotoxic clear, virus ning, plant disease spirit, 83 anti-resistance agent mixed with water spray;
At the same time, add biphenyl acetamidine, alenopherol + thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, cypermethrin, high efficiency cypermethrin, etc., control aphids, spray once in 5 to 7 days, 2 to 3 times continuously, pay attention to the rotation of the agent.
Cabbage soft rot and sclerotia
From the seedling stage to the adult plant stage, most of them start from the heart-bearing leaves, and the whole plant is affected.
There is a stained white bacterial pus, and the internal tissues are all rotten except for the vascular bundle, which is sticky and soft and rotten, and emits a foul odor.
Soft rot
Soft rot solution
(1) Timely prevention and control of underground (aboveground) pests, reduce insect wounds; dig up diseased plants in time after discovery, and scatter lime disinfection in disease holes.
(2) Pharmaceutical prevention and control
Seed disinfection: Mix seeds with 1% agricultural resistance 751 powder at 2% of seed volume.
Plant spraying: quinakeone, copper hydroxide, copper succinate, copper complex amino acid, neophytomycin, chycomycin, copper nonobacterium, wang copper daisen zinc, etc., the agent is used alternately, focusing on the base of the diseased plant and the surface, and the liquid penetrates into the heart of the dish.
Distinguished from sclerotia
At the beginning of sclerotia, water-stained, light brown spots appear, and there is a white or gray-white cotton flocculent mold layer at the site of the disease, and later a black rat fecal sclerotium is scattered.
Sclerotia
Sclerotia solutions
(1) Before sowing, use 10% brine or 10% to 20% ammonium sulfate to select seeds, rinse with clean water and sow seeds.
Recommended agents: ammonium chloride, putrex, poly-sulfur suspension, methylthiopyridine, sclerotium net, isobacterium urea, sprayed once every 10 days, 2 to 3 times continuously.
Cabbage downy mildew and bacterial horn spot disease
Polygonal spots appear on the front of the leaf, and the disease spots die later, and when the humidity is high, there is a lush layer of white downy mildew on the surface of the diseased part.
Cabbage downy mildew
Downy mildew solution
(1) Seed disinfection, mix seeds with nail cream spirit, Fu Shuangmei and other seeds before sowing;
(2) Pharmaceutical prevention and treatment, timely spraying in the early stage of the disease, such as alum, evil frost manganese zinc, ruitoxin mold manganese zinc, downy mildew Vir hydrochloride, etc., can also be selected fluoroether amide + enoyl morpholine, syringom ester + enoyl morpholine.
Distinguished from bacterial horn spots
At the beginning of the onset of bacterial horn spot disease, water-soaked depression spots appear on the back of the leaf, which are limited by the leaf veins, the leaf surface is gray and oil-soaked, and when the humidity is high, the back of the leaf overflows with white pus, and when dry, it is brittle or perforated.
Bacterial horn spot disease
Bacterial horn spot solution
(1) Select disease-free seeds, establish disease-free planting fields, otherwise, the seeds should be disinfected, and can be soaked in 50 °C warm water for 15 minutes and then immediately moved into cold water, and then fished out the seeds to dry and sown.
(2) In the early stage of the disease, you can use methyl frost copper, copper hydroxide, amber copper and ethyl phosphorus aluminum prevention and control spray, the above agents are copper preparations, some cabbage varieties are sensitive to copper, in order to prevent the occurrence of drug harm, we must use it cautiously, low concentration first do tests to see if there is any drug harm, if there is no drug harm, it can be applied in a large area.
Safer agents: agricultural streptomycin (do not use agricultural streptomycin again), mesophytic mycin, spray once every 7 days, spray 3 to 4 times.
Cabbage black rot
The leaf spots are "V" shaped, the medulla is hollow, and the black dry rot is present; when the humidity is high, the diseased part produces yellow-brown fungus pus or oily wet rot.
Black rot
solution
(1) It is necessary to focus on agricultural prevention and control, use disease-free seeds, disinfect with agricultural streptomycin, daisen ammonium, fumei double, bleaching powder, etc., supplemented by comprehensive control of pharmaceuticals.
(2) Recommended agents: neophytomycin, chloramphenicol, copper hydrochlorohydrin, etc., or methyl cream , xanthocylvic + nodellosis copper.
Cabbage black spot disease
The leaves are grayish brown or dark brown, round or oval, with distinct concentric chakras.
(1) Select resistant varieties as the mainstay, supplemented by pharmaceutical prevention and control.
(2) Seed treatment, soak the seeds in warm water at 50 °C for 20 to 25 minutes, cool and dry; or mix seeds with Fumei double and isobacterium.
(3) Pharmaceutical control: isobacterium urea, daisen manganese zinc, bacillus qing, azoxystrobin, phenoxymethocyclazole, etc., and then add calcium fertilizer and boron fertilizer.
Cabbage anthrax and leukoplakia
The affected area is round or oval, concave, with dark edges, and the center is white to off-white; brick-red sticky objects are visible when humidity is high.
Cabbage anthrax
(1) Before sowing, soak in hot water at 50 °C for 10 minutes, cool and dry the seeds;
(2) Pharmaceutical control: poly-sulfur suspension, methyl tolbuzin, anthrax Fumei, carbendazim, bacillus, daisen manganese zinc, benzopyroxystrobin, etc.
Differences from leukoplakia
In the later stage of leukoplakia, round or nearly round gray or withered white spots are formed, and the surface of the spots is faintly marked with 1 to 2 wheels; when the humidity is high, a sparse light gray mold layer is produced on the back of the spots, and the spots are easy to rupture and perforate in the later stage.
Cabbage leukoplakia
Leukoplakia solution
(1) Seed disinfection: Bacillus Qing, Fumei Shuang, Isobacterium Urea, etc.
(2) Pharmaceutical control: carbendazim, polysulphine suspension agent, methamprime, methylthiopyridine, phenylphospholin, ethylphosphoin, diethyl methylcyclazole + methylthiopramine, etc.
Cabbage root swelling disease and root knot nematode disease
The roots form tumors, and the aerial part begins to appear from the base leaves, and is easily infected by other germs in the later stage, resulting in decay and odor.
Cabbage root swelling disease
Solution to rhizophrenia
(1) Implement quarantine, blockade the disease area, and prevent the transfer of vegetables from the disease area;
(2) Before sowing, use pentachloronitrobenzene, bacillus, carbendazim, dixone and other agents to apply holes and strips to the soil. After colonization, the roots are irrigated with the above agents, and lime emulsion can also be watered.
Distinguished from root-knot nematode disease
The root tissue of rhizoosis expands into a colon;
Root-knot nematode disease forms a candy on the thin roots, and there are white nematodes in the dissected roots.
Root-knot nematode disease
Root-knot nematode disease solution
(1) Medicated soil treatment, 7 to 20 days before sowing, with bi quick extinguishing, ditch applied in 20 cm soil layer, after application of watering closed or covered with plastic film, after 5 to 7 days loose soil dispersion, and then sowing;
Seedbeds and colonization cavities can also be controlled by avermectin irrigation.
(2) Pharmaceutical prevention and control, with avermectin, flupiramide, thiazole phosphine and other root treatment.
Cabbage rust
The back of the leaf produces white vesicles, and the later rupture of the epidermis emits white rust powder, and the front of the leaf is yellow-green irregular spots;
The remaining plants are damaged, the peduncle and flower organs are deformed and curved, slightly hypertrophied, and milky white vesicles appear on the fleshy stems.
White rust
Pharmaceutical control
Initial onset: Methyl cream, copper methyl cream, manganese zinc, carboxylic acid, baricazole + azoxystrobin, etc.
brief summary
In the year in which the disease often occurs, the corresponding resistant varieties should be selected;
Strengthen cultivation management and improve crop resistance;
When performing agricultural operations, be very careful to avoid harm to cabbage and reduce the infestation of germs.
Major pests and solutions
The main pests on cabbage are: cabbage moth, cabbage green worm, beet night moth, twill nocturnal moth, small ground tiger, silver nocturnal moth, kale nocturnal moth, vegetable borer, vegetable aphid, yellow striped jumping beetle, small ape leaf beetle, vegetable bug, snail, rape watermelon worm, caddiss and so on.
Among them, the small cabbage moth, the vegetable green worm, the beet night moth and the twill night moth, have been in the [green worm family, can't tell the difference? ] introduced, here will not be repeated, pay attention to the banned pesticides on vegetables.
Small ground tiger
Harmful features
The hatching larvae feed on the heart leaf, hide on the soil surface after 3 years, and bite off the cabbage seedlings from the base of the stem at night.
Morphological characteristics
The larvae are dark brown with a rough epidermis and are covered with particles of varying sizes. The rump is yellowish brown with two dark brown longitudinal bands.
Prevention and control methods
Different methods of administration are used for larvae of different ages.
(1) The larvae are before 3 years old
With spray, powder or sprinkled with poisonous soil for prevention and control, commonly used agents are: Thuringiensis, cypermethrin, cypermethrin and so on.
(2) After 3 years of age
If there is a broken seedling in the field, it can be booby-trapped by poisonous bait or poisonous grass, commonly used agents are: cypermethrin, thiamethia, perchlorofluoride, etc., after adding water, spray on the crushed cottonseed cake, bean cake or wheat bran, and sprinkle a small pile at a certain distance in the affected crop field in the evening, or near the crop rootline.
Silver-striped nocturnal moth and kale nocturnal moth
The harm characteristics are the same
The hatching larvae feed on the back of the leaves, leaving only the epidermis, and the elderly larvae cause gaps or holes and discharge feces to contaminate the cabbage.
Morphological characteristics
The body color is varied, light green to black brown, the head is yellowish brown, and there are short black stripes on the back of each body segment, which is arranged in an inverted "eight" character.
Kale nocturnal moth
Pale green, the head is thinner, there are black spots at both ends, the back is arched when walking, the back of the body has a white longitudinal line, and the side of the body has a white longitudinal stripe.
Silver-striped nocturnal moth
(1) Before 3 years of age
Spray with Thuringiensis, permethrin, urea, imidacloprid, and fluoridine once every 20 days, and control 1 to 2 times.
(2) Older larvae
Indochlorvitae + methylphenidate, or avimethoxychloride, etc.
Vegetable borer
A borer pest that harms cabbage seedling heart and leaves, spits silk to bond leaves, burrows into the stem marrow and roots at an older age, and can also spread soft rot.
The head is black , the thorax and abdomen are pale yellowish-green , there are 5 light brown longitudinal bands , and there are hairs on the body.
Vegetable borer is mainly harmful at the seedling stage, spraying the agent to the heart of the vegetable is effective, generally from August to September, after the cabbage emerges, spray it every 5 to 7 days until 7 to 8 true leaves grow.
Recommended agents: Thuringiensis, fipronil, indicolide + methylphenidate, etc.
Vegetable aphids
Adults and aphids cluster on the leaves, suck the sap on the back of the cabbage, lose water, deform the young leaves, plants are short, and also transmit viral diseases.
aphids
(1) Seed mixing: mix seeds with aphid pine and imidacloprid.
(2) Protect natural enemies such as ladybirds, grassflies, aphid-eating flies and aphid cocoon bees, among which the insecticidal threat has a special effect on aphids and can also protect these natural enemies.
(3) Spray with cypermethrin, high-efficiency cypermethrin, biphenyl acetamiprid, acetamiprid + thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, acetamiprid and other sprays.
Yellow stripe jumping armor
Both adult and larvae can harm;
(1) Adult worms
They often cluster on the back of the leaves to feed, and the damaged leaves are covered with fine holes, causing the leaves to wither. The most serious damage is caused by the seedling stage, which often causes the lack of seedlings and ridges, and even the destruction of the whole field.
(2) Larvae
It eats the roots, peels off the epidermis of the roots, forms strips of worms, or black spots; it can also bite off the roots of the whiskers, so that the leaves are yellow wilt from the outside to the inside; it can spread the soft rot of Chinese cabbage.
Generally, it occurs seriously in spring and autumn, autumn is heavier than spring, and vegetable fields with high humidity are the most harmful.
It is 1.8 to 2.4 mm long and shiny black. There are many engravings on the back, arranged in longitudinal rows.
Each elytra has a yellow medium-width bow-shaped longitudinal stripe in the center of the strife, which is curved inward at both ends, concave on the outside, and enlarged hindfoot leg segments.
It is nearly cylindrical, with a slightly thin tail, a pale brown head, a yellowish-white thorax and abdomen, and a papillary protrusion on the ventral surface of the tail.
Before sowing, we should pay attention to the control of adult insects, and the larvae have a burrowing moth, which is not easy to control;
Recommended agents: biphenyl acetamiprid, alenopteramine + thiamethoxam, etc.
Small ape leaf beetle
Adults and larvae cluster hazards, feeding leaves are absent or holes, in severe cases, the leaves are eaten into a network, leaving only leaf veins, resulting in reduced yield.
Body length 3.4 mm, width 2.1 to 2.8 mm, oval, back blue, with a green luster, ventral black;
The head is small, deeply embedded in the anterior thorax, and the antennae extend backwards to the tail;
The elytra dots are arranged in a regular manner, with 8 and a half rows per wing, and 1 row of fairly sparse notches on the outside of the shoulder tumor; the hindwings are degenerate and cannot fly.
Similar to the great ape leaf carapace
Great ape leaf carapace: 4.7 to 5.2 mm long, well-developed hindwing, able to fly.
Recommended agents: cypermethrin, rotenone, biphenyl acetamiprid, alenopterazine + thiamethoxam, pyridoxine + acetamidine, etc., spray control.
Yellow striped jumping beetles and small ape leaf beetles, we must pay attention to adult insect control, before wintering, pile grass in the field, lure insects, and eliminate.
Vegetable bugs
Adult insects and nymphs are infested, sucking plant sap, leaving yellow-white to slightly black spots, affecting vegetable growth and spreading soft rot.
Vegetable bug nymphs
Adult vegetable bugs
Cypermethrin, octanocyanoide emulsion, synergistic cyanogen, high-potency cypermethrin, cypermethrin, biphenyl acetamiprid, alenopteramine + thiamethoxam, spray control.
snail
After the rain, cabbage stems, leaves and seedlings are eaten, and when the seedlings are severe, the seedlings are broken.
(1) Trapping and killing
Use leaves, weeds, and vegetable leaves to lure in the field and catch them before dawn; sprinkle lime barriers to protect seedlings.
Snail extermination, polyacetaldehyde, drought snail, etc.
Rape watermelon worm
It harms cabbage seedlings and young roots, resulting in missing seedlings and broken seedlings.
(1) Agricultural control There are no weeds left in the field, and the use of uncorrupted organic fertilizer is avoided.
(2) Pharmaceutical control combined with underground pests, spraying imidacloprid, thiamethia, perchlorofluoride, cypermethrin and so on.
Caddisflies
Adults and nymphs bite at newly sown seeds and shoots in the soil, or bite off the roots and stems of seedlings, so that the seedlings die, the affected roots are chaotic, the lack of seedlings and ridges, so that the vegetable yield is greatly reduced, and even the seeds are destroyed.
(1) It is recommended that the poisonous bait be booby-trapped, first stir-fry wheat bran, bean cake, grain, cottonseed cake or corn grains, etc., add crystal enemy insects, and sprinkle it on the topsoil of the vegetable field or seedbed where the seedlings have been sown in the evening, or sprinkle it in the sowing ditch or colonization hole when sowing and transplanting, and the poisonous bait made is limited to the same day.
(2) Spraying of thiamethiasis, high chlorofluoride microcapsules suspension, imidacloprid, etc.
Cabbage fertilization management techniques
Cabbage is a fertile crop and has a high demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. According to the measurement, in the case of 5000 kg per mu, the absorption of nitrogen (N) 11 kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 4.7 kg, potassium (K20) 12.5 kg, the absorption ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is roughly 1:0.4:1.1.
The characteristics of fertilizer demand in the whole growth period of Chinese cabbage are: the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at the seedling stage is less than 10% of the total content; the rosette stage accounts for about 30%; and the grapening stage absorbs the most nutrients, accounting for about 60%.
The germination stage to the rosette stage absorbs the most nitrogen, followed by potassium and least phosphorus, and the bulbous stage absorbs the most potassium, followed by nitrogen, and phosphorus the least.
1. Apply foot base fertilizer
Generally, 3000~5000kg of high-quality farmhouse fertilizer is applied per mu, and 40~60 kg of pure sulfur group (17-17-17) compound fertilizer is used per mu.
2. Seedling fertilizer
Before the autumn to the white dew, after the leaves grow, the main root is about 10cm, and after the first inter-seedling, apply high nitrogen compound fertilizer of 5 to 8 kg to promote the growth of seedlings.
3. Lotus period chasing "hair tree fertilizer"
Cabbage enters the rosette stage at 5 to 8 leaves, about 18 to 20 days (after the dew to the autumn equinox).
When entering the group planting stage, apply high nitrogen fertilizer early, with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, to meet the nutritional needs of rapid growth of cabbage at the lotus stage;
In the later stage of the lotus seat, there is a phenomenon of discipleship, and it is necessary to "squat seedlings" to prevent and control delayed balling.
4. Apply the ball fat
The budding period is the formation period of the economic yield of cabbage, with a large amount of growth, and it is also the period when water and fertilizer are the most needed.
It can be fertilized at one time in the early stage of the ball, or it can be carried out twice in the early and middle stages, focusing on the early stage.
In the early stage (after the autumn equinox), 30 to 35 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per mu, in the middle period (before frostfall), 15 to 20 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per mu can also be applied with water in the later stage.
Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer 20 days before harvest to prevent nitrate accumulation.
5. Pay attention to spraying foliar fertilizer
Cabbage loves calcium, and calcium deficiency causes heartburn. During the growth period, 0.3% to 0.5% calcium chloride or calcium nitrate is sprayed once every 7 days for 2 to 3 consecutive doses.
At the same time, combined with pest control, 0.5% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution were sprayed at the beginning of the bulb, which can improve the net vegetable rate and commodity value of cabbage.
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Growers Cabbage Batch planting Pests Pest Control Prevention Cultivation management