Yiliang County sweet potato whole health care cultivation technology
_Chen Jixiang, etc
Native to Mexico in South America and tropical regions from Colombia, Ecuador to Peru, sweet potatoes are an annual herb of the family Trichophyllaceae. In the long evolutionary process has formed a light-loving, warm-loving, wet-loving, cold-afraid habits, its root system has strong absorption, barrenness, drought tolerance but not cold tolerance, relatively easy to plant, however, in order to obtain high yields, or to give suitable conditions and rich fertilizer, scientific cultivation can achieve the expected purpose.
1 Seedling technology
Strong seedlings are the basis for high yields. It is necessary to start from the selection of seeds, grasp the sowing time, drainage method and temperature and humidity control technology, and cultivate strong seedlings.
1.1 Selection and preparation of seeds
1.1.1 Select a good seed
At present, the main varieties of local sweet potatoes are Nanrui Amaranth (Lan Cui Amaranth), yellow peel, orange red heart, good palatability, favored by the masses; red skin potatoes have Broad Potato 87, Xu Potato 18, etc., red skin yellow heart, red heart or white heart; yellow skin potato has peanut amaranth, stick amaranth, yellow skin yellow heart or white heart, the yield is higher, but the palatability is poor, suitable for feeding; purple potato has broad potato 135, purple skin purple meat. In addition, the foreign fine seed potatoes have Jishu 29, Qinshu No. 8, Yanshu 25, Qinshu No. 9, Pushu 23, Longshu No. 9, Sushu No. 9, Ningzi No. 2, Violet, Purple Potato King, Qunzi No. 1, Ningzi No. 4, Jishu 18, Jingshu No. 6, Qingzi No. 1, etc. are all better, and can be selected according to their respective uses.
1.1.2 Choose a healthy potato
The choice of potatoes should be selected three times, when leaving the cellar, when disinfecting, and when the seeds are discharged. It is necessary to choose a complete and disease-free, harmless, defective or rat bite-free, moldy rot, no cold damage and wet damage, many bud points, shiny, vigorous potato nuggets as seeds, and take a single weight of 150 to 250 g as appropriate. Generally prepared 900 kg·hm -2 or so.
1.1.3 Disinfection of seed potatoes
Before draining the potatoes, soak the seeds in warm water of 51 to 54 °C for 10 min [3], and then soak the potato blocks for 10 min with 70% methylthioprine, 50% carbendazim or 58% methanol and manganese zinc 300 to 500 times liquid, or soak the potato blocks with a golden baby rooting agent (biological bacterial fertilizer, containing bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and enzymes) or amino acid water-soluble fertilizer 500 times liquid.
1.2 Choose a place to make a bed
1.2.1 Selected bedding
Choose the leeward and sunny, close to the water source, the terrain is high, the drainage is good, the management is convenient for the seedbed, at the same time, the bed soil is loose and fertile, no salinity, no continuous cropping. If it is continuously made, it is also necessary to disinfect the bed soil and update the bed soil.
1.2.2 Plough the fields
Turn over the sunburned fields in winter, 2 ploughs and 2 harrows, to achieve flatness, fine soil, and clean grass.
1.2.3 Drawstring box
Generally, the width of the box is 130 ~ 140 cm, the length of the box depends on the terrain and the number of potato blocks, generally the length of the box is 6 ~ 7 m, and the east-west direction is good, and the height is 15 ~ 20 cm. According to the calculation of planting seedlings 4.5 to 75,000 seedlings hm-2, the seedbed 45 to 60 m2 should be prepared.
1.2.4 Fertilize
Fertilize before the box, generally apply rotten and ripe farmhouse fertilizer 15 t·hm -2 or so. Or with The golden baby fertilizer starter (Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma harz, Bacillus licheniformis) fermented manure is better, the need for this starter is about 30 ~ 45 kg · hm -2, fermentation at 10 ~ 15 °C more than 7 d can be, while the bed should also be applied potassium sulfate compound fertilizer or ammonium sulfate about 80 g · m -2.
1.2.5 Disinfection of bed soil
Seedbed soil should be strictly disinfected and sterilized, or the bed soil should be updated, disinfection should be carried out in combination with the ground before the box, with 70% methylthioprine 15 kg · hm-2 or 50% carbendazim 30 ~ 45 kg · hm-2 and 5% octyl thiophosphorus granules 45 ~ 60 kg · hm-2 mix fine soil 750 ~ 900kg · hm -2 evenly spread, and mixed into the 20 cm soil layer to avoid the spread of diseases and insects.
1.3 Sowing seedlings
1.3.1 Seedling methods
Double membrane seedlings are used. Note that one is that the flat film should be lined, such as sprinkling some crushed corn stalks; the second is to pay attention to avoid lack of oxygen, so as not to affect the seedlings; the third is to remove the flat film in time when the seedlings are gathered to prevent burning seedlings, and pay attention to the timely opening of ventilation at both ends, and the temperature of the shed cannot exceed 35 °C.
1.3.2 Next planting time
Generally, seedlings are lined up 45 to 60 days before planting, and spring potatoes are sown in mid-to-late February to mid-March, and cuttings begin in mid-to-late April. Summer potatoes in the low-altitude river valley area can be sown in mid-to-early April to early May, can be single-membrane seedlings or open-field direct seedlings, in the case of high temperature generally 7 to 8 d can be seedlings, late May to early June cuttings (before and after the Dragon Boat Festival is good), if it is to retain the planting land, you can appropriately late planting, until the big potato festival before and after the cuttings are also OK.
1.3.3 Platooning method
When laying out seeds, one is to distinguish the head and tail (head color, more juice, less fine roots), head up and tail down, do not row inverted; the second is to sow the size separately, with the top alignment is conducive to the seedlings; the third is the potato block obliquely or flat (flat place suitable for open field seedlings, head and tail connection, left and right gap 3 to 5 cm), the top of the yang facing upwards, potato blocks row or top pressure tail 1/4, per square meter row of seeds within 20 kg. Seedlings can also be planted directly in early April, and the mother potato field is propagated for feeding in the later stage.
After drainage, sprinkle fine soil or fine stable manure to fill the gap, after watering, then sprinkle 4 to 5 cm sandy loam soil or matrix soil, flatten the water and lining after the flat film, then cover the arch film, and cover the grass tonic insulation. If the previous stage is not sterilized, it is necessary to spray the seal before the cover film, and the potato block can be sprayed with 64% manganese zinc, 70% methylthiopramine 500 times liquid or 45% methyl cream and oxalilin 2000 times liquid.
1.4 Seedbed management
1.4.1 Temperature Management
In the early stage of high temperature germination, from sowing to seedlings, first maintain a high temperature of 35 °C 3~4 d, then from 35 °C to 32 °C, maintain 1 ~2 d, and then maintain at 28 ~32 °C until emergence. In the middle of the flat temperature seedlings, from the seedlings to the seedlings, it is advisable to maintain them at 25 to 30 °C successively, and there must be two processes of urging and refining. In the later stage, the seedlings are refined at low temperature, close to 3 to 5 days before transplanting, and the bed temperature is reduced to close to the open air. At the same time, apply dowry fertilizer and dowry medicine.
1.4.2 Moisture management
Water according to the growth needs of potato seedlings and the dry humidity of the bed soil. The principle is that the relative humidity of bed soil before, during and after seedlings is 90%, 80% and 70%, respectively. The method is to pay attention to the lack of water at high temperatures, do not have more water at low temperatures, keep the bed soil dry and wet, dry and wet, low temperature in the early stage, watering in the morning; high temperature in the later stage, watering in the morning and evening. The first watering, after draining the seeds, should be watered 1 time, and then cover the soil; the second watering, after the emergence of seedlings depending on the situation or less watering, and should be combined with the Golden Baby rooting agent 1000 times liquid watering, every 7 d 1 time, can promote seedling Qi, seedling strength, seedling green. The third watering, with the emergence of seedling ventilation, water consumption is increasing, after the seedlings 1 time watering, after that, each seedling watering 1 time per watering.
1.4.3 Ventilation and refining seedlings
Time: After the seedlings or heart leaves are unfolded, choose sunny and warm weather from 10:00 a.m. to 15:00 p.m. ventilation, 4 to 5 days before cutting seedlings, dry during the day, cover at night, and pay attention to the high temperature and strong light injury seedlings at noon.
Method: Ventilation is the basis of strong seedlings. Generally, when the seedlings are 15 cm tall, ventilation begins, the south wind opens the north, the north wind opens the south, and gradually increases the ventilation.
1.4.4 Topdressing seedlings
Time and frequency: fertilization is applied once when seedlings are planted, followed by 1 application per seedling.
Methods and quantity: mainly nitrogen fertilizer, fractional topdressing, such as nitrogen fertilizer, human and animal manure and urine, sowing or watering, pay attention to burning leaves to destroy seedlings, generally sprinkle urea 20 ~ 25 g · m -2, sprinkle first and then water.
1.4.5 Seedling harvesting methods
Time: When the seedling age is 30 to 35 days, the seedling height reaches 25 to 30 cm, and the leaf completion is 6 to 8 pieces, the seedling can be started.
Methods: There are shears and seedlings, it is better to cut the seedlings, and the tall-footed seedlings should be cut, leaving 2 to 3 sections at the base to facilitate the development of new seedlings, and leaving 2 to 3 sections when the seedlings are sheared for the second time to continue to develop new seedlings. The seedlings should be soaked with Kimber root seedlings or amino acid water-soluble fertilizer to facilitate recovery and survival after planting. The seedling can be used for direct transplanting in the field, and can also be used for false planting seedlings. If it is not appropriate to plant seedlings falsely, the seedbed field should be appropriately expanded or the seed bed should be substituted, and the mother field should be used as feed in the later stage.
1.4.6 False planting seedlings
False planting method: When the potato seedlings grow to 25 to 30 cm, you can pick seedlings and cut false plants, false seedlings with 2 to 3 sections as 1 segment, cuttings can be directly or obliquely inserted, and 1 section of exposed soil surface.
False plant density: the plant spacing and small row spacing can be maintained at 25~30 cm, the large row spacing is 75~80 cm, 1 ridge 2 rows or 4 rows, insert 7.5~9 million ·hm-2. After planting, the mulch film can be covered to increase the ground temperature. Note that scissors and seedlings should be disinfected.
False plant management: False planting seedbed should be loose and fertile, and drainage and irrigation should be more convenient. For false seedlings, we should pay attention to three fertilizers, one is cuttings fertilizer, fertilization 5 to 7d after cuttings, the purpose is to allow the seedlings to grow new roots as soon as possible, generally with clear manure water, every 100 kg of clear manure water plus 1 kg of compound fertilizer, or add 1 kg of ammonium sulfate or urea, pay attention to fertilizer spacing watering; the second is Qi seedling fertilizer, after the seedlings are alive, often uneven, need to appropriately increase urea, in order to promote the seedlings. The third is seedling fertilizer, which is mainly based on urea, with manure cleaning and compound fertilizer. When the false seedlings reach 6 to 10 knots, the heart is plucked to promote the development of branches. When the seedlings have grown to more than 60 cm, 2 shear seedlings can be left for transplanting.
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2 Field transplanting technology
2.1 Fertilize the land
2.1.1 Plough the land
Choose to plough on sunny days, require deep ploughing 30 ~ 35 cm, 1 time before and after winter, 2 ploughs and 2 harrows, finely crushed soil, flattened to make ridges, generally 80 cm from ridges, and about 30 cm in height. The ridge direction is adapted to local conditions, and the ridge direction and slope direction of the general arid area tend to be perpendicular to facilitate water storage and prevent soil erosion.
2.1.2 Apply base fertilizer
At or before ridge raising, apply fertilizer strips to the bottom of the ridge. According to the yield of 37.5 t ·hm -2, the bottom fertilizer should be applied with about 45 t ·hm -2, and the high potassium compound fertilizer (N-P-K=16-10-22) 600~750 kg·hm-2, or urea 180 kg·hm-2, calcium superphosphate 750 kg·hm-2, potassium sulfate 225 kg·hm-2.
2.1.3 Disinfection of garden soil
Combined with 2 times ploughing, 50% carbendazim or 70% methylthiopramine 30~45 kg·hm-2, mixed with fine soil 1500 kg·hm-2, evenly sprinkled as soil treatment.
2.2 Scientific planting
2.2.1 Planting density
Each row is 2 rows, the general plant spacing is 27~30 cm, the small row spacing is 33~40cm, the large row spacing is 80 cm, and the planting is 525 to 60,000 plants·hm-2. If the fertility of the plot is higher, you can plant 3 to 45,000 plants according to the plant spacing of 30 to 40 cm.
2.2.2 Planting time
When the ground temperature of 5 ~ 10 cm rises steadily above 17 ~ 18 °C, generally, in mid-April to the Dragon Boat Festival around the planting, late to around the summer solstice, if the planting is too early, the temperature is too low, below 15 °C, the potato seedlings are not conducive to rooting and seedlings, too late is not conducive to increasing production. In the arid areas of the river valley, it is advisable to enter the rainy season, and the summer season can be reached at the latest.
2.2.3 Seedling harvesting techniques
The methods of seedling collection are shearing and pulling seedlings, generally shearing seedlings is better, shearing seedlings can reduce the spread of disease infection, and can also promote the regeneration of shoots at the base after shearing.
The yield of strong seedlings and weak seedlings can be 20% to 30% different. Generally, when the direct seed seedlings grow to about 30 cm, the cuttings can be collected after growing to more than 60 cm, and when the seedlings are sheared, 4 to 5 leaves are 1 section, and the length is 20 to 25 cm. Seedlings should be picked in time, otherwise the potato seedlings are crowded, and the seedlings below are difficult to grow normally, which will reduce the number of seedlings in the next stubble.
2.2.4 Seedling disinfection
Before planting, the potato seedlings should be sterilized and insecticidal treatment, which can be soaked in 50% octylthiophos emulsion 300 times liquid for 10 min to kill nematodes, and then soaked in 70% methylthiopramine 500 times liquid at 6 to 8 cm at the base of potato seedlings for 10 to 15 minutes to kill the pathogen of sweet potato black spot disease.
2.2.5 Planting methods
When planting seedlings, it is advisable to bury the stem horizontally or obliquely, with a depth of 4 to 5 cm, and bury 3 to 4 knots flat after inserting into the soil, leaving 1 to 2 leaves and 1 heart on the ground. After planting, keep the potato seedlings upright, and the upright potato seedling stems and leaves do not contact the surface, so as to avoid burns caused by the high temperature on the surface after planting, thereby forming weak seedlings or dead seedlings. Note that the transplanting should be consistent in plant spacing, if the plant spacing is uneven, it is easy to cause 2 plants to become weak plants close together.
3 Field management
3.1 Weeding
The key to weeding in potato fields is to do a good job of sealing, for the pre-bud grass, use 72% isopropylchoxine 1.8 kg·hm -2 or 50% acetoxaline 1.5kg·hm -2 Add water 750 kg·hm-2 evenly sprayed to prevent most of the grass and part of the broadweed. For hindsprung grass, spray of 10.8% pyrofluoroetamide 750 mL·hm-2 with water 750 kg·hm-2 can be used. Subsequently, manual weeding should be performed 2 to 3 times.
3.2 Moisture
It is advisable to maintain 60% to 70% water retention in the soil, and pay attention to reducing the accumulation of water in the field.
3.3 Topdressing
Seedling fertilizer, 10~15 days after planting, combined with the first medium tillage, mainly fast-available nitrogen fertilizer, can be diluted human and animal manure 11.25~15 t ·hm-2 or with urea 30~45 kg·hm -2 hole application, depth 10 cm, cover soil after application. Strong vine fertilizer, 30 to 40 days after planting, combined with the second middle tillage, still based on nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer combination. Generally chasing urea 45 to 60 kg·hm-2.
Potato fertilizer: 80 to 90 days after planting, when the stems and leaves are sealed, the roots grow faster, the topdressing is mainly potassium fertilizer, and potassium sulfate compound fertilizer of 150 kg·hm-2 can be applied, which can be carried out with grass and wood ash or watering manure to prolong the functional period of leaves and promote the expansion of potato blocks.
Crack fertilizer: Generally after autumn, when cracks appear on the surface, topdressing can be urea 15~30 kg·hm-2, calcium superphosphate 150 kg·hm-2, potassium sulfate 45 kg·hm-2, mixed with water or clear manure water 7500 kg·hm-2, in the afternoon of cloudy or sunny days, even topdressing.
Strong fruit fertilizer: in the middle of the expansion of potato blocks, foliar fertilizer is better, generally based on potassium fertilizer and boron fertilizer, but also spray 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1 to 2 times, spraying in the afternoon is better.
3.4 Whole branches
When the potato seedlings grow to 50 to 60 cm, the tender tips should be removed, and when the branches are too vigorous, the tender tips should also be removed. At the same time, for potato fields with more branches and more vigorous growth, 2 to 3 branches can be cut off with scissors, so that the operation of nutrients can be adjusted, which can promote the return of nutrients to the roots and allow the potato blocks to get more nutrients.
Shunmiao, in order to facilitate subsequent management and reduce the consumption of branches and leaves, should be carried out shun seedlings, the sweet potato vines in the field in one direction to sort out, let them grow in one direction, so that it will be much more convenient to harvest, can be combined with the whole branch.
3.5 Pest control
3.5.1 Nigra
The first is to cultivate strong seedlings, select healthy potatoes as seeds, remove diseases, insects, frostbite, and injured potato blocks, select more than 2 years of rotation as seedling land, and do a good job of seed potatoes, seedbeds and seedling disinfection, using 50% carbendazim or 70% methylthiopramine 500 times liquid, soaking seeds and dipping seedlings disinfection for 10 to 20 minutes, or covering spray soaking disinfection treatment of bed soil when seeding.
The second is reasonable crop rotation, the implementation of 1 to 2 years of crop rotation, early ploughing and drying of the field, and effective removal of self-growing seedlings.
The third is to strengthen prevention, starting from the initial stage of the disease, spray prevention with 50% carbendazim 500 times liquid, spray 1 time every 7 to 10 days, and spray 3 to 4 times continuously.
The fourth is timely harvesting, when the temperature drops to about 15 °C harvest, or harvest before frost, low temperature (12 ~ 15 °C) storage is appropriate, and pay attention to ventilation and antifreeze.
3.5.2 Viral diseases
The first is to select good seeds, select detoxified potatoes or anti-drug species, protective seeds, single breeding, single planting, single harvest, single hiding, and strengthen the prevention and control of poison-transmitting insects such as aphids and whiteflies to avoid re-sensing poisoning.
The second is healthy potato seedlings, the flower and leaf seedlings are found in the seedlings, and the whole plant is uprooted; when planting, the robust seedlings are selected for planting; and the diseased seedlings are immediately removed after insertion.
The third is intensive cultivation, through fine land preparation, high ridge cultivation, increase potassium fertilizer, balanced fertilization, watering and drought resistance and other agricultural measures, enhance the disease resistance of sweet potatoes.
The fourth is to strengthen prevention, the prone area from the beginning of the dowry drug, generally from the beginning of the disease, with 5% amino oligosaccharin 600 times liquid, 5% bacteriotoxic clearing, 20% morpholine acetate or 15% virus bi ke 500 times liquid spraying, prevention every 10 to 15 days spray 1 time, after the occurrence of every 7 to 8 days spray 1 time, spray 3 times. Other drugs such as chlorobromide and octylamine acetate can also be selected, and attention should be paid to rotational medication.
3.5.3 Purple feather disease
The first is to do a good job of crop rotation and stubble rotation, and implement 3 to 5 years of rotation to eliminate germs in the soil, which can reduce the incidence of disease and improve irrigation methods.
The second is to remove the central disease strain, find the disease strain and dig out as soon as possible, do not wait until the formation of sclerotia to dig up, and need to dig up the fungal soil together, and then fill in the disease-free soil, and scatter quicklime in the disease hole. Removal of disease residues is treated intensively.
The third is to avoid the spread of flowing water and avoid the breeding of seedlings in the sick field to prevent the transmission of diseases from the soil. In addition, attention should also be paid to the transmission of germicile fertilizers, as well as human, animal and agricultural tools.
The fourth is to increase the application of organic fertilizer, increase the application of farm manure, improve soil fertility and improve soil structure, and enhance the disease resistance of plants.
Fifth, do a good job in drug prevention and control, starting from the initial stage of the disease, with 70% methylthioprine 600 times liquid watering or 50% phenylmycin 1500 times liquid watering, continuous 1 to 2 times.
3.5.4 Twill noctuidae
The first is agricultural control, timely removal of weeds, ploughing and drying soil or irrigation after harvesting, timely removal of egg blocks and hatching cluster larvae to reduce the source of insects.
The second is biological control, hunting and killing with sexual pheromones.
The third is physical prevention and control, booby-trapping with lights or sweet and sour liquid (3:1:4:2).
Fourth, the drug control, can be used 21% cyanocarpion emulsion 5000 times liquid, 50% cypermethrin 4000 times liquid, 2.5% bifenthrin 4000 times liquid, 20% cypermethrin 3000 times liquid, 2.5% urea, 5% fiproclamide or 5% fuclopridone 2000 times liquid, sprayed 2 to 3 times, every 7 to 10 days spray 1 time.
3.5.5 Sweet potato weevil
Clean the countryside and dispose of the vines in time; rotate crops with peanuts, sugarcane, corn, and soybeans; booby-trap, spray with fresh potato vines or potato horns or sexual booby-traps during harvest; prevent soil cracking and water in time against drought; spray poison in seedling fields and wintering potato fields, spray poisoning with 20 billion·g-1 white zombie powder, mix fine soil 22.5 kg·hm-2.
3.5.6 Sweet potato moth
One is to turn the field in winter and spring to destroy the wintering environment; the second is to use the tendency to use light or sugar wine and vinegar liquid to trap the adult insects; the third is to manually hunt the larvae during the peak period, or use 2.5% cypermethrin 2000 times liquid or Bt emulsion 600 times liquid spray control.
3.5.7 Sweet potato leaf beetle
The first is to hunt, using the suspended death of adult insects, when they roost on the leaves in the morning and evening, they are shocked down, packed in plastic bags, and eliminated in a concentrated manner. The second is prevention, the seedling vines are treated with drugs and transplanted with drugs. The third is chemical prevention, mid-summer or early autumn, after the rain in the field insect population will often increase suddenly, which is a key period of drug prevention, can be 50% octyl thiophos 1500 times liquid, 5% cypermethrin 2000 times liquid, or 0.6% matrine nicotine 1000 times liquid spray control. Stop taking the drug more than 5 days before harvesting.
3.6 Harvesting
Time: Sweet potatoes grow at a critical temperature of 15 °C, and freeze below 9 °C. Therefore, harvests are generally taken before the end of October or when the temperature drops to around 15 °C.
Method: When harvesting, first cut the vine, then see the head of the vine, excavate from both sides, to avoid damage caused by the middle and lower hoes.
3.7 Storage
Freshly dug out sweet potatoes, after a short period of surface drying, that is, classified storage, generally need to be placed in the cellar to moisturize the sand, otherwise the moisture is easy to lose, and it is easy to rot.