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1. Red neck disease (also known as large neck disease)
【Symptoms】 The neck of the sick turtle is red, swollen, congested, and it is difficult to stretch and contract. Some sick turtles are swollen throughout the body, multiple erythema of different sizes can be seen on the abdomen, and constantly ulcerated, nose and mouth bleeding, white eyes, and blindness in severe cases.
The mucosa of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines of the sick turtle has marked punctate, plaque-like, or diffuse bleeding; the liver is enlarged, earthy or grayish yellow, with necrotic foci the size of a needle tip; and the spleen is enlarged.
Sick turtles are less sensitive to external environmental reactions, are slow to move, float on the surface of the water or crawl on the shore, and mostly die when they go ashore to bask on their backs.
【Pathogen】Aeromonas hydrophila. This pathogen is widely present in aquaculture water bodies, and the disease is caused by the injury of turtles and the invasion of pathogenic bacteria into the body to proliferate in large quantities.
【Epidemic situation】The epidemic time of the disease is long, the epidemic season is from April to October, the water temperature is above 18 ° C, the greenhouse culture can be onset all year round, the mortality rate is generally 20% to 30%, up to 60%. It is harmful to turtles at various growth stages, especially to adult turtles.
【Prevention and control method】
(1) Thoroughly clear the pond and kill the pathogen.
(2) Before the turtle species are stocked, the turtle red neck disease immunization vaccine is injected.
(3) Do a good job of grading breeding, to avoid turtles biting each other and getting injured, and the injured turtles should not be put into the breeding pond.
(4) Regularly sprinkle the pool water with bleach powder with a concentration of 2 mg/l or bleach with a concentration of 0.5 mg/l.
(5) At the onset of the disease, use bleach powder with a concentration of 3 to 4 mg / l or 0.4 mg / l of chlorine dioxide to spray disinfection, 2 consecutive times, once every 1 to 2 days Each kilogram of turtles is fed with 0.2 grams of sulfamine or nemoxinamine on the first day, the amount of medicine is halved on the second day, every 6 days is a course of treatment, 2 to 3 courses are fed continuously, and 0.5 grams of multivitamins are added to the feed according to the weight of each kilogram of turtles; or 200,000 international units of gentamicin per kilogram, or 200,000 international units of kanamycin and other antibacterial drugs are injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly.
2. Hemorrhagic sepsis (also known as hemorrhagic disease)
【Symptoms】 At the beginning of the disease, the turtles are slow to react, slow to move, float on the surface of the water, and then stop eating, there are clotting clots in the feces, and they often crawl on the shore or the sundeck for a long time.
Sick turtles are often intact on the surface of the body, but the body color is black, the mouth is red, and there are a few individuals with bleeding spots or bleeding spots on the whole body, limbs, neck, etc., and local ulceration. With the development of the disease, the sick turtle has nosebleeds, bleeding spots or bleeding spots in the abdominal nails, severe congestion or bleeding of the liver, intestines, and pancreas, and ulcers in the mouth and throat.
[Pathogen] Water-loving aeromonas, may also be a virus.
【Epidemic situation】The epidemic season is from May to September, which can endanger turtles at all growth stages, especially adult turtles, brooding turtles and adult turtles raised from greenhouses to ponds after wintering. The disease is highly contagious, rapidly endemic, short incubation period, rapid onset, incidence is generally 20% to 70%, mortality rate of 10% to 30%.
(1) Strictly control the density of breeding, and timely fish out and destroy diseases and dead turtles to prevent the spread of diseases.
(2) Prepare inactivated tissue pulp vaccine for immunoprophylaxis.
(3) With a concentration of 2 mg / l of bleaching powder, or a concentration of 0.5 mg / l of chlorine dioxide continuously sprinkled 2 to 3 times in the whole pool, while taking sulfonamides or oxytetracycline, according to each kilogram of turtle weight sulfonamides 0.2 g, or 75 mg of oxytetracycline, mixed into the feed feeding.
3. Rot disease
【Symptoms】 Erosion or ulceration of the body surface is the main feature of the disease, and lesions can occur in the neck, dorsal carapace, abdomen, skirt, limbs, and tail. Ulcerated peeling of the skin of the neck, bare muscles;
The dorsal carapace is rough or patchy and ulcerated, with large patches of cortex falling off; the claws are detached, and the skirt is missing. Sick turtles are mentally weak, unresponsive, weakly active, do not feed, and die in a short period of time.
【Pathogen】Caused by a variety of bacteria such as aeromonas, pseudomonas and colorless bacilli, of which aeromonas are the main pathogenic bacteria.
【Epidemic situation】The epidemic season is from May to September, July to August is the peak period of incidence, and greenhouse culture can be sick throughout the year.
Adult turtles, which are mainly harmful to high-density farming, have the characteristics of high morbidity, long duration and serious harm, and the mortality rate can reach 20% to 30%.
The occurrence of the disease is closely related to water temperature and turtle body injury, mainly due to the high density of breeding, turtles biting each other and injured and infected by pathogenic bacteria, and often associated with furunculosis, red neck disease and so on.
(1) When stocking, ensure that the turtle species are healthy and harmless, and soak with potassium permanganate at a concentration of 20 mg/l for 30 minutes before stocking, or soak with 1% povidone iodine solution for 20 to 30 minutes.
(2) Control the breeding density, according to the size of the turtle pond feeding, to prevent turtles from biting each other.
(3) Pay attention to keeping the water quality clean, insist on disinfecting the pool water with bleach powder once a week, and use 1 to 2 grams of medicine per cubic meter of water.
(4) For lighter turtles, 30 mg/elevated potassium manganate solution can be bathed for 20 to 30 minutes;
For more severely ill turtles, each kilogram of turtles are fed with 30 to 50 mg of haloperid acid or tetracycline per day, or 5 to 15 mg of florfenicol for 5 to 7 days.
(5) Mix 10 grams of plate blue root, 20 grams of three yellow powder (rhubarb accounts for 50%, yellow cedar accounts for 30%, skullcap accounts for 20%), 10 grams of spicy indigo, 10 grams of dijin's quadruple powder per kilogram of feed, made into traditional Chinese medicine bait for feeding, continuous feeding for 5 to 7 days.
4. Furuncles
【Symptoms】 At the beginning of the disease, the neck, dorsal and abdominal nails, skirts, and base of the limbs have one or more white boils the size of soybeans on the neck, dorsal and abdominal nails, skirts, and limbs.
With the development of the disease, the furuncle gradually increases, and protrudes outwards, and finally the epidermis ruptures, at this time, squeezing by hand can press out the yellow-white granular or tofu slag-like, fishy odorous contents, and the contents are scattered to form obvious ulcers.
Autopsy found that the lungs of the sick turtle were hyperemic, the liver was enlarged, dark black or dark brown, brittle, the kidneys were congested or bleeding, and there was more ascites in the body cavity.
Sick turtles are restless, have decreased appetite or do not eat, are emaciated, and often lie quietly on the food table.
【Pathogens】There are aerophilus aeromonas, Proteus common and alkali-producing bacilli.
【Epidemic situation】Turtles at all growth stages can be infected, especially for juvenile and young turtles, and the incidence of juvenile turtles weighing less than 20 grams can reach 20% to 50%.
The epidemic season is from May to October, the peak incidence is from June to July, and the disease can occur in all four seasons during greenhouse culture. In continuous rainy weather, ponds with excessive culture density, poor water quality, and poor sunbathing conditions are prone to epidemics.
(1) Thoroughly clear the pond, stocking density is reasonable and sized, pay attention to improving water quality, feed more nutrient-rich fresh bait, and prevent turtle body injuries.
(2) In the onset season, regular feeding of medicinal bait for prevention, every 100 kg turtle per day with 7.5 grams of oxytetracycline mixed with bait, continuous feeding for 6 days;
Sprinkle every half month with 1 to 2 mg/L of bleach powder or 20 to 30 mg/L of quicklime from the whole pool. (3) At the onset of the disease, sprinkle with a whole tank of chlorine dioxide with a concentration of 0.4 mg/l, 2 to 3 times continuously, once every other day, and feed oxytetracycline bait at the same time, 0.1 g per kilogram of turtle per day, and feed for 6 consecutive days;
Found that the turtle was fished out in time, soaked in a liquid containing 20 grams of oxytetracycline per cubic meter for 48 hours, and fed oxytetracycline bait.
5. Red bottom plate disease (also known as erythematous disease, erythematous disease, abdominal nail redness and swelling disease)
【Symptoms】 The abdomen of the sick turtle is red, swollen and inflamed, erythema appears, and in severe cases, the erythema is connected, and the local ulcer appears, and in severe cases, the dorsal carapace and abdominal nail appear erosion-like hyperplasia.
Most sick turtles have red and swollen necks, and inflamed mouth and nose. Sick turtles stop eating, are unresponsive, often lie on the sunbathing platform, food table or shore without moving, very easy to catch, generally 2 to 3 days after death.
Dissecting the sick turtle, it was found that the liver was swollen, mostly earthy gray, with dark red congestion, showing "flower spots", and some diseased turtles had a dark black liver; the intestine was congested and there was no food.
【Pathogen】Aeromonas hydrophila.
【Epidemic situation】The disease harms Chinese turtles at all stages of growth, especially adult turtles and brooding turtles. It can occur in seasons with a water temperature of more than 20 °C throughout the year, and the peak period of incidence is from May to August.
The disease is fierce, the outbreak is concentrated, highly contagious, and the harm to the broodstock is particularly serious, which can lead to a large number of deaths, with an incidence rate of about 50% and a mortality rate of up to 40%.
(1) Operate with caution and try to avoid turtle body injuries.
(2) In the onset season, every 10 to 15 days, 20 to 30 grams of quicklime or 1 to 2 grams of bleach powder per cubic meter are sprinkled with disinfection to improve water quality; regular feeding with oxytetracycline, sulfonamides or florfenicol is used for prevention.
(3) For mildly infected patients, soak with 30 to 40 mg / l oxytetracycline for 30 minutes, and inject 200,000 units of streptomycin per kilogram of body weight in the muscle area of the hind leg, and feed the compound cinotromine bait, 0.1 to 0.2 grams per kilogram of turtle per day.
6. Edward's disease
【Symptoms】 The epidermis of the sick turtle is shed, and dark red bruised blood can be seen in the middle of the ventral surface, which is slightly puffy;
The liver is swollen and brittle, with beige dots, and in severe cases the dots merge into one piece, forming a typical nodular granuloma, local necrosis;
Gallbladder is large and dark green;
Kidneys, splenomegaly, bleeding, dark purple; intestinal whitish, anemia; abdominal ascites, dorsal carapace with congestion. Sick turtles are insatiable, slow and weak, and often float on the surface of the water or on the shore and are sluggish.
[Pathogen] Delayed Edwardian bacteria.
【Epidemic situation】The epidemic water temperature of the disease is 20~33 °C, which mainly endangers the juvenile and juvenile turtles cultivated in greenhouses. The disease progresses more slowly and generally does not cause fulminant death.
(1) Strengthen water quality management, and sprinkle quicklime with a concentration of 20 to 30 mg/l every 15 to 20 days.
(2) Add about 50% fresh vegetables or an appropriate amount of multivitamin to the feed.
(3) If the disease is found, 50 mg of kanamycin, or 20 to 60 mg gentamicin, or 100 mg neomycin can be fed per kilogram of turtle body weight per day, and fed for 5 to 7 days, and 30 mg/l of quicklime can be sprinkled on the whole pool on the first day, and 0.5 mg/l of strong chlorine on the seventh day.
7. White floor disease (also known as hemorrhagic intestinal necrosis)
【Symptoms】 The surface of the sick turtle body is smooth and intact, without any abnormal symptoms such as trauma and boils, the abdominal nails are pale and extremely anemic, and most individuals have systemic edema;
There is no blood flowing out of the incision during the dissection, there is a large amount of transparent viscous fluid in the abdominal cavity, the liver is enlarged, it is earthy yellow, the gallbladder is enlarged, the intestine is whitish, it is anemia, and there are often coagulation clots in the posterior intestine;
There is no food in the stomach, there is either thin or thick colorless mucus; there is less blood in the heart, and it is reddish, thin as water, and coagulation is poor.
Sick turtles have no appetite, are unresponsive, and have significantly reduced feeding intake; some turtles swim to the shore at night, their necks straight and upside down until they die, or their limbs are weak, slow to move, and it is difficult to sink to the bottom of the water.
【Pathogen】Regarding the pathogen of the disease, there is no conclusion, there are bacteria, viruses, bacterial virus mixed cross-infection and other causes.
Chen Xiaofeng reported that the pathogens of white plate disease are Aeromonas hydrophilus, Edwardiania retardation and Proteus common, Ye Qiaozhen, Shen Jinyu, etc. believe that the disease is caused by double infection of viruses and bacteria, and Wang Hongtai believes that the acid value of feed is an important factor causing turtles to suffer from white plate disease.
【Epidemic situation】White bottom plate disease is an epidemic disease that has been more harmful to the Chinese turtle breeding industry in recent years, and once it occurs, it is often difficult to control, if preventive and therapeutic measures are not taken in time, it can cause large-scale deaths.
The disease has a short course, an acute onset, high mortality rate, and difficulty in prevention and treatment. The disease has a long epidemic time, occurring from May to October, and the incidence is wide, including young turtles, adult turtles, and brooders. It is mainly popular in intensive and high-density breeding modes, among which greenhouse culture has a higher incidence, followed by two-stage culture combined with greenhouses and outer ponds, and the incidence of ecological breeding mode is low.
(1) Regularly add 2‰ multivitamin and 1‰ to 3‰ immune polysaccharides and other immune enhancers to enhance the disease resistance of Chinese turtles; try to avoid excessive changes in water temperature in breeding management; regularly disinfect water bodies, and sprinkle 30 g/m3 of quicklime every 15 days in the whole pond to make the pond water body more alkaline;
(2) At the onset of the disease, sprinkle with a whole pool of strong chlorine, the dosage is 0.5 grams per cubic meter of water, or the whole pool of chlorine dioxide is sprinkled, the dosage is 0.5 grams per cubic meter of water, sprinkled once every 3 days, continuously sprinkled 2 to 3 times;
Feed with silver rocker blue root powder (main ingredients: plate blue root, honeysuckle, astragalus, forsythia, yellow cedar, etc.), according to the amount of 0.16 to 0.24 grams per kilogram turtle body weight, or 3.2 to 4.8 grams per kilogram of feed, continuous feeding for 10 to 15 days; or per kilogram turtle body weight feeding 6 grams of morpholine hydrochloride, 0.2 grams of compound neomin, 0.3 grams of vitamin K, 12 grams of vitamin C, 5 grams of vitamin E, continuous feeding for 15 to 20 days.
8. Mumps
【Symptoms】 The neck of the sick turtle is abnormally enlarged, but it is not red; the whole body is puffy, the organs are bleeding, and there are bleeding spots on the abdominal nail, but the body surface is smooth.
Sick turtles are slow in movement due to systemic edema, unwilling to enter the water, often lying quietly on the food table or sundeck to lead the neck to breathe, do not eat and do not move, and finally extend the neck to die.
Clinically, there are two different types of symptoms, one is hemorrhagic mumps, which is the early symptom of turtle mumps disease, manifested by mumps congestion and redness, mild erosion, secretions, mouth, esophagus, intestinal congestion and inflammation, bottom plate, limbs, tail congestion; the other is blood loss mumps, which is the late symptoms of turtle mumps disease, manifested as pale white erosion of the mumps, secretions, dark black congestion in the esophagus and intestinal duct, and gray and bloodless abdominal nails and muscles.
【Pathogen】The pathogen is not known, and the main reported pathogens are viruses and bacteria. The viruses that have been reported are herpes-like virus, iridescent virus, elastic virus, reovirus, etc., and the bacteria that have been reported are Aeromonas hydrophila and mild aeromonas.
【Prevalence】The disease is highly contagious and the mortality rate is extremely high once it occurs. It mainly occurs in May to September, and the water temperature of the disease is 25 to 30 °C, of which the turtle can have a significant peak of morbidity and death when it has just woken up from hibernation in May to June.
The incidence is generally 20% to 60%, and death begins 10 to 15 days after the onset of the disease, and if the treatment is not timely, the mortality rate is very high, up to more than 60%. Sick turtles and water discharged from diseased ponds can become a source of disease infection, and some birds that prey on turtles may also spread the disease.
(1) Disinfect the pool water with quicklime, bleaching powder, chlorine dioxide, etc. every 20 days or so;
Regularly add rhubarb, plate blue root, skullcap, astragalus, forsythia, andrographis, houttuynia cordata and other Chinese herbs in the feed, the dosage is generally 100 to 150 mg per kilogram of turtle body weight, once a month, each time for 5 to 7 days, decoction water mixed with bait feeding;
During the onset season, some compound neonole, florfenicol, viral and other drugs can be fed, and the dosage is generally 4 to 6 grams per kilogram of feed.
(2) At the time of illness, use chlorine dioxide, dibromohydantoin, quaternary ammonium salt iodine preparation, etc. to disinfect the water body of the turtle pond and pour it for 3 days; 3 to 4 days after disinfection, timely fill with new water and sprinkle beneficial microbial preparations to maintain a stable balance in the number of beneficial algae and beneficial microorganism populations in the water;
Use root lotus detoxification powder (main ingredients: andrographis, astragalus, plate blue root, licorice, houttuynia cordata, etc.) to mix and feed, the amount added is 1% to 2% of the feed amount, and even feed for 5 to 7 days. (3) Turtles found during treatment should be fished out in time and buried deep or destroyed.
9. Leukoplakia (also known as mucormycosis, albicans)
【Symptoms】 At the beginning of the disease, white spots appear on the skirt and dorsal abdominal carapace of turtles, and then the white spots increase, gradually spreading to the limbs, tail and neck; when the disease is serious, the white spots are connected into pieces, forming a piece of white spots, and finally the epidermis necrosis, disintegration, and peeling. Sick young turtles and young turtles have lost appetite, are restless or swim alone in the water, or are paralyzed and creeping on the edge of the pool and on the table, and do not react to external fright.
The sick turtle is extremely weak, the abdomen is facing the sky, can no longer be turned over, and eventually died of emaciation.
When diagnosed, turtles can be submerged in clean water, and if sesame-sized white spots or patches of white spots are seen on the back, and mold hyphae are seen on microscopic examination, the diagnosis can be confirmed.
【Pathogen】Caused by mucormycete infection. Body surface damage caused by various reasons, excessive organic matter content in water, too thin water quality, and excessive fluctuations in water temperature are all factors that induce the disease.
【Prevalence】It can be popular all year round, but it is most serious after the awakening of juvenile turtles in the spring from April to June and before the wintering in September and October in autumn;
The prevailing water temperature is 15 to 35 °C, which is most likely to occur when the water temperature is above 25 °C. The disease spreads very quickly, and if active prevention and control measures are not taken, the infection rate can reach more than 60%, and the mortality rate is generally around 30%.
(1) In fishing, transportation and other operations, be cautious and careful, try to avoid turtle body injuries. (2) Adjust the water quality, so that the transparency is maintained by 20 to 30 cm, so that the pool water is light green.
(3) Sprinkle with 0.05% table salt and 0.05% baking soda mixture, or formalin 20 to 30 g/m3, or potassium permanganate 4 g/m3, or chlorine dioxide 0.3 to 0.6 g/m3 whole tank.
(4) Find the sick turtle in time to fish out, with 4% salt solution soaked in turtle body for 5 minutes, or put the turtle in the sun for 30 to 60 minutes, once a day, repeated several times.
(5) Add vitamin E 5 to 10 grams per 100 kg of turtles, mix and feed with bait for 15 consecutive days.
10. Water mold disease (also known as white disease)
【Symptoms】 The neck, dorsal carapace, limbs or whole body of the sick turtle have soft, gray-white fluffy, which are flocculent when viewed in water;
In most cases, the villi are brown or dirty because of the dirt stuck to the water, and in severe cases, the back of the body seems to be covered with a thick layer of cotton wool; the sick turtle has a loss of appetite, restlessness, and emaciation.
【Pathogen】Water mold, cotton mold and other fungi.
【Epidemic situation】The disease can occur all year round, especially in the spring and autumn when the water temperature is 18 ~ 25 ° C, it is most likely to be prevalent, and if the turtle body has trauma, it is more susceptible to infection. The disease is seriously harmful to juvenile and juvenile turtles.
【Prevention and control method】Tong turtle leukoplakia.