The existence of the Xia Dynasty was strongly questioned in the early Ming Dynasty, and the founding father of the Xia Dynasty, Yu, was considered a mythical figure with a heavenly divinity, rather than being recognized as an actual human monarch.
This article discusses the emergence of the word "Xiyi" in the Wuding era, which is as an object of sacrifice, which coincides with the "Xiyi Xia" of the legendary document "Li Ji And Silk Cloth", and "Shang Shu Taijia" and "Qinghua Jian Yin" and "Qinghua Jian Yin Zhi", there are also words "Xiyi Xia" and "Xiyi", which shows that Xiyi is Xia, Xia is a title of the Zhou people to the Shang Dynasty, and in the Wuding Era three hundred years after the Yin people destroyed Xia, they still think that "Xiyi" can harm the king, so from time to time, "Xiyi" was first the king of Xia, "Xiyi" was the first to be the king of Xia. However, Bu Ci has been transformed into the undead spirit representing the previous kings of the Xia Dynasty, because Yi Yin had served the Xia Dynasty, and he had allied with Tang to destroy Xia, xia Jie's yuan with "sister Xi" appeared with Yi Yin in the bu ci, that is, the "contempt" sacrificed by the Yin people, from the records of the story of the destruction of Xia, the people, events, and the earth, showing that Bu Ci's "Xiyi" is a clear evidence of the existence of the Xia Dynasty.
If "Dayi Shang" refers to the capital of the Yin people, "Xiyi" should be a city west of "Dayi Shang", but the word "Xiyi" appears together with "Huang Yin" and is sacrificed by the Shang King, the meaning of which is worth exploring. The "Xiyi" bu ci sees the following:
(1) Zhen: Yu Xiyi. 7863 (B 7283)
(2) Xiyi
(Harm). 7864 positive (Figure 1)
(3) ㄓ Yu Huang Yin. Zhen: ㄓ In Xiyi. 7865 (Lin 1-9-14) (Figure 2)
(4) Zhen: Burned in Xiyi. 6156 positive (conjugation 6, 佚379 + bead 707) (Figure 3)
(5) Xiyiku 487 (English 753)
(6) Ding Wei □ sue
Yu Xiyi. July. 9631 (Lin 2-18-2) (Figure 4)
In combination with 7863 (B 7283), Lin Hongming will [B 0790 (B supplement 0471) + B 2186 (B supplement 1820) + B supplement 0508 + B 0910 + B 7283 + B 508 + B 2186 + B 5028 + B 4347 + B 5874 + B 8603 + B 8556] Remote concatenation B 740. (Figure 5) In this edition embellished by Lin Hongming, its clouds:
"Zhen: Yu Xiyi" and "Zhen: Yu" are each located opposite the left and right Kobashi. Bu Ci has "You Yu Xi Yi" (he 7865, the same edition also Bu Qing Yu Yu Yu Yi Yin "You Yu Huang Yin" who helped the merchants to extinguish xia), and also "You Yu".
He 6156 has "贞: 燎于西邑" and "贞: 于岳", in contrast to this group, "贞: 于西邑" may be "贞: 燎于西邑"; while He 6156 "贞: 于岳" is "燎于岳". In the same edition, there is also a question of "Wang Meng", which can be seen; this group of "Zhen: Yu" should also be "Burning Yu".
Ding Shan believes: "The Western Soil is Xiyi, the Western Yi is the Western Kingdom, and the so-called Western Soil of Fan Bu is also called the Zhou people." However, there are also Dongtu, Xitu, Nantu and Beitu in the Bu Ci, which is actually a geographical concept centered on dayi Shang, "Xiyi" is not "Xitu", and there are no corresponding words such as "Dongyi", "Beiyi" and "Nanyi" in the Bu Ci, and the two concepts are not the same.
Chen Mengjia's "Summary of Yin Xu Bu Ci" attributes "Xiyi" under "Yi and Du". It is believed that the "yi" can be divided into two types, one is the capital of the king, and the other is the country's tribal state. The capitals belonging to the king are Tianyi Shang, Dayi Shang, Dayi and Xiyi. However, apart from quoting the four articles in the above-mentioned buzhi and stating that "ㄓ, 尞, and Qiu Qiu are here", there is no further explanation of "Xiyi".
"Xiyi" can be sacrificed, but also harmful, but it can be said that it has the conditions of a god, but its name is similar to a place name, which is quite contradictory. Is "Xiyi" a merchant's name for a deity?
Hu Houxuan believes:
Xiyi is suspected to be Tangyi. The Book of Rites and the Book of Rites quotes Yin Ji from the Book of Shang, "But Yin Ji first appeared in Xiyi Xia." There were several important cities in the Yin Dynasty, with the capital Dayi Shang in the center; in the east there was Botu, the old capital of Yin; and in the west, there was Tang Tu, the old capital of Xia. In addition to the capital Dayi merchants, Yu Tangtu was also known as Dayi. Because its land is in the west of Yindu, it is also called Xiyi.
Bu Ci or Emperor Zhen
Ziyi, or Emperor Zhen of Tangyi. Ziyi is the capital of Yin, Dayi Shang, and Tangyi is the western important town of Xiyi Tang. Because they are two important cities in the east and the west, they should be particularly virtuous, and whether the emperor will bring disasters to them.
"Yin Ji" says: "Yin Ji says: 'But Yin Bow Heaven is found in Xiyi Xia; since the Zhou Dynasty has an end, it is also the end of the Phase."' Note Yun: "Yin Ji and Yin Yu Ye, Heaven should be a mistake in the first word." Faithfulness for the week. Phase, help, minister. Yi Yinyan: The ancestors of Yin, the ancestors of Xia, are loyal to the end. Today the apocalypse are guilty of their own sins. Yi Yin started in Xia, and at this time he was in the soup. Xia Zhiyi is in Boxi."
Shang Shu Tai Jia: "But Yin Gong first appeared in Xiyi Xia, and from the end of the Zhou Dynasty." The queen of the heirs has an end, and the king of the heirs has an end, and the king of the heirs has an end!" Although the Taijia is a pseudo-ancient Shangshu, this passage is also found in the Book of Rites and The Silk Cloth, and it is believed that when there is a copy, it may also be a transcription of the same material.
This material can be seen in the "Qinghua Jane Yin Huan" textual appearance during the Warring States period: "But Yin and Tang Xian have a virtue. Yin Niantian's defeat of Xi Yixia." In addition, Tsinghua Jane. Yin Zhi "Yi Yin and Tang Went to conquer the Xia Dynasty. It is also called "from Westjet West": "Tang to the Conquest of Fufu." Sincerity, sincerity is not arrogant. Since WestJet West, there is summer." Compare Tsinghua Jane Yin Yu with Tsinghua Jane. Yin Zhi", it is obvious that Xiyi and Xiyi Xia both refer to the Xia Dynasty.
However, there are still dissenters, and Wang Ning believes that "Xiyi" is in the east of Shang, that is, the country of "you still".
Rong Sui (戎遂), Youyi (有娀之虚), Xiyi (西邑) and Xiyi Xia (西邑夏): that is, there was still a zhou dynasty, in present-day Jining, Shandong. At the end of the summer, Xia Jie migrated from here, calling it "Xiyi" or "Xiyi Xia".
Wang Ning quoted several regulations in another article entitled "The Problem of "Xiyi" and "XiyiXia" in Qinghua Jian's Yin Zhi and Yin Yi Xia" to state that Xi Yi Xia was in the east, not in the west. One is "from Westjet West", which argues that "the situation at that time was that the merchants were in the west and the Xia people were in the east". It is also quoted from "Lü Shi Chunqiu Shenda": "The West is victorious day by day, and the East is victorious by the day" indicates that Shang Tang believes that he will win by living in the West according to this dream of Jie.
Wang Ning said that he had misread the article "Lü Shi Chunqiu Shenda", the original text was:
Tang and Yi Yin allied to show that Xia would be destroyed. Yi Yin looked back at Kuang Xia again, listening to the end of the play. "Now and now, the Heavenly Son dreams of a day in the West, a day in the East, two days to fight with each other, the West to win, and the East to win." Yi Yin sued the soup. Shang Dried up, Tang Yufa, in order to believe in the alliance of Yi Yin, so he ordered the master to go out of the country from the east and advance from the west.
The dream of the Son of Heaven is victorious in the West and the sun is invincible in the East, which refers to the dream of Xia Jie, when the soup has not been cut down, not the Son of Heaven. This dream was unfavorable to Tang, so Sister Xi relayed to Tang through Yi Yin, coupled with the drought in the Shang Kingdom at that time, the weather was unfavorable. All kinds of difficulties are just acts that set off Tang's military participation, and it cannot be difficult to dream of the day, not that Tang thinks that he belongs to the "Western Victory" after hearing the dream.
According to "from WestJet Xiyi", Wang Ning rephrased "Lingshi from the East out of the country, West to advance" as "Lingshi from the East, to advance in the west of the country", and regarded the country as the capital of Xia Jie, but "Guoxi" is not resigned, and it is not appropriate to read it continuously. Moreover, "Lü Shi Chunqiu Shenda" here shows that Tang tried to change the route of his march according to the signs of the dream day, and obviously wanted to go west to cut down the qi, but he wanted to order the army to go east first, and then to the west, so as to meet the dream omen of the dream and put himself in a favorable position for the victory of the west. If Shang Tang is really in the west of Xia, it is enough to say that it is enough to start from the master, so why say" from the east to the west of the country?
The title "Xia" is not seen in the Bu Ci, which may be a noun produced by the Zhou people. From the above materials, it can be seen that the literature from the Warring States to the Qin and Han Dynasties refers to "Xiyi" as "Xia", and the collective name is the opposite of the "Dayi Shang" part of speech, as Hu Houxuan said, Yin Bu ci called "Xiyi" or "Xia". Zhu Junsheng's "Sayings of The Sayings of The Tongxun Dingsheng" is written under the words: "Xiyi Xia, Tianyi Shang, and Dayi Zhou are all called kingdoms." "Xiyi" and "Xiyi Xia" are words that have been transformed from the concept of the Shang and Zhou yi systems.
Why "Xia" is related to "West", Liu Huan believes that the political center of the late Xia Dynasty moved west, and the western region was called Xia. In the "Left Biography", Zheng Guo's son Xi Mingxia and Xia Zhengshu's ancestor Shaoxi, the character Xia, is Xia Youxiyi. It is also believed that "Xiyi" must be in the area of xia hui or ancient xia hui in present-day Shanxi. However, the problem of Hu Houxuan's statement, like Chen Mengjia's, is limited by the word "邑", which regards "Xiyi" as a place name. However, judging from the examples quoted above, it is clear that "Xiyi" is the object of sacrifice.
Although "Yu Xiyi" can be interpreted as "in Xiyi", from the perspective of the common blessing of "ㄓ Yu Huang Yin", Huang Yin is the sacrificed person, and Xiyi should not be a place name, but should also be a sacrificed person. Liu Huan has already explained this very well, he believes that the "Xiyi" in the Bu Ci is treated by the three kinds of sacrifices of ㄓ, Liao, and Qiu Qiu, and can also harm people, which shows that its personification is similar to the "river" in the Bu Ci. Its cloud:
The Yin Dynasty rulers, who firmly believed in the Heavenly Destiny Ghost God, had personified Xiyi, believing that this place could manifest the gods and bring misfortune to people. This shows that Xiyi is unusual and has a special status.
Chen Mengjia's "Summary of Yin Xu Bu Ci" once pointed out that the gods who were sacrificed and burned, including Wang Hai, He, Yue, Qi, Ji (稷),
(Abandoned),
As for the objects of autumn in addition to Xiyi, they still include (abandoned), He, Wang Hai, and Shangjia. It can be seen from this that Xiyi is very close to the nature of the ancestral god and the natural god, and should not be a personification of the place name, but refers to the royal family of the Xia Dynasty.
At the time of Wuding, the Xia Dynasty had been extinguished, and the merchants called it "Xiyi", but when Yi Yin went to see him, the Xia Dynasty was still there, so it was called Xiyi Xia, which was also related to the "ㄓ Yu Huang Yin" pair of Zhen. However, Duyi was personified by Shi Wuzheng, not to mention that Tangyi was not Xiyi, and Tangyi still lived in the clan at the time of Wuding and paid tribute to the Shang Dynasty, while Xiyi only appeared as an object of sacrifice. Even if Tang Yi is not the capital of the old Xia, then it is not possible to see that Xiyi has a similar record to Tang Yi in the Bu Ci, and the two are still qualitatively different. The most likely explanation is that Xiyi does not actually refer to the gods of a certain place or place, but may refer to the gods of the West, and the Bamboo Book Chronicle says: "From Yu to the Seventeen Kings", that is, to refer to the undead of the Xia Dynasty.
So why is it called "Xiyi"? Yin Renbu asked whether it was a harm, which may be related to the spirit of the subjugated country. Yi Yin of Tongbu, whose deeds are also related to Xia, has been mentioned in the above cited materials to serve the Xia Dynasty, so it is not surprising that they are listed in the list of Tongbu. The ancestors of the fallen country lost their blood and food and needed to be appeased, and the ancients also had records of sacrifices and pacification for the undead because of their actions, such as the "New Cai Geling Jane":
summer
(
The day of the ugly moon is the ancient (therefore),
Pray for Chen Zongyi
。 Ren
Pray on the day of the (chen) day. (B14, 10, B2 12)
Yan Changgui had this explanation for Chu Jian who was raised above:
The "Left Biography" mourns for fourteen years: "Chen Shi Fang Mu, make the sick and leave mu, prepare wine and meat, feed the prisoners, get drunk and kill and flee, and the sons and daughters of chen are allied with Chen Zong." And, "The Son draws his sword: "Need, the thief of things." Who is not Chen Zong. Those who do not kill their children are like Emperor Chen." It's over." Kong Shu cited Qian Yue: "Chen Zong, the ancestor ghost god also." Chen Zongdang refers to the ghost god of Chen Zhizong Temple. ...... The reason why Ping (Ping) Ye Juncheng sacrificed to Chen Zong, gaiyin Ping (Ping) Ye Jun's fief was originally the territory of the Chen Kingdom, and after Chen's fall, he prayed to his ancestor Ghost God Ye because of the establishment of Chen Zong."
The "Seven Years of Zuo Chuan Zhao Gong" also has the following chronicle of the dead ghosts who harm people:
Zheng Ren was shocked by Bo You, saying, "Bo You have the best!" Then they all go, and they don't know where to go. In February, the year of casting the Book of Punishment, or Yumebo Yusuke walked, "Nongzi, Yu will kill The Belt." Next year, Yu will kill Duan Ye." And the son, the pawn, the people of the country are afraid. Qi, Yan Ping's moon, Nong Yin, Gongsun Duan's pawn, the people of the country are more and more afraid. Its bright moon, the birth of the son of the gongsun and the good stop to caress it, is the end. Uncle Zi asked why. The son said, "If a ghost has returned, it is not strong, but I will return to it."
"Etiquette and Table": "Yin people respect God, lead the people to serve God, first ghosts and then salutes, first punish and then reward, respect but not kiss." It should not be surprising that Wu Ding Buci appeared to sacrifice the undead spirit of Xia.
"Xiyi" should be a merchant's name for "Xia", three hundred years after the death of Xia, in the Wuding era, the city of "Xiyi" no longer existed, because the merchants did not see the business and exchanges of Xiyi in the buci. In addition, "Xiyi" can be burned, not really sent to the Xia Ruins to sacrifice, but as a synonym for the undead of the Xia Dynasty, sacrifices are held in the cities of the Yin Dynasty.
The former land of the Xia Dynasty may still be mainly controlled by the Marquis of Chong, whose land should be in the Yi and Luo regions. The Marquis of Chong (Chong) may have been of Xia descent, just as after the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang and after fengyin was in the Song Dynasty, it was a way to appease and facilitate rule. Subsequently, the Marquis of Chong,Jong (Chong) was destroyed by Zhou, and only the descendants of Xia were left with "Qi, Qi, and Sui" (Chinese. Zhou Yu).)
In the past, the humble manuscript pointed out that bu ci and Yi Yin and Huang Yin jointly sacrificed "contempt" or "sister xi", and after the death of Xia, mei xi became Yi Yin's spouse, and had to be posthumously honored by the Shang Dynasty together with Yi Yin. If both "Xiyi" and "Meixi" can become conclusive, it can prove that the historical events related to Yi Yin, Meixi and Shang Tang's extinction of Xia are not false statements by later generations.
postscript:
Prompted by Dr. Liu Ying, the remnants of He 9631 (Figure 4) are "West."
It may be a remnant of the deity "Ximu" that Yin Buci saw, not necessarily "Xiyi". It is worth referencing, so it is recorded here, hoping that someone will conjugate and restore this film to feed the academic community.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5