The poems are not flat and straight, and you can fluctuate.
This feature is particularly prominent in ancient Chinese poetry. Sometimes, the scenery depicted in poetry is the opposite of the emotion expressed by the poet, and the contrast formed by the diametrically opposite things in the human heart is used to achieve an artistic effect, which is actually a lament for the scene. The expression of this emotion has its own rhyme.
The technique of "writing mourning with a happy scene" can be found in the "Poetry Classic, Little Ya Tse-wei".
"In the past, I used to be, Willow Yiyi; now I come to think, rain and snow."
When she set out, spring was in full swing; when she returned, it was already snowy, and she was okay at home
"Yang Liu Yiyi" is a happy scene, but it is written about the mourning of leaving home to be a zhengfu; Wang Fuzhi of the Qing Dynasty commented on these four poems in the "Poetry of Jiang Zhai": "Write mourning with lejing, write music with mourning, and double its mourning." That is to say, when I first left home, my heart was sad, but I used the bright spring light of the willow spring wind to contrast, and the artistic effect was highlighted.
Tang Dynasty poet Li Hua's "Spring Trip Improvisation".
"The grass under Yiyang City is thick, and the stream flows east and back to the west. The fragrant trees are not flowers, and the birds are crying all the way to the spring mountain. ”
The falling flower man is independent, the micro swift double flies, his loneliness do you understand?
This poem blends scenes, with emotions to control the scene, to write mourning with music, sentences with emotion, poignant and lonely, sighing deeply.
"Spring Improvisation" was written shortly after the Anshi Rebellion subsided. With the long hatred of the unfavorable career and the defeat of the country, the poet improvised the melancholy of the country breaking the mountains and rivers and the flowers and birds crying in the air when they passed through Yiyang (present-day Yiyang County, Henan) in the spring of the autumn when the yellow birds were empty.
The four verses, sentence by sentence, depict the spring that has been contaminated by the poet's feelings. The grass under Yiyang City grows very luxuriantly, and the water of the mountain stream turns east and flows west. The fragrant flowers are scattered by no one, and the birds chirp alone in the empty mountain forest on the path full of spring light.
The poet writes about the scenery of late spring, grass, water, trees, birds, the combination of movement and static, and the sound and color are beautiful, as if to bring the reader to this artistic conception. And the blossoms are not appreciated, the birdsong is not listened to, and the author's frustration and mood of not meeting the acquaintance are naturally visible.
"The grass under Yiyang City" reminds us of the famous sentence in Du Fu's "Spring Hope" - "The country is broken by mountains and rivers, the spring grass and trees in the city are deep, the flowers splash tears when they feel it, and they hate other birds." ”
Du Fu's poems became faithful recorders of history
Birds and flowers are originally pleasing to the eye, flowers and birds are originally entertaining things, but because of the hatred of feeling goodbye, the poet saw it and wept. In this way, the mourning is lined with a happy scene, which makes the mourning even more mournful.
"Spring Mountain all the way to the birds crying", Spring Mountain all the way, not only let people imagine the mountain flowers are rotten, birds are like a good place, green grass, fragrant trees, mountain springs, bird language, are some pleasant scenes, but these scenery are written with music to write mourning, to set off the poet's desolate state of mind to serve, it fully shows the poet's deep lament for the times. Here, too, the traditional expression method of "writing mourning with a happy scene and doubling its mourning" is also used.
Here we cannot but recall Du Fu's "Shu Xiang":
Where to find the Ancestral Hall? Outside Kinkan Castle, Persensen.
The green grass of the ying order is self-colored, and the yellow orioles in the next leaf are empty and good.
The three Gu frequently annoyed the world's plans, and the two dynasties opened the hearts of the old ministers.
Death before the master succeeded, and the hero was in tears!
Although the yellow oriole sings gently, the people who listen to it are sad
"Yingjie bicao from spring color, the yellow oriole empty good sound of the next leaf" is a happy scene to write mourning: The Wuhou Ancestral Hall inside the Cuibai Sensen, the grass under the hall is dazzling, reflecting a green light on the stone steps; the yellow oriole sings between the dense leaves, only hears its sound, does not see its shadow, and feels more beautiful and seductive.
The spring colors are pleasing to the eye, but the poet's mood is sad. Although the green grass and yellow oriole are pleasant to the ear, but no one appreciates it, they have to fend for themselves; the ancestral hall of the Prime Minister is so deserted, quiet and uninhabited, and the back of the Beggar is so lonely, is it that his thousand-year-old deeds and great spirit have all been forgotten? The words "self" and "emptiness" are the remembrance of the ancient heroes who died without reward and ambition, and also the expectation and call for contemporary heroes. A piece of poetry of the poet is condensed here. We should appreciate the poet's lament through the scene of joy.
Although it is Zhuge who misses and sighs, no one can understand that this is expressing his own resentment and sorrow
Du Fu's "Climbing the Stairs" makes us even more cut off.
Spending near the high-rise building hurts the hearts of guests, and it is difficult to climb here.
The spring color of the Jinjiang River comes to heaven and earth, and the floating clouds of Yulei become ancient and modern.
The Arctic court will not change in the end, and the Western Mountains will not invade each other!
Poor Lord returned to the temple, and Nichiren talked for Father Liang.
In the poem, "Flowers near high-rise buildings hurt the hearts of guests" and "Jinjiang Spring Colors Come to Heaven and Earth", two sentences describe the flowers in full bloom, gorgeous and colorful, giving people a pleasing feeling; the infinite spring light of Jinjiang seems to be with the arrival of the mighty river, filling the heavens and the earth, the scenery is vast and majestic, and the infinite interest is endless. But all this caused Du Fu to be sad, so that Du Fu had a sense of sadness in the vicissitudes of history, which is a typical way of "writing mourning with happy scenes".
Wang Wei's poem "Send yuan er to make an annunciation" allows us to appreciate the subtlety of "lejing writing mourning".
Weicheng is light and dusty towards the rain, and the guest house is green and willow-colored.
Persuade the jun to drink a glass of wine, and go out of the west to yang guan without a reason.
The old friend parted, everything was in silence, drank this cup, and did not look back
The scenery in the poem is bright and beautiful, the love is a parting feeling that makes people feel sad, and there is a little "harmony" between the scenes. The poem is "Happy Scenery Writing Lament", and it is this "disharmony" that expresses the feeling of farewell particularly strongly, "doubling its sorrow".
Song Dynasty Wang Anshi's "Mooring Boat Guazhou": "Jingkou Guazhou A Water Room", in a pleasant tone, he crossed the river from Jingkou to Guazhou. "Spring Breeze and South Bank of the Green River" depicts a vibrant scenery, and usually when people quote the poem "Spring Breeze and South Bank of the Green River", they mostly use it to depict beautiful spring colors and express joyful moods.
Here it seems to write about the beauty of spring in Jiangnan, but in fact, it is written with a happy scene to write mourning, doubling its mourning. And the focus of the sentence "Spring Wind and the South Bank of the Green River" should also be in the word "and", not the word "green", the poet focuses on describing not how beautiful the spring color of Jiangnan is, but to lament that his official body is not free, there is no home, it is not as good as returning to the spring wind of Jiangnan once a year. I am really worried, strangling my wrist and sighing, a good "sad" word ah!
Cui Hao's "Yellow Crane Tower" is a work of nostalgia. The neck link "Harukawa Calendar Hanyang Tree, Yerba Buena Parrot Island" is written in a bright and open, vibrant natural scene, but the real society is so ugly and muddy, my world is so bleak. The poet uses a happy scene to set off the mourning, and the foreground of the eyes forms a great contrast with the "heart scene", and a sad emotion arises spontaneously.
The Tang Dynasty Yuan Shu's poem "The Palace" is even further.
The ancient palace is few and far away, and the palace flowers are lonely and red.
The white-headed palace lady was there, sitting idly and saying Xuanzong.
Red flowers and white hair, the contrast is bright, the flowers have a reopening day, people are no longer young, sad and mournful
This poem expresses the desolation and mournful feelings of the palace girl's life, and pins on the poet's feelings about the past and the decline of the world. The poem expresses a desolate and mournful mood, but it is deliberately described "palace flower red", according to our experience in life, the warm color of the red flower, the blooming scene, often set off the joyful mood, the lively scene, the vibrant youth, but in this poem, it is in contrast with the "ancient palace" and "white-headed palace girl", the blooming red flowers and the few palaces contrast, let people have a sense of the prosperity and decline of the times, the spring red flowers and the white hair of the palace women, showing the red face and the old life feelings The beautiful scenery of the red flowers and the desolate state of mind contrast, highlighting the mournful mood of the palace women who are confined - "Appreciation Dictionary of Tang Poetry"
There is also Xu Hun's "Xie Ting Farewell" that allows us to further perceive the magic of these techniques.
Lao Ge twisted the boat, and the red leaves and green mountains and water rapids.
The sunset wine is far away, and the wind and rain are all over the West Building.
The ancients were confined to the backwardness and blockage of transportation and communication, and farewell poems became the main type of poetry, resonating empathy
Note: Lao Ge originally referred to the song sung at Lao Lao Ting (the old site was in the south of Nanjing) when sending off guests, and later became a synonym for the farewell song.
This is a farewell poem, and parting from sorrow and hatred is naturally the feeling expressed in poetry. The second sentence writes about the scenery, "Autumn Leaves, Green Mountains and Rapids", which writes about the scenery on the river that the poet saw after sending off his friends. In the late autumn, the green mountains are stacked, the forests are dyed, the rivers are green, the scenery is bright and clean, it is a beautiful scenery, which should be a happy scene. But the friend unwinded the boat, adding sadness, this scenery and the parting of the sorrow of the contrast, the more beautiful the scenery, the deeper the nostalgia for the reunion, but also reflects the parting sorrow.
Li Yu's "Picking Mulberries" is more typical.
Before the court, the spring was full of red and heroic dances
Drizzle when the eyebrows are not released temporarily
The green window calmly sounded and the incense was printed to ashes
Kanae wants to sleep hazy and dream
The spring color will be out, the warblers will grow older, and the red ying will fall to the green plum
This is a spring nostalgic word. The previous part said that the red flowers in front of the pavilion have fallen, spring is about to disappear, and the protagonist in the dream of the drizzle fan is sad all day long. The next part says that the protagonist waits alone under the green screen window for the arrival of the Yiren, feeling sad, and helpless to fall asleep.
"Before the court, the spring is red and the dance is wandering." A colorful picture of the fall in front of the court is displayed. Spring is red, the dance is wandering, a vivid twilight scene. But "the drizzle is slight, and when the eyebrows are not put down", from the fall of the Ying colorful and knowing that the spring will end, from the drizzle and the worry, the subjective feelings shoot out on the objective things, and the drizzle of the fall is stained with melancholy. Here, the technique of "writing mourning with a happy scene" is used.
A poem "Wangjiangnan" writes about the embarrassing situation of Zeng Gui as an emperor and now becoming a prisoner of the order.
"How much hate, in the soul of last night's dream." It is also like the old days of swimming in the garden, the car is like a flowing water horse like a dragon, and the flower moon is springing in the spring breeze. ”
Jiangnan is beautiful again, it is already hated, and ask jun how much sorrow he can have, just like a river of spring water flowing eastward
Because of the word "hate" in the first sentence, we thought we would see a miserable dream. The result was the opposite, and what emerged was a dream of elation and joy. For Li Yu, reliving the dream of joy is the result of his day and night thoughts about "losing heaven", and at the same time, this dream of reliving joy will indeed bring him more unbearable pain after waking up than the dream of tasting pain. This creates a strong contrast between the joy in the dream and the tragic reality, thus receiving the artistic effect of writing sorrow with pleasure.
The lyrical approach of "writing mourning with a happy scene" is like a waterfall, because of the difference in water level, it will present the wonder of the waterfall. This technique is to grasp the problem of emotional gap, write from the opposite side to push the feelings to the two poles, so that it is between one mourning and one pleasure, resulting in the maximum emotional gap.
The guidance of theory makes it easier and more beautiful for us to understand poetry
In "Art Overview", Liu Xizai called this artistic technique of increasing the emotional gap "lining". He believes that "the magic of words is all in the lining". The word "falling" is the meaning of falling. In fact, this kind of positive does not write the negative, which is often said to be a counter-contrast.
When we appreciate ancient poetry, we must accurately grasp this technique, avoid looking at the meaning of the text, misunderstanding the original meaning of the poem, we will love the poem, read the poem, taste the poem; appreciate the beauty in the poem, the situation of the poet, and the situation of the self!