On December 22, the Reporter of Nanfang + learned that the Ministry of Culture and Tourism is announcing to the public the list of recommended projects for the fifth batch of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects. Among them, 2 projects in Chaozhou have entered the public list, including Chaozhou cuisine cooking techniques and Cantonese embroidery (bead embroidery). If approved by publicity, it means that chaozhou's national intangible cultural heritage projects will increase to 17.
Teochew cuisine traditional dish "Dragon Wears Tiger Belly".
In 2019, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism carried out the fifth batch of national intangible cultural heritage project recommendation and declaration. This year, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism organized experts to evaluate 943 projects recommended and declared by 31 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region, as well as the central and state organs. After that, the fifth batch of national intangible cultural heritage project evaluation committees deliberated and proposed 337 recommended items, of which 198 were newly included and 139 were expanded.
Handmade bead embroidery screen of "Hundred Crane Diagram".
From now on, the list of the fifth batch of recommended projects for national intangible cultural heritage projects will be announced to the public for a period of 20 working days, ending from December 22, 2020 to January 19, 2021.
【Know more】
Teochew cuisine
Teochew cuisine.
Teochew cuisine is one of the main genres of Cantonese cuisine. Chaozhou cuisine was formed in the Song Dynasty and flourished in the Qing Dynasty, with chaoshan as the center of the distribution area, radiating to all parts of the country and Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States and other countries and regions. It has a regional flavour and is known for its seafood cooking and emphasis on authenticity.
The initial formation of Teochew cuisine was in the Song Dynasty, and some famous dishes and gongfu teas, which are closely related to it, have been produced. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, especially during the Jiajing and Wanli years, Chaozhou's economy developed rapidly, and the catering industry also prospered. The Ming Dynasty Jinshi and Hubu Zuo Shilang Lin Xichun's "Poetry of Feeling the Time" reflects the situation of Chaozhou cuisine at that time, shiyun: "Wa Chen Hongli and Qingmei, so the custom is in the present Ruolang Tui." The Fa will come from Wu and Zhejiang, and the delicacies will come from the ocean. Sheep gold ornaments three Qin bao, Yan Yu makeup crown thousands of treasures. The brown skirt is still old, and it is shameful to have big sleeves and short-toe shoes. ”
After the Opium War, the coastal area of Chaozhou gradually became a gathering place for frequent commercial activities, which played a great role in promoting the development of Chaozhou cuisine, and also led to the prosperity of Chaozhou cuisine in the surrounding areas of Jieyang, Shantou, Chaoyang, Chenghai and other places.
Teochew cuisine also spreads to important commercial towns at home and abroad with the footprints of Chaozhou merchants. In 1895, a poem written by Pan Naiguang, a merchant from Lipu, Guangxi, recounted his observations in Singapore: "Buying drunk and inviting them to restaurants, the Tang people do not go to the old fan. The opening hall must be slaughtered, half Chaozhou and half Guangzhou. ”
One of the characteristics of Teochew cuisine is that it is made of coarse dishes.
As a local dish with a long history, Teochew cuisine advocates light taste, exquisite production, and pays attention to health. Teochew cuisine has distinct local flavor characteristics in terms of ingredient selection, production, heat, seasoning and nutritional configuration: a wide range of materials, especially good at cooking seafood, vegetarian dishes and meat cooking, unique seasoning, elaborate kung fu tea interspersed between feasts and so on.
The characteristic varieties of Teochew cuisine mainly include red stewed shark fin soup, open stove roasted snail, oil bubble squid, stewed black ear eel, qiao roast goose goose, national cuisine, eight treasure vegetarian dish, soup snail handle, dry fried crab tower, golden melon taro and so on.
The open stove burns the snails.
In the long-term development process, Teochew cuisine has absorbed the cooking techniques of Central Plains cuisine and even Western cuisine, forming a unique cooking method. The common cooking methods of Teochew cuisine are stir-frying, stewing, cooking, stewing, frying, oil bubbles, baking, incandescent, branding, brine, drunkenness, returning to the sand (turning sand), cake roasting, smoking, grilling, freezing, potting, teppanyaki and so on.
In addition, Teochew cuisine is also known for its unique sauce plates, which are not only varied, but also well-matched. Commonly used sauces are fish sauce, dark soy sauce, orange oil, plum paste, three-seepage sauce, chili sauce, shacha sauce, shrimp ingredients, garlic vinegar, Zhejiang vinegar, white vinegar, pepper salt, ginger rice vinegar, mustard spicy, chili vinegar and so on, and so on, and so on.
Since the 1970s, food carving has developed rapidly in Teochew cuisine and occupied an increasingly important position. Most of the raw materials used in food carving are taken from various types of vegetables and fruits produced in Chaozhou, such as white radish, carrot, bamboo shoots, tomatoes, cucumbers, winter melons, pumpkins, taro, cabbage, etc., and the carved shapes are all kinds of flowers, birds, animals, characters, etc., many of which are borrowed from Chaozhou wood carving and Chaozhou art ceramics. Bamboo shoot flower carving is a unique and artistic technique in teochew cuisine cooking techniques. In Teochew cuisine, bamboo shoots and carrot flowers are often used as toppings for dishes, which is very effective.
With the change of the times, the lively scenes of Chaozhou restaurants and customers in various cities in the past are rare, many Chaozhou restaurants are constantly closing, many of the remaining ones are shrinking, and the inheritance of Teochew cuisine cooking skills is also limited.
Bead embroidery
Bead embroidery "Zheng Chenggong".
The bead embroidery process originates from Chao embroidery and is one of the excellent folk crafts in chaoshan area, and its works range from pearlescent costumes on the folk drama stage to women's headdresses, clothes, beads and flowers. Bead embroidery is now mainly distributed in Chaozhou City and its surrounding districts and counties.
Different from the traditional Chinese embroidery art, bead embroidery is not through different colors of silk thread to express the pattern, but the use of beads and pieces to express the pattern and color, its embroidery quality is no longer limited to silk fabrics, but includes printed cloth, beef tendon cloth, artificial leather, leather and other different materials.
Bead embroidery works are embroidered by stringing beads and grains, and the embroidery process mainly includes conception, drawing, needlework, nesting, embroidery and so on. Its pattern is basically in the form of a pattern, the composition pays attention to balance and symmetry, the main body is surrounded by branches and leaves, flowers and branches are crossed, geometric shapes are matched with flowers, color blocks are changed and composed, etc., and must be coordinated with shape and color, virtual and real. In terms of color treatment, bead embroidery extensively draws on a variety of expression techniques such as Chinese painting, oil painting, New Year painting, decorative painting, etc., and then uses the unique process of bead embroidery to express it, and pays attention to highlighting the main color, reasonable collocation, and emphasizing the decorative effect. The stitching method mainly includes more than 20 kinds of pad needles, flat needles, mixed needles, chaotic bottoms, bridge crossings, scattering points, spray points, lock branches, pipes, hanging pieces, hanging spikes, hanging spikes, hanging spikes, etc., of which scattering points, chaotic bottoms, hanging pieces, hanging spikes, etc. are unique stitching methods for bead embroidery.
Bead embroidery works are embroidered from strings of beads.
Bead embroidery can be divided into three categories according to the work: bead embroidery clothing, bead embroidery bags (bags), and bead embroidery paintings. Among them, bead embroidery painting is a new variety developed by integrating The techniques of Cantonese embroidery and tide embroidery, combined with the principle of painting and color composition. To complete a bead embroidery work, thousands of beads are used, through thousands of stitches and threads, one bead after another, and each bead is nailed to the cloth with thread, using different stitching methods and techniques to arrange. A piece of work often takes months or more to complete. The difficulty of embroidery of bead embroidery is that these beads are different from pigments, can not be mixed with color at will, and are limited by color and material specifications. Glass beads and sheets have light reflection, refraction, scattering, must be well used, master the principles of optics, colorology, with different methods of arrangement and combination of the best visual effects of the picture.
In recent years, with the change of social lifestyle, the bead embroidery production crowd is losing a large number of people, the old artists have gradually lost their creative ability, some stitches are on the verge of being lost, the inheritance status quo is worrying, and it is urgent to increase protection and support.
【Further reading】
Why Teochew cuisine is the "best Chinese cuisine"
There are currently 15 national intangible cultural heritage projects in Chaozhou.
The Ministry of Culture and Tourism re-identified the national intangible cultural heritage protection unit, and who did the 15 items in Chaozhou fall?
Su Shi Ri comprehensive finishing
【Author】 Su Shiri
【Source】 Southern Press Media Group South + client
Source: South+ - Create more value