The book "On Protracted War" is the text of Chairman Mao's speech at the Yan'an Anti-Japanese War Research Conference from May 26 to June 3, 1938. This is a classic military theoretical work, known as one of the world's top ten military masterpieces.
This biographical work expounds the 21 questions, the first 9 questions are the first part, mainly to explain why the War of Resistance Against Japan is a protracted war, why the final victory is China's, and criticizes the theory of subjugation and the theory of quick victory; the last 12 questions are part 2, mainly to explain how to carry out protracted war and how to win the final victory, focusing on the strategy and tactics of the people's war and the people's war.
In "On Protracted War," Chairman Mao had this to say: "The killing of escapists such as Li Fuyi and Han Fuyu was right. Advocating the spirit and action of brave sacrifice and heroic advance in war is something absolutely necessary under a correct battle plan and cannot be separated from protracted war and final victory..."
In the six months after the official start of the War of Resistance Against Japan, from July 1937 to the beginning of 1938, among the senior Kuomintang generals, among the senior Kuomintang generals, who were sentenced to death by the military court for "abandoning their positions and fleeing without authorization", were first Li Fuyi, commander of the 61st Army of the Jin Sui Army system, and then Han Fuyu, commander-in-chief of the Third Army and chairman of Shandong Province.
When they were shot, Li and Han Fuyu were both 47 years old.
The names of these two escaped generals are known to more people because they have entered Chairman Mao's classic works.
Born in 1890, Li Fuyi was a native of Chengxian County ,present-day Yuanping City, Shanxi, and was a fellow villager with Kuomintang generals Xu Yongchang, Lieutenant General Xu Fanting, and Zhang Peimei.
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Zhao Erlu, the founding general of new China, Fu Quanyou (who was the chief of the general staff of the People's Liberation Army), Zhang Gong (who was the political commissar of the Beijing Military Region), and Lieutenant General Chen Mingshan (who was the deputy commander of the navy) who were awarded the title after 1988 were also generals born in this place.
In 1914, Li Was admitted to the First Middle School of the Qinghe Army in Beijing, and then entered the Baoding Army Officer School, where he was the 5th Infantry Scientist. During his stay at the Baoding Army Officer School, Li Fuyi married Fu Zuoyi, Chu Xichun, Zhao Chengshou, Lu Yinglin, Li Shengda, Zhang Yinwu, Wang Jingguo, Chai Zishang, Yang Yaofang, Wu Duying, Yang Xiaoou, and Chen Changjie, and 12 fellow students of the same period, known as the "Thirteenth Taibao".
In 1918, when Li Fuyi graduated from the Baoding Army Officer School, Yan Xishan was expanding his troops, and he urgently summoned Shanxi graduates to return to the province to work. After consulting with his 12 allies, Shanxi and his brothers from other provinces, Li Fuyi decided to go and join yan Xishan. From then on, Li Fuyi became one of the generals of the Jin Army.
Li was a good bet, and he once caused a sensation in the provincial capital in Taiyuan for losing 140,000 oceans in one night, and it is said that this record was maintained until the currency was withdrawn from circulation and no one could break it.
In 1930, Li Fuyi was appointed commander of the 5th Army under Yan Xishan, and on the eve of the Anti-Japanese War, he became the commander of the 61st Army, and together with Fu Zuoyi, Zhao Chengshou, Wang Jingguo and others, he was known as yan Xishan's "Thirteenth Taibao".
Li's combat ability is average. People at the time commented that he was better than "diplomacy" and shorter than the military, and most of his officers below the middle level did not know each other.
After the Japanese army began its all-out war of aggression against China in 1937, the North China army launched an offensive in three ways: one along the Jinpu Railway, pointing to Dezhou in Shandong; one along the Pinghan Railway, pointing to Xinxiang in Henan; one way along the Pingsui Railway, and after capturing Datong, the troops were divided to capture Taiyuan in Shanxi and Baotou in Suiyuan. The intention is to adopt the strategy of "clamping down on the two wings and making a breakthrough in the central authorities" and completing the plan to seize North China.
The enemy of the 5th Division and the independent mixed 11th Brigade led by Sakagaki Seishiro continued to attack the west after capturing Nankou on August 26. On August 27, after meeting Zhangjiakou with the Chahar Corps led by Hideki Tojo, chief of staff of the Japanese Kwantung Army in Duolun and Zhangbei, they led a total force of about 45,000 people to Tianzhen County in northeastern Shanxi.
Tianzhen County is located at the junction of the three provinces (districts) of Jin, Hebei and Mongolia, east of Huai'an County of Hebei Province, south of Yangyuan County of Hebei Province, west of Yanggao County, and north of Xinghe County of Inner Mongolia, known as "three provinces of chicken chirping and hearing".
Defend Shanxi, Tianzhen is imperative! Yan Xishan, who was then the commander of the Second Theater of Operations, saw that the flames of the war had reached the doorstep of his home, and this was really urgent. He hastily ordered Li Fuyi, commander of the 61st Army, which was subordinate to Fu Zuoyi's 7th Army, to quickly assemble troops and deploy them to defend against the enemy.
Li's 61st Army was ordered to be in charge of the deployment at Panshan, Tianzhen, and Yanggao. Panshan is located 4 kilometers southeast of Tianzhen, the mountain is high and dangerous, you can overlook the Pingsui Line, and it is also a natural barrier of Tianzhen. The mountains are not guarded, the heavenly town is not protected, the heavenly town is not guaranteed, the danger of Datong is like an egg under the stone, the loss of Datong, and the whole territory of Shanxi is in danger.
However, Li Fuyi's troops left without a fight. The Ta Kung Pao reported on September 30, 1937: "Li Obeyed and abandoned the Yang High Land, and did not report it. After the enemy army re-advanced to the vicinity of Datong, Li Mi ordered the army to retreat. The enemy did not spend a single bullet to get down to Datong. ”
Because Li Fu abandoned ShouyangGao, Tianzhen and other important places, the Japanese army that drove straight in burned and raped, and did no evil, resulting in the Tianzhen Massacre in which more than 2,300 people were brutally killed.
Public opinion throughout the country was in an uproar, and people from all walks of life were shocked, and they all condemned the 61st Army responsible for guarding the land and fled.
There are two main reasons why Li Fuyi abandoned his position and fled: First, the 61st Army commanded by Li Fuyi was reorganized from the 68th Division led by him before the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. In terms of the strength of the enemy and us, the strength of the defender Li Fuyi was far from that of the Japanese army. Second, at the beginning of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the permanent fortifications for national defense in Panshan, Tianzhen, Datong, Fengzhen, Xinghe, and Jining had not yet been completed, and the national defense fortification fees allocated by the Chengsai Group of the Nanjing General Staff Headquarters to the Taiyuan Appeasement Office had been embezzled by officials a lot, and not many of them had really been paid.
But in any case, escaping from the battlefield is not tolerated by military law.
On October 1, 1937, Yan Xishan, who had fled back to Taiyuan from Taihe Lingkou, formed a high military tribunal and announced that Li Fuyin would be tried the next day.
The courtroom is located in the lobby of the Taiyuan Appeasement Office. Late on the night of October 2, Yan Xishan, as presiding judge, pronounced Li's guilt: "You have given up your important land for no reason, and your sin should be executed." In addition, the discipline of the Jin Sui Army, with your ranks being the worst, shows that you are not strict in your control, so that you disturb the place. The fact that the national defense fortifications, with your position as the slowest, shows that you have failed to supervise the work so well that the fighters have been delayed. You should also be sentenced to death in these two matters. ”
In this way, Li Fuyi was quickly shot.
Yan Xishan also reversed the unfavorable situation of public opinion after the start of the war.
Just over two months after Li Fuyi was shot, Tang Shengzhi, a close friend of Li Fubin's classmate at the Baoding Military Academy, guarded Nanjing, unable to hold it, and he also slipped away, and the hundreds of thousands of refugees and prisoners who had not been evacuated in Nanjing were brutally slaughtered and raped by the Japanese army, and the number of victims was more than a hundred times that of the "Tianzhen Massacre."
But Tang Shengzhi was only removed from his post. The Kuomintang has always lacked the same treatment of affairs.
The second senior Kuomintang general to be executed in the early days of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression was Han Fuyu, who was born in 1890 in Baxian County, Hebei Province, and was a general in the Kuomintang Army.
In September 1930, Han Fuyu became chairman of Shandong Province, beginning his seven-year reign in Shandong, becoming the longest-reigning provincial chairman during Chiang Kai-shek's reign.
Chiang Kai-shek and Han Fuyu
After the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Han Fuyu served as deputy commander of the Fifth Theater and commander-in-chief of the Third Army, responsible for commanding the Shandong military and undertaking the defense of the Yellow River. He personally visited the front line command many times and performed well in anti-Japanese battles such as the night attack on Sangyuan Station, the bloody battle in Texas, and the night attack on Dawenkou.
In the winter of 1937, when the Japanese army attacked Shandong, in order to preserve its strength, Han Fuyu openly violated the order of the Military Commission that "under any circumstances, it is absolutely not allowed to leave the theater" and abandoned Jinan without a fight. On the eve of the evacuation, he ordered the burning of the provincial government and the Jinde Association, known as the "Scorched Earth Resistance".
On January 11, 1938, Han Fuyu was invited by Chiang Kai-shek to Kaifeng to attend a high-ranking military conference of northern generals and arrested. He was later detained in Hankou and executed on January 24 for "disobeying orders and withdrawing without authorization" after a "military court trial."
Han Fuyu's execution had a great response at the time, greatly reviving the depressed morale and morale of the Kuomintang troops. Bai Chongxi once commented on this: "Han has corrected the law, established discipline, inspired the officers and men of various theaters, and unanimously supported it throughout the country, and the 3rd Group Army of Han Zhiyuan's headquarters also fought bravely against the enemy under the command of Sun Tongxuan." Prior to this, the combat troops north of the Yellow River were lighter than advancing and retreating, and the orders of the Central Military Commission were violated by the yang and yin of the troops, and after this rectification, they all obeyed. ”
Han fuyu was also the highest official in China to be executed for defeat during the War of Resistance. (Liu Jixing)