The Antarctic surface is covered with thick snow and ice, and huge icebergs float on the surface of the sea, with extremely low average annual temperatures. Therefore, the number one "enemy" of Antarctic exploration is low temperatures.
The harsh cold wind can freeze the exposed body within a few minutes, and the entire body, hands and feet must be protected. Hats are best with zippers, and fur trims prevent moisture from freezing on the face from coming out of the exhalation, which will frostbite the skin.
Wind speeds of 177 km/h have been recorded in the Antarctic region. Along with the low temperatures, the condensation effect of the fierce wind is more pronounced – much lower than the temperature indicated by the thermometer. For example, a wind speed of 32 km/h at -14 °C would equate the actual temperature to -34 °C; if it is -42 °C in severe cold.
The coat should be windproof, and the fabric should be as dense as possible to prevent the snow flakes from sticking to it and condensing, but the air permeability should be good enough to facilitate the emission of water vapor, otherwise the water vapor will condense inside the clothes. However, the inner layer of clothing should not be breathable to keep warm. Leather goods coats are ideal, and down jackets are now more popular. Wool clothing does not absorb water easily and keeps you warm even when wet. Leopard leather boots and tarpaulin boots are ideal, with solid laces and rubber undersides that keep them warm. At least three pairs of socks should be worn, and if necessary, you can also temporarily wrap a few layers of fabric on your feet to thicken them.
Frostbite, too low body temperature and snow blindness can be major dangers you face, and when heating or boiling water is likely to pose a risk of hypoxia and carbon monoxide poisoning. Preventing frostbite should be the key "homework": rub the facial skin frequently to prevent the formation of stiff erythema, stretch the muscles and bones, and do more exercises on the hands. Observe the skin of yourself and others for pallor or erythema or dark spots, especially on the face, ears, and hands. Don't wear your clothes too tightly, as that will reduce the rate of blood circulation in your body. Don't touch the metal with your bare hands, and avoid sprinkling gasoline on the skin, it is more dangerous than water.
Remember: The key to staying warm is to stay clean, avoid overheating, loose clothes, and keep dry.
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