#古史传奇 #
(Photo: Portrait of Tang Xuanzong Li Longji)
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" > preface:</h1>
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" >01, when the new century is in its prime! </h1>
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang ascended the throne in the first year of the reign of Li Long, and in less than half a year he launched a "congenital coup" to quell the forces of Princess Taiping, who was trying to usurp imperial power, and completely regained the power of the emperor from his father Li Dan, changing the era name to "Kaiyuan".
From then on, he exerted great efforts to govern and display his talents: he appointed a sage to govern the court battles that had plagued the Tang Dynasty for decades since Wu Zetian;
To rectify the administration of officials, "only when officials are not indiscriminately promoted can they not be falsely appointed." "The Great Revolution is indiscriminate, and nine out of ten is gone." Drastically lay off 90 percent of the country's official positions nepotism, greatly reducing the expenditure on the national treasury;
Internal and external exchanges promoted outstanding imperial officials in Beijing to local important positions, and outstanding local officials were elected to the imperial court. Eliminate the drawbacks of heavy imperial officials and light external appointments, and the mediocrity and laziness of local officials, and set a precedent for the use of officials in ancient China;
Reward the good and punish the mediocre, establish an appraisal system, implement annual appraisals for officials throughout the country, retain those who are able, and cut those who are mediocre, paying special attention to the selection and appraisal of county-level officials;
Punish the strong and support the nongsang. Conduct a nationwide land and population census, and confiscate all the lands of peasants who have been forcibly seized by the gentry and bullies. Re-register the homeless population who have been oppressed and lost their land, and distribute the land to them so that they can live and work in peace and contentment;
We should reform the military system, expand our territory, and strengthen our national defense. The prefectural military system, which had long been inapplicable, was changed to a conscription system, and a strong national defense force was recruited from all over the country to recruit elite soldiers, and everything was necessary to fight for the lost territory of the previous dynasty, and most of the territory lost during the Wu Zetian period was recovered.
By the end of the Kaiyuan Dynasty, in just twenty-nine years, Datang had become a prosperous, powerful, and powerful superpower.
(Territory of the Sheng Tang Dynasty)
The country's territory stretched from Kobe Prefecture (present-day Tonghua, Jilin) in the east, over the Onion Ridge to the AnnUnciation Prefecture (present-day Bukhara, Uzbekistan) in the west, to Lov Prefecture (present-day Ha Tinh, Vietnam) in the south, and from the Caspian Sea to Xuan Que Prefecture (present-day Angara River Basin, Russia) in the north.
The land area is 10.76 million square kilometers, the population reaches 80 million people, the cultivated land area is nearly 700 million mu, and the per capita per capita is 9 mu (1.3 mu per capita today), which is the highest in the pre-Tang dynasty.
The ten major military towns in the whole Tang Dynasty, east, west, south and north, have 490,000 male soldiers, more than 100,000 forbidden troops of the imperial court, more than 80,000 warhorses, elite soldiers and strong generals, can fight good battles, dominate the four seas, and the national defense force is unprecedentedly strong.
At that time, many countries in the western region and Central Asia had been incorporated into the Tang Dynasty, the northwest hui, the bohai, khitan, Xi, Silla in the east, and Japan all submitted, and even tubo, a strong enemy who had been fighting with the Tang for a hundred years, was defeated one after another, unable to dominate!
Out of Kyoto Chang'an to the west of the Onion Ridge, the Silk Road often has Tang Cavalry cruising, horse gang bandits extinct, Hu riding without courage to harass, dozens of hundreds of large and small caravans to travel freely, merchants and tourists carefree!
The original barren and desolate Hexi Corridor was constantly packed from day to night, and the bells were jingling. Liangzhou, Ganzhou, Guazhou, Jiuquan, Dunhuang, etc. have become bustling trade capitals, and goods are concentrated in transit stations.
The west of the Qianli River is green, the fields are continuous, and the villages are facing each other. People do not pick up the road, do not close their homes at night, and go out without taking plates to eat and live.
(Map of Silk Road Visitors Today)
According to the Tongdian (du you written), "The two capital bucket rice is not more than twenty texts, the face is thirty-two, and the silk is two hundred and ten." East to the Song (present-day Shangqiu, Henan) (present-day Kaifeng), west to Qizhou (present-day Fengxiang, Shaanxi), jialu column shops are unpretentious, wine and food is overflowing. Each shop has a donkey tenant ride, which is called a donkey for dozens of miles. ”
"In the south of Jingxiang (present-day Jiangling and Xiangfan, Hubei), north to Taiyuan and Fanyang (present-day Beijing), and west to Shuchuan (present-day Chengdu) and Liangfu (present-day Wuwei), all had shops for merchants and travelers, thousands of miles away, and did not hold a blade."
Wang Wei, a great poet who was famous throughout the Tang Dynasty at that time, described the kaiyuan dynasty as "nine days to open the palace, and all the nations to worship the crown." ”
The great poet Du Fu, in the later years of suffering and chaos, remembered the prosperous era of the kai nian" and "recalled the heyday of the kaiyuan in the past, and Xiaoyi still hid thousands of families." Rice is white, and public and private warehouses are abundant. There are no jackals on the roads of Kyushu, and the distance does not lead to the sunrise of Laoji. ”
However, it was such a powerful empire that was so prosperous that when the "Anshi Rebellion" struck, because of the cunning and confusion of the traitors and the suspicious suspicion of the emperor, it fell like a strong man suddenly dying!
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" >02, Datang ben is not worried! </h1>
In the fourteenth year of Tianbao (755 AD), on the ninth day of the first month of winter, a lightning bolt in Youzhou cut through the sky of the Tang Dynasty, and the dark clouds of war covered the sky!
"Yuyang Fei came agitatedly and broke the neon dress feather song." The three towns of Fanyang, Pinglu and Hedong made An Lushan turn against him!
(Photo: Portrait of An Lushan)
This "Lu'er", who had once enjoyed the "washing of the Three Dynasties" by Concubine Yang, this one made Tang Xuanzong the most favored and most important, and did not hesitate to hand over the three layers of the empire's army and three parts of the world to his An Lushan, under the banner of "obeying the orders of grace to use troops to seek the loyalty of the thief and the state", he raised an army to rebel!
"The snowflakes of Yanshan Mountain are as big as a mat, and the pieces blow down the Xuanyuan Platform." An Lushan led the 150,000 elite soldiers of the three towns to sweep the leaves to the Central Plains like a wild wind, killing Tang Xuanzong in panic, dizzy, and without countermeasures!
Tang Xuanzong had the ambition to "annex the Four Yi". His national defense policy has always been "Xiongbing Town Border", and more than 400,000 strong brigades in the country have all been stationed in the ten major border towns to deter foreign enemies, and there are few military brigades in the country except for the dynastic forbidden army!
In desperation, the strong troops of Anxi, Beiting, Hexi, and Longyou border towns were evacuated to the rescue! However, the distant water could not save the nearby fire, so he hurried to open the national treasury and recruit temporarily. Feng Changqing, a general who had long since retreated to the second line, recruited 60,000 troops to the front line in Luoyang; he also ordered another veteran general, Gao Xianzhi, to recruit 110,000 men and horses to the battlefield in Chang'an, Kyoto!
Where do you know that the Tang Dynasty has been prosperous for decades, peaceful and stable for decades, people have not experienced the experience of war, and almost all of them are timid when they hear war!
These newly recruited soldiers have not been trained, and they have neither the skills to fight, nor the arrogance to kill the enemy! I was scared to pee my pants before I entered the battle!
The "tofu army" led by Feng Changqing and Gao Xianzhi could resist the rebel army like a wolf, and the soldiers fled as soon as they saw the rebels, and collapsed at the first touch, resulting in the fall of the eastern capital Luoyang. Feng and gao were helpless, so they had to pack up the remnants of the army and return to Tongguan, where they were on the verge of death.
Because Feng Changqing and Gao Xianzhi did not send generous gifts to the imperial court supervisor and eunuch Bian Lingcheng, they were extremely dissatisfied. When he returned to the court to report the war situation to Tang Xuanzong, he made up lies and made up a big confession, accusing the second general of lacking loyalty, not fighting hard, and taking the lead in fleeing for his life!
(Photo: Tang Army Conquest)
Tang Xuanzong was old and dazed, and did not investigate the truth, that is, he ordered Bian Lingcheng to return to Tongguan to supervise the beheading, and killEd Feng Changqing and Gao Xianzhi on the battlefield!
Tongguan is the last barrier to the east of Chang'an. Tong Pass is broken, Chang'an will fall, the dynasty will be difficult to protect, it must be defended!
Who to send to guard? Tang Xuanzong no longer had any generals in his hands. In a hurry, he used Ge Shuhan, a veteran general who was recuperating in the capital.
Ge Shuhan was a great hero and hero who won a great victory over Tubo for Tang Xuanzong during the kaiyuan period, and greatly promoted the national prestige of the Tang Dynasty, and was also a famous general of the Tang Dynasty. He was also the envoy of Longyou and Hexi, and the king of Ping county, and a year ago, he suddenly suffered a stroke and was half-dead on the way back to the holy face, so he stayed in the capital for a long time to recuperate.
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang issued an edict ordering him to lead 80,000 troops (some of the Kyoto garrison and the newly recruited people) to Tongguan, and together with the two troops in front of him who retreated to Tongguan, a total of 200,000 troops were in charge of guarding Tongguan, and there was no loss!
Although Geshuhan was a Turk, he learned Han culture since childhood, familiarized himself with a large number of ancient books such as "Zuo Shi Chunqiu", "Shi Ji", "Book of Han", and dared to fight hard, but also was resourceful, and repeatedly made strange moves in the northwest battlefield to subdue the Tubo invasion and recover a large area of territory that had been robbed by Tubo.
He was ordered to be carried to Tongguan by the soldiers, lying on the chariot to inspect the terrain and understand the battle situation. As a veteran who has experienced hundreds of battles, he soon has a very clear understanding of the battle situation:
(Pictured: General Goshuhan in the film and television drama)
Tongguan is dangerous, easy to defend and difficult to attack; the rebels do not have many troops, far away from the old nest to attack and fight, soldiers are more difficult to supply food and grass, they intend to make a quick decision;
Guo Ziyi, the newly appointed deputy envoy of Shuofang Jiedu of the Imperial Court, has led tens of thousands of Shuofang elite troops to the battlefields of Hedong and Hebei; all the strong brigades in the northwestern border towns are on the way to urgently withdraw and rush to the aid, as long as they are stubbornly defended, the Tong Pass will not be broken, the rebels will die, and the counter-rebellion will be victorious!
After the operational thinking was clear, he meticulously arranged the formation, solemnly disciplined the military, and killed those who were afraid of war and escaped from dereliction of duty, and at the same time, he also made up for the new recruits' fighting skills!
As a result, the general was in office, the soldiers were in power, and the upper and lower levels were strictly guarded, and the rebels were defeated in many large-scale strong attacks! From the first month to June, for half a year, the rebels were still unable to capture Tongguan!
It was during the six months that the old general of the brothers and elders held Tongguan, and the situation on the battlefield underwent a major change that was very conducive to the counterinsurgency of the imperial court:
Because Tongguan has been unable to attack for a long time, the battle line is too long, the battlefield is too large, the supply of food and grass for soldiers is difficult, the number of wounds and diseases has increased, and the fatigue and fear of difficulties have grown among the soldiers, the offensive posture that swept through the Central Plains and was like a broken bamboo has been obviously lost;
Located in Pingyuan County (present-day Lingcheng District, Dezhou City, Shandong), Taishou Yan Zhenqing (a great calligrapher of the Tang Dynasty) and his brother Yan Gaoqing raised the banner of loyalty and righteousness, and recruited 13,000 self-recruited troops to fight against the rebels and defend their homeland.
(Photo: Portrait of Yan Zhenqing)
This move won the response of the surrounding seventeen counties, and all the Taishou followed suit and recruited troops to resist the enemy, and elected Yan Zhenqing as the leader, formed an alliance for joint defense and joint protection, and raised nearly 200,000 troops!
A sudden fire broke out in the backyard, making An Lushan anxious and restless;
Zhang Tour (張巡), commander of Tang Zhenyuan County (present-day Luyi, Henan). When the rebels attacked, his immediate superior, TanJun Taishou, surrendered, causing him to head west to meet the rebels. In a fit of rage, he raised an army to quell the rebellion, and more than a thousand responders.
Zhang Tour led this team into Yongqiu (雍丘, in present-day Qixian County, Henan), joined with Lieutenant Jia Ben of Shan Father's (present-day Shan County, Shandong), gathered 3,000 soldiers and horses to defend Yongqiu, and the rebels attacked more than 40,000 people, repeatedly failed to conquer, held for more than 60 days, and after more than 300 battles, they annihilated nearly 10,000 enemies and captured more than 2,000 enemies. The defenders suffered more than half of the casualties, and Zhang Zhuanhun was injured countless times, but Yongqiu was still solid, blocking the rebels' way to the east!
Guo Ziyi was "seized of affection" during the period of filial piety, and was appointed deputy ambassador of Shuo Fang Jiedu, leading tens of thousands of Shuo Fang troops to fight the rebellion in the Hedong Battlefield!
(Photo: Portrait of General Guo Ziyi)
The Shuofang army is a border defense force with strong combat strength. As soon as he entered Hedong, he won one victory after another. First, he recaptured the Jingbian Army (present-day Youyu County, Shanxi), then defeated the rebel gao Xiuyan at Hequ and recaptured the towns of Yunzhong (present-day Datong, Shanxi) and Mayi Commandery (present-day Shuo County, Shanxi), opening up the passage to Dongxingguan (southeast of present-day Dai County, Shanxi).
During this period, Li Guangbi, the deputy envoy of Hedong Jiedu, who was recommended by Guo Ziyi and temporarily appointed by the imperial court, led 5,000 troops and horses to conquer Taiyuan, the capital of Hedong Junzhen, and then invaded Hebei to recover Changshan Commandery (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei).
Guo Ziyi also marched out of Jingxing pass and entered Hebei, and together with Li Guangbi's combined army, he defeated tens of thousands of troops of the second commander of the rebel army, Shi Siming, at Jiumen Township, northwest of present-day Gaocheng, Hebei), and recaptured more than ten counties, including Gaocheng (藁城, in modern Gaocheng, Hebei), Shi Siming threw away his armor and fled to Zhao County (present-day Zhao County, Hebei), where Guo and Li led their armies to pursue them, besieging Zhao County and defeating the rebels, capturing more than 4,000 enemy soldiers.
What was even more exciting was that the Guo and Li coalition forces fought a decisive battle with Shi Siming's troops at Jiashan (嘉山, in modern Quyangdong, Hebei) east of Changshan Commandery, defeating the rebels, beheading more than 40,000 people and capturing tens of thousands of horses. Shi Siming fell off his horse and fled into the wilderness. More than ten counties in Hebei have slaughtered the rebel defenders to meet the Wang Shi jin brigade!
As a result, the battlefield between Fanyang County and the Central Plains was completely cut off, the rebels lost their support and were sandwiched between Hebei and Tongguan, and the counterinsurgency was in a good situation.
(Photo: Portrait of General Lee Kwang-bik)
Tongguan was unable to be conquered for a long time and could not be crossed; Hebei was already under the control of Bu Ziyi and Li Guangbi, and the rebels' contact with the old nest Fanyang was cut off.
An Lushan was trapped in Henan, unable to retreat, distraught, and angrily scolded the solemn and noble strategists who encouraged him to raise an army to rebel, and "discussed abandoning Luoyang and returning to Fanyang." ”
In May, An Lushan began to withdraw his forces from Tongguan, leaving Cui Qianyou with a force of 40,000 men to defend Shaanxi Commandery (陕郡, in modern Sanmenxia, Henan) in preparation for the retreat and the fortification of Fanyang.
An Lushan had lost the confidence to break through tongguan and attack Chang'an, retreat to Youzhou, and the trend of sticking to Fanyang was already obvious!
Datang is safe!
<h1 class = "pgc-h-center-line" >03, 180,000 officers and soldiers were slaughtered! </h1>
This is a winning counterinsurgency war! As long as the defenders of Geshuhan held on to Tongguan for a few more months, the rebels of An Lushan would undoubtedly be defeated. There are two reasons for this:
First, the rebels are barbaric and ferocious, inhumane, burning and looting everywhere they go, killing and looting, harming the people, and being unpopular. Over time, the land they occupied would follow the example of Hebei, revolt one after another, recruit troops to protect themselves, and join forces to resist the enemy. So the rebels will have no place to stand?
Second, the retreating and rescued western strong brigades will arrive one after another, and then they can attack strongly together with the Tongguan defenders of Geshuhan, and form a two-sided attack with the combined forces of Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi in Hebei, and the rebels are powerless to resist and must be defeated!
However, Tang Xuanzong, who was old and dazed, was confused by the treacherous plan of the villain who seized power and profit, and forced Ge Shuhan to lead an army to annihilate the enemy and retake Luoyang.
(Photo: Zhang Patrol raised troops to suppress the rebellion)
Since the beginning of June, Tang Xuanzong has been three tokens a day, supervising the defenders to fight. Ge Shuhan repeatedly expressed his feelings: "Looking at the overall situation, at this time, it is only advisable to stick to it, not to attack!" "An Lushan has been using troops for a long time, and there are many tricks, and the attack will be successful!" "As long as you hold tongguan, the rebels will not attack themselves!"
The dim-headed king did not listen at all, and on the second and third days of the first month, he issued more than ten holy decrees in succession, and sent more than ten envoys to supervise the battle. Shi Zai: Within a few days, the messengers looked at each other with their backs!
Goshuhan could no longer resist. He understood that if he didn't fight again, he would be suspected of being unfaithful, and he would fall to the ground like Feng Changqing and Gao Xianzhi!
On the morning of the fourth day of the first month of June, Ge Shuhan, an old hero who had covered the sun and the moon for the Tang Dynasty, lay on the military vehicle of the Tongguan General Platform and wept: "The attack will be defeated!" TongGuan will be broken! Chang'an will fall! In the middle of the treacherous scheme also..."
Accompanied by mournful cries, whistling winds, horses howling, cars roaring, the guarding army marched east!
Ge Shuhan left 20,000 old, weak, wounded and disabled people in Tongguan, and personally led 180,000 horses out of the pass to annihilate the enemy. A few days after the march, they came to Lingbao Xiyuan (present-day Lingbao, Henan), the first pass west of Shaanxi County (present-day Sanmenxia, Henan). Here, the massacre of the rebels against the officers and soldiers officially began!
This is a narrow valley of more than seventy miles that Lingbao leads to Shaanxi County, which is more than seventy miles long, and is backed by mountains in the south, with steep slopes and steep cliffs. North of the Yellow River, the water is turbulent, deep and bottomless. The mountain road is rugged and narrow, making it difficult for large armies to pass.
The rebels have been waiting for several days to lay out a maze here on the basis of danger.
(Picture: Lingbao Blood War film and television drama plot)
As a veteran of hundreds of battles, GeShuhan naturally knew what would happen if the 180,000-strong army wanted to pass through this narrow valley of more than 70 miles of mountains and rivers. However, he has no way to retreat, he does not want to end up in the same field, the second year of high school will also be the same, he only has to break through, only to fight for his life!
Ge Shuhan divided his troops and deployed his troops, with the cavalry commander Wang Sili leading 50,000 cavalry as the first, and the infantry leader Pang Zhong led 100,000 people to follow, and then he led 30,000 people to beat drums on a high post on the north bank of the Yellow River to cheer.
At first, Wang Sili led the cavalry slowly forward, advancing in an orderly manner. Only to see that there were not many enemy troops in front of them, there was no position, three or three, two, sparse, all old and weak, turning around and fleeing without engagement.
Seeing this scene, Wang Sili did not know what the plan was, so he marched forward, and the soldiers nested in Tongguan for half a year, trying to achieve the first merit, and they all leapt forward!
For a time, on the narrow mountain road, the front cavalry crowded their horses and drove straight in, and the infantry behind them also swarmed!
Suddenly, a series of cannon shots rang out, and boulders and trees were thrown from the mountain, smashing officers and soldiers on their horses, and the ghosts cried wolf! Immediate smashing of the dead, broken heads and broken waists, people trampled by frightened horses, abound, unbearable to see!
After several hours of wooden attack, the cavalry in the valley was almost half damaged. Immediately afterward, dozens of fuel-filled grass carts lit up at once, suddenly igniting a raging fire, blocking the way of the former army, and the branches and weeds on the mountain were thrown down, and the smoke billowed throughout the valley, the fire was in the sky, and the horses were hissing!
According to the "Battle of Tongguan", it was as dark as night, the two armies were unrecognizable, and the bows and crossbows were fired indiscriminately. The eyes of the officers and soldiers were blinded by smoke, they killed each other, and the corpse blood was blurred...
(Pictured: The plot of the decisive battle between the officers and the rebels)
In the valley, the cavalry was destroyed, and the infantry panicked, fearful, and fled for their lives. On the narrow and long mountain path, you push and squeeze, trample on each other, and the people who are pushed into the Yellow River are piled up, countless!
The first two waves of attacks are just the prologue, and the real massacre is about to officially take place...
(The content is too long and space is limited, please read the next article.) How did the traitors make it bad, and how did Tang Xuanzong get caught? It will be wonderful for you. ）
(Photo: Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy)
[The picture comes from the network, the copyright belongs to the original author, thank you for the shooting and production.] 】
【Original article, if reprinted with my consent, please do not infringe!】 】