The Song and Liao Dynasties and the Jinyuan Era were a typical period in Chinese history in which all ethnic groups jointly created history, during which farming culture and nomadic culture moved from conflict to integration, and the cultures of different nationalities and different societies moved from fragmentation to innovation. Whether it is academics or science and technology, they have moved to a new realm.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="2" > scripture, philosophy, and science</h1>
The development of China's feudal economy entered a new stage in the Song Dynasty, and the corresponding classics and philosophies also developed into a new stage. Kong Yingda of the Tang Dynasty wrote the Five Classics of Justice, which ended Confucian classics since the Han and Wei dynasties. The classics before the Tang Dynasty were called "Sinology", and the classics after the Song Dynasty were called "Song Studies".
There are many reasons for the emergence of Song Xue, the most important of which is that Song Xue is most suitable for the needs of feudal rule at that time, which can not only allow the ruling class to better exploit the people, but also provide favorable political conditions. On the other hand, it is also because the development of sinology to the Tang Dynasty has fallen into a dilemma that cannot continue to develop.
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, five generations of war, the study of scriptures has been interrupted for a long time, and Buddhism and Taoism are still popular in the southern countries. Song Taizu and Song Taizong revered both Buddhism and Confucianism, which were used to win over scholars and stabilize the rule of the Song Dynasty, and had nothing to do with scholarship. During the Song Taizu period, Kong Yingda's Five Classics of Justice were revised and printed by Guozijian. Emperor Zhenzong of Song was a firm believer in Taoism, but he also advocated Confucianism, and ordered Guozi to supervise the sacrifice of wine Xing Yu to compile the Nine Classics of Shuyi and promulgate it. During the fifty or sixty years from the beginning of the Song Dynasty to the Zhenzong of Song, it was mainly to restore the unified classics of the Tang Dynasty in order to maintain the centralized rule of the Song Dynasty, and there were no new academic innovations.
During the Song Renzong period, the system of only taking the top ten in the imperial examination had cultivated a number of Confucians, and the contradictions of the Song Dynasty's rule began to be gradually exposed, and celebrities from all sides began to look for reform plans and launched new explorations in academics.
Confucius's primitive Confucianism was the art of rulers for government and the way of cultivating themselves in the world, and philosophical thought was extremely poor, which was not improved in Sinology until Sinology evolved into Song Studies, and the science of science appeared.
Theoreticians generally believe that Zhou Dunyi is the founder of the science of science, he fused the content of Lao Tzu and Taoist teachings with the "Yi" and wrote the "Taiji Diagram Theory", Zhou Dunyi's philosophical works are basically to illustrate the two basic concepts of Taiji and Wuji. Zhou Dunyi's Tai Chi doctrine did not have any impact on society during the Song Renzong period, and its academic status was not high. Later generations of theorists highly praised him because he was the first to contact philosophical issues such as the origin of the universe and society, turned the Confucian classics into philosophy, and often made philosophical arguments for the ethical principles of feudal rule. His concepts of "one reality" and "the Lord's quiet desirelessness" have been carried forward by later generations of theorists. After Zhou Dunyi, his disciples Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao put forward the idea of "preserving heavenly reason and removing human desires", which was strongly supported by the politician Sima Guang at that time.
Wang Anshi was a scholar who was politically opposed to Sima Guang, and he engaged in law-changing activities in the hope of making the Song Dynasty stronger through the change of law. However, if you want to change the law, you have to oppose the Confucian doctrine of mandate of heaven, and Wang Anshi's learning is mainly based on Confucianism, so his works often have contradictory content. In any case, Wang Anshi proposed a new interpretation of the Confucian classics, and the content of his "Three Classics and New Righteousness" was called "new learning".
Ercheng founded Rigaku during the Northern Song Dynasty, and due to the repeated political struggles between the reformers and the conservatives, Ercheng's doctrine and Wang Anshi's doctrine also arose. Until the emergence of Zhu Xi, Cheng Xue finally replaced Wang Xue and formed a complete system.
Zhu Xi lived in the era of Song Xiaozong to Song Ningzong, and suffered repeated defeats in the struggle of political factions, but he achieved great success in teaching and apprenticeship in society, and had a wide impact. After Zhu Xi's death, his writings and doctrines were admired by Emperor Lizong of Song. After Emperor Nanzong, "Zhu Xue" also became an authentic science. Zhu Xi absorbed the teachings of many northern Song scholars such as Zhou Dunyi and Ercheng, so he was called the "Ji Dacheng" of Theory of Science, and his doctrine was mainly inherited from Ercheng, so later generations also called it "Cheng Zhu Lixue".
Zhu Xi's main doctrine theorized the Three Principles and Five Constants, which later became the pillars of the feudal system in later generations. Compared with other theorists, Zhu Xi attached great importance to the popularization and popularization of his teachings, which was also an important reason for Zhu Xue's huge social impact. Because it was easy to understand, teenagers at that time could learn. At that time, most of the teenagers would follow the three principles and five constants to determine their words and deeds, and take the three principles and five constants as their moral code. Zhu Xi's doctrine focused on the principle of husband as wife, advocated the education of women, and advocated that men and women could only be masters and subordinates. This made the status of women at that time even more inferior and oppressive.
Zhu Xi's rich writings during his lifetime earned him a high reputation in the academic community, and thus facilitated the spread of his teachings. In terms of classics, he is the author of "Yi Benyi", "Biography of Poetry Collection", "On Meng Jiyi", "Filial Piety And Publication Error" and many others. In terms of history, there is the Compendium of General Studies. In terms of literature, there are "Notes on the Collection of Chu Ci". Zhu Xi was a master of the science of science, and he made many annotations and compilations of the writings of the philosophers since the Northern Song Dynasty. For example, "Taiji Illustration", "Tongshu Explanation", "Ximing Interpretation", "Zhengmeng Solution", "Xie Shangcai Quotations", "Yanping (Li Dong) Q&A", "Recent Thoughts", "Cheng's Testament", etc., and also "Records of the Origin of Yiluo", explaining the origin of Cheng Xue. Zhu Xi's own lectures and writings on weekdays were compiled by posterity as "ZhuZi Language" and "Zhu Wen Gongwen Collection". During Zhu Xi's lifetime, famous disciples included Cai Yuanding, Cai Shen's father and son, Chen Chun, and Zhu Xi's son-in-law Huang Hui, each of whom wrote and disseminated Zhu Xue.
Although Zhu Xi was considered to be orthodox in science, he was not a single family at that time. At that time, Lu Jiuyuan established a school that was opposed to Zhu Xi, called "Heart Science". Lu Jiuyuan's political status is not prominent, and there is no academic successor. He combined mencius's teachings with the speculations of Zen Buddhism to independently form the so-called "psychology". Lu Jiuyuan's main theory is that "the universe is my mind, and my heart is the universe", refuting Zhu Xi's "Heavenly Reason" theory, believing that "the heart is the reason".
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="41" > literature and art</h1>
The development of literature and art in the Song Dynasty generally went through three stages: the first stage was the early years of the Song Dynasty, inheriting the beautiful style of the late Tang Dynasty, and there was little innovation in literature. The second stage was after Emperor Renzong of Song, the political system was reformed, the style of writing also underwent a major change, and the essayists represented by Ouyang Xiu once again launched the ancient literature movement. The third stage is after the Song Dynasty moved south, the anti-Jin salvation became the theme of social and political life, the poetry of this period also focused on this theme, it was also in this period, because the Southern Song Dynasty urban economy was relatively developed, so it produced to meet the needs of residents' cultural life, such as the book and southern opera and other new literature.
The writer who made achievements in the literary world in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty was Wang Yuwei, who had the ambition to devote himself to the imperial court and reform the maladministration, but he was belittled three times. His poetry was admired by the people of his time, but his political ambitions were not able to be carried out, and he left the world with hatred. The words of the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, like poetry, mainly followed the style of words of the Huajian School in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties period, and the famous lyricist Yan Shu did not get rid of the shackles of the Qili word style of the Five Dynasties period.
With regard to this sluggish atmosphere in the literary world, some people of insight have tried to reform it. During the Song Renzong period, due to the high call for political reform, a wave of innovation also arose in the literary world. Among them, the founders were Mei Yaochen, Su Shunqin and Ouyang Xiu.
Mei Yaochen's poetry is more blunt, too fragmented and argumentative. But the path he opened up pointed out a turning point for Song Shiwen. Su Shunqin's poetic style is majestic and bold, and his criticism of current politics is bolder and more intense than Mei Yaochen's, but it is inevitable that there are rough and blunt shortcomings. Ouyang Xiu was the master of the Song Dynasty prose reform movement, inheriting Han Yu's path of using literature as poetry. Ouyang Xiu can also compose lyrics, but his words only inherit the legacy of five generations, and there are no new achievements.
The person who has innovated in the form and subject matter of words is Liu Yong. In addition to elegant words, Liu Yong also wrote a lot of slang words, using a large number of vivid and lively folk slang, which was loved by people.
With the efforts of these literati, the poetry of the Song Dynasty began to enter a period of prosperity.
The politician Wang Anshi also had great achievements in poetry and prose. He wrote not many words, but famous ones such as "Guizhixiang" are recognized as masterpieces.
Su Shi has high achievements in poetry and prose, and is a generation of famous artists, known as "Three Sus" together with his father Su Xun and younger brother Su Rui. Su Shi was particularly good at the Seven Ancient Poems, and Shen Deqian once praised him as "having a furnace in his chest, gold, silver, lead and tin, all of which are cast in smelting." The transcendence of his pen is equal to the release of Pegasus, the game of flying immortals, the extremes of poverty and change, and the desire to come out of the desired." Around Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, Chao Wuchao, Chen Shidao, Zhang Lai, and Li Li were gathered. Each of them has its own strengths and achievements. Collectively known as the "Six Gentlemen".
Due to the social situation, the poetry of the Southern Song Dynasty rebelled against the southern invasion of the Jin Dynasty and restored the great rivers and mountains became the mainstream themes of the poetry of this period. In the early Southern Song Dynasty, several famous anti-war figures such as Yue Fei, Zhang Yuangan and Zhang Xiaoxiang had their own works. One of Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong" is awe-inspiring. Zhang Yuangan's "He Groom" two songs are generous and sad. Zhang Xiaoxiang's "Song head of the Six States" tells the people's desire with fiery feelings. Erzhang's words directly inherited Su Shi's bold style of writing, and the precedent of the Xin abandoned the disease faction.
Li Qingzhao was a famous female lyricist during the Southern Song Dynasty, known as Yi Anjushi. Li Qingzhao's words are close to the orthodox euphemism, and have great limitations in subject matter and ideological content, but they are very skilled in technique, and their attainment in language art has reached its peak. Although almost all of her words are low-hearted, they are real and touching.
Lu You was also an outstanding poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, with the ambition of resisting the enemy and restoring the country all his life, but the decadent ruling clique of the Southern Song Dynasty could only let Lu You's ardent hopes continue to be disappointed, and could only become a poet with a donkey's back. Lu You is good at seven-law poetry, and his artistic style is majestic and unrestrained, clear and smooth. He was a very diligent writer, and has preserved more than 9,300 poems.
Along with Lu You, there is also Xin Renjie. Xin abandoned the disease and was bent on killing the enemy to serve the country, but he was evacuated while actively making military preparations, and died of empty ambition and anger. There are more than 600 poems circulating to this day, and he inherits and carries forward the bold style of Su Shi's words, and in terms of content, it is combined with the fate and future of the country and the nation. This is a specific product of the Southern Song Dynasty.
People with the same style of speech as Xin Ren also advocated persisting in the War of Resistance, such as Chen Liang, Liu Guo, and Won Ji. On the contrary, Jiang Kui, Wu Wenying, Zhang Yan, and Zhou Mi tried their best to escape from reality and immersed themselves in the artistic pursuit of the word itself.
At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, when the Mongols invaded the south, at the critical juncture of the Southern Song Dynasty, the poet Wen Tianxiang raised the banner of resistance and rose up in anger. His words were sad and desolate, showing indomitable heroism and the helplessness and indignation of that era.
The poetry of the Jin Yuan period is generally a continuation of the poetry of the two Song Dynasties in terms of style, and most of the poems of the Jin Dynasty were composed by detained Song dynasty emissaries and so on. Most of their poems are mournful, and rarely have positive emotions.
After the fall of Jin, the poets of Shanxi combined to form the "Hefen Poetry School" around Yuan Haowen. Their poems imitate the middle and late Tang Dynasties, harboring a faint melancholy of Jin's demise, and some poems also express sympathy for the people's suffering. Their landscape poetry style is strong and fresh, and there are many excellent works.
In the early years of the Yuan Dynasty, the northern and southern poems each maintained their original characteristics. Most of the poets in the north followed the path opened up by Yuan Haowen. Southern poets, on the other hand, mostly admired the beauty and elegance of the late Tang Dynasty.
In the Poetry Of the Yuan Dynasty, a new genre also appeared, called "Sanqu". Sanqu is a literary genre formed by the scribes based on folk folk folk slang songs, integrating certain characteristics of words, which was extremely popular in the Yuan Dynasty and achieved the same important status as poetry.
In the Song And Jinyuan era, there were also some storytellers in the city, and the manuscripts of their stories were called scripts. The existing so-called Song and Yuan dialects are actually Song Dynasty scripts that have been revised by later generations, which have a major impact on Ming and Qing novels.
Another kind of literature and art that developed in the cities of the Song Dynasty was opera, which can be roughly divided into two major categories: one is based on song and dance, such as big songs, drum words, and palace tones. The other category is puppets, shadow plays, and miscellaneous dramas that are closer to drama.
The dramas of the Song Dynasty were collectively called miscellaneous dramas, and the Jin Dynasty was called yuanben. During the Yuan Dynasty, on the basis of miscellaneous dramas and courtyard texts, the yuan miscellaneous dramas that flourished for a while were formed, which was a major event in the history of Chinese drama and literature. Meta-drama is basically an opera, in which the lyrics are generally a suite composed of several pieces or a dozen pieces of music in the same palace tune. Meta-dramas are generally composed of four folds, which can be added with additional wedges, and one fold is equivalent to a scene.
The painting art of the Song Dynasty inherited the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and had a new development. In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Qingshan and Green Water School once prevailed, and the representative painters were Li Tang, Liu Songnian and Zhao Boju. Since then, the famous painters Ma Yuan and Xia Jue, the late Tang Dynasty's brushwork is vigorous, the ink is dripping, forming a unique style.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="59" > thriving academics</h1>
The academic study of literature and history in the Song Dynasty also showed a prosperous scene while literature and art were thriving. In the period from the Northern Song Dynasty to the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, a number of voluminous academic works and compilations of materials were completed. Of course, this is also the result of the development of printing. Under the initiative of Song Taizong, the Song Dynasty successively completed the compilation of the four major categories of literature and history, and history became the most developed department in academic research.
The Song and Yuan dynasties established a system of recording contemporary deeds, and successively completed the history of the previous dynasties, such as the New Book of Tang and the history of the Five Dynasties, Song, Liao, and Jin, occupying six of the twenty-four histories known as "Zhengshi" thereafter. In addition, during this period, there were also some important works of huge scale, such as "Zizhi Tongjian", "Continuation of Zizhi Tongjian Long Edition", "Tongzhi", "Literature Tongkao" and so on. Rich materials, realistic accounts, and formal innovations are the salient features of historiography in the Song and Yuan dynasties. Due to the development of history, it has also promoted the formation of two new disciplines of archaeology and bibliography, and further opened up new fields in phonology and exegesis.
Emperor Taizong of Song consolidated the rule of the Song Dynasty after the destruction of the Northern Han Dynasty, and while strengthening centralized rule, he also vigorously promoted scholarship. Emperor Taizong of Song successively gathered scribes from the north and south to compile three books, the Taiping Imperial Records, the Taiping Guangji, and the Wenyuan Yinghua, and during the Song Zhenzong period, he compiled the Yuangui of the Book of Records, which were known as the "Four Great Books" of the Song Dynasty.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, Wang Yinglin collected the records of the Song Dynasty dynasties, as well as the "National History" and "Calendar", edited the two hundred volumes of the "Jade Sea", and compiled many historical events of the Song Dynasty, which was also a very important compilation book.
Tongzhi and Tongkao are newly created historical genres in the Song and Yuan dynasties. The Tongzhi was written by the Southern Song Dynasty man Zheng Qiao in 1161. After thirty years of painstaking preparation, he collected and studied a large number of materials, and later compiled this book, in which the chronology is his newly created style. The Literature Tongkao was compiled by Ma Duanlin in the Yuan Dynasty and written in 1307. Ma Duanlin, modeled on Du You's Tongdian of the Tang Dynasty, recorded in detail the various systems and evolutions from ancient times to the end of The Song Ningzong. The "Literature Examination" contains a large number of scriptures, historical books, biographies, anthologies, concertos, notes and other documents, and also quotes the discussions of the Tang and Song ministers. The Tongzhi tongzhi and the tongkao of literature and the Tongdian of Du You of the Tang Dynasty are collectively known as the "three links".
Another major achievement of Song Dynasty scholarship was the development of epigraphy and archaeology into independent research departments. The study of epigraphy and archaeology began with the study of bronze ware during the Song Zhenzong period, and the real beginning of the study of ancient artifacts as a science was still after Song Renzong. Important works of epigraphy and archaeology during this period include Liu Chang's "Records of Ancient Artifacts of the Pre-Qin Dynasty", Ouyang Xiu's "Records of Ancient Collections", Lü Dalin's "Archaeological Maps", Li Gonglin's "Archaeological Maps", Wang Yi's "BoguTu", Zhao Mingcheng's "Records of Golden Stones", and Xue Shanggong's "Knowledge of Zhong Ding Yi Instruments in Past Dynasties". In addition, Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Pen Talk" and Zheng Qiao's "Tongzhi" and other books also include the content of Jinshi archaeology.
The main contribution of Song Dynasty scholars in the archaeology of goldstones was first of all the diligent collection of ancient cultural relics, making antiques the object of academic research; secondly, the creation of the method of spreading the word and drawing figures, using drawing pictures to depict the shape characteristics of each artifact, and explaining the size, weight, and specific information such as the place of origin and collector, and finally affirming the name of the ancient artifact.
Bibliography began when Ban Gu wrote the "Narrative biography of the Book of Han", and officially became a specialty in the Song Dynasty, and in the Song, Jin, and Yuan dynasties, bibliography achieved very remarkable results. The Song Dynasty inherited the previous dynasty, and the official government gathered scholars to conduct book collation and cataloguing. During the reign of Emperor Renzong of Song, he also ordered Wang Yaochen, Wang Su, and Ouyang Xiu to spend eight years before and after, and to write thirty-six hundred and sixty-nine volumes of entries, classify and catalog them, and compile them into sixty-six volumes, giving them the title of "Chongwen General Catalogue", which became a fairly detailed catalog book.
Zheng Qiao's "General Zhi" compiled the "Art and Literature Strategy", which collected all the books described in the ancient and modern catalogs, and divided them into twelve major categories, such as scriptures, rituals, music, primary schools, history, zhuzi, astronomy, five elements, art, medical prescriptions, similar books, and literature, and subdivided into fifty-five sub-categories, two hundred and eighty-four items, which became a significant innovative classification at that time. Zheng Qiao also attached great importance to atlas, and the "Atlas Sketch" written in the "General Zhi" was a major innovation at that time.
Scholars in the Song and Yuan dynasties privately compiled a catalogue of books in the collection and made it a special book, which was also a major innovation at that time. Representative works include Chao Gongwu's "Reading History of Junzhai", You Yuan's "Suichutang Bibliography", Chen Zhensun's "Zhizhai Book Record Solution" and so on.
The phonology of the Song and Yuan dynasties, including the study of modern rhymes and ancient rhymes, has also achieved considerable results. The so-called modern rhyme refers to the pronunciation of the Wei, Jin, Tang, and Song dynasties. The five volumes of the "Qie Yun" written by Lu Fayan and others in the Sui Dynasty are important works for the study of modern rhymes. During the time of Emperor Taizong of Song, he wrote a hundred volumes of "Guangyun", and during the song Dynasty, he edited "Qieyun". During the reign of Emperor Renzong of Song, Jia Changchao wrote the Rebbe Rhymes. During the reign of Emperor Aizong of Jin, Wang Wenyu wrote the Pingshui Rhyme Strategy. At the same time, Zhang Tianci wrote the Cursive Rhymes. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Liu Yuan wrote the "Rhyme Strategy of the New Publication of the Rebbe of nonzi". In the Yuan Dynasty, Zhou Deqing also wrote the "Zhongyuan Yin Rhyme", in addition, Sima Guang wrote the "Cut Rhyme Finger Palm Diagram" to study the cut rhyme by using the method of chart, which is an innovation.
There are many differences between ancient rhymes and modern rhymes, and at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, Wu Ji began to study ancient rhymes. Wu Ji's works include "Mao Shi Supplement", "Chu Ci Interpretation" and "Rhyme Supplement", which have opened up a major way for future generations to study ancient rhymes. In addition, there are works such as "Poetry Ancient Sound Discernment" written by Zheng Itch.
During the Song and Yuan dynasties, due to the prosperity of urban economy and commerce, the development of transportation, and the needs of politics and military, geography achieved great development. The more important geographical works of this period include the Taiping Huan Zi Ji written by the History of Music of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Map Of Xiangfu Prefecture County written by Li Zongchen and others of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Nine Domains of Yuanfeng written by Wang Cun of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Guangji of Youdi written by Ouyang State of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the "Great Yuan Dynasty Unification Chronicle" compiled by people during the Yuan Dynasty.
The above works are all general geographical records of the whole country, in addition, there are many local chronicles circulated in the folk. In general, there are more local Records of the Southern Song Dynasty than in the Northern Song Dynasty, and regionally, there are more in the south than in the north. These local chronicles contain more detailed content, recording the economic and political situation of each city, which is a very important document.
The Song, Jin, and Yuan dynasties all attached great importance to the production of maps. Yuanwailang, also known as the job map, is the official who specializes in the drawing of maps. The imperial court referred to the map drawing of various roads as the whole map of the dynasty, and in addition, it drew various specialized maps in different categories, and the types were very diverse. During the Song Taizong period, he ordered the painters to merge the maps of the states into a national map, sharing a hundred silks, that is to say, the map area was about 8,000 square meters of Song rulers, and the Song ruler was about one to two centimeters smaller than the city ruler, which can be said to be a rare extraordinarily large map in history. During the Reign of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo visited the Hebei Border Region and made a lightweight map model out of batter, wood chips, and molten wax, and then made a formal model from woodcut after returning to Guanya. The Southern Song Dynasty Huang Shou also made a woodcut model of the Map of Public Opinion, and Zhu Xi made a map model out of clay.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="73" > the comprehensive development of science and technology</h1>
In the Song and Yuan dynasties, science and technology were very developed, and various inventions and creations were endless, and many new achievements were made in astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and Materia Medica and technical sciences.
The astronomical development of the Song Dynasty can be roughly divided into three stages. The first stage is the early Northern Song Dynasty to the early Song Dynasty, the astronomical calendar of this period is represented by the Chongtian calendar, and the main achievement is the observation of supernovae. The second stage is from the Song Shenzong period to the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the calendar is represented by the epoch calendar, the main achievement is the manufacture of water transport instrument elephant platform. The third stage was the Southern Song Dynasty, which was mainly famous for compiling the unified calendar.
Due to the development of astronomy, mathematics, which is closely related to astronomy, was also very developed in the Song and Yuan dynasties, during which several accomplished mathematicians appeared. The Northern Song Dynasty had Jia Xian, the Late Southern Song Dynasty had Qin Jiushao and Yang Hui, the Late Jin Dynasty had Li Ye, and the Early Yuan Dynasty had Zhu Shijie. These five people are the famous mathematical masters of the Golden Age.
During the Song Dynasty, a large number of medical books were also edited and published, and medical culture was disseminated, such as Wang's only "Acupuncture and Moxibustion Chart Of Copper Man's Acupuncture Points" edited and published in 1026, the "Divine Medicine Universal Salvation Formula" edited by Jia Huangzhong during the Song Taizong period, and the "General Record of Saint Ji" edited by Cao Xiaozhong during the Song Huizong period. During the Song Dynasty, he also ordered famous doctors everywhere to contribute special prescriptions to be tested by the Taiyi Bureau, and the prescriptions were made public. In the song huizong period, it was revised again, which is the famous "He pharmacy bureau formula".
Medicine in the Northern Song Dynasty has been divided into nine categories, namely: the large square vein is also internal medicine and wind department; the small square pulse is also pediatrics and obstetrics; sores and swelling and fractures are surgery, ophthalmology, mouth and throat, acupuncture, golden sickle and book prohibition, etc. Among them, the achievements of pediatrics are the most significant. In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, Qian Yi wrote the "Pediatric Drug Certificate Direct Decision", which was already able to distinguish the difference between acne rash and other fevers. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, Liu Fang and others compiled the "New Book of Young Children", and at the same time there was also the "General Micro-theory of Pediatric Health", and the collection of pediatric cases was relatively comprehensive. There was also some progress in obstetrics and gynecology, and during the zhezong period, Yang Zijian wrote the "Ten Births", which recorded different types of abortion, reverse birth, partial birth, and obstruction of birth, and explained various methods of correcting the fetal position. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Chen Ziming's book "Women's Complete Recipe" is also a very important obstetrics and gynecology work. During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were also works on etiology, chen Yan's "Theory of Three Causes and One Disease", and Shi Fa's "Guidelines for Detecting Diseases", which are all works in this regard. In addition, in 1247, Song Ci's Collected Works of Washing Grievances summarized the forensic science knowledge of the Song Dynasty and previous generations, and included killing, autopsy, bone examination, and the identification of dead and injured.
The medical development of the Jin Dynasty can be roughly divided into three periods: that is, the pre-Hailing King is the pre-period, the Sejong to Zhangzong Taihe period is the middle period, and the Jin Zhangzong Taihe period is the later period. The representative of early medicine was the former Northern Song Dynasty Kaifeng famous doctor Cheng Wujie, who mainly commented on classical medicine such as the "Neijing" and "On Typhoid Fever". The medical representatives in the middle period are Liu Wansu and Zhang Element, both of whom have unique treatment methods. The representatives of later medicine were Zhang Congzheng and Li Gao, who was a student of Zhang Element, and had two famous works of medicine, namely "The Theory of Internal and External Injuries" and "TheOry of Spleen and Stomach".
Yuan Dynasty medicine developed further on the basis of the Song and Jin dynasties, the most successful of which can be pushed Zhu Zhenheng and Wei Yilin and others. Zhu Zhenheng's works include "The Theory of Ge Zhi Yu" and "The Play of the Bureau", he advocated "yang has more than enough yin and yin is insufficient", and created the method of "nourishing yin and raising fire". Some of the medicines he used, such as the Great Yin Pill and the Qiongyu Cream, have been passed down to later generations. Wei Yilin is an expert in traumatology, and his works include "The World's Medicine's Effective Formula".
The development of Materia Medica reached a climax in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Materia Medica is not only pharmacology, but also contains botany, zoology and mineralogy, which is one of the hallmarks of the comprehensive development of natural science in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. During the Song Dynasty, there were many plant genealogies, which were closely related to the development of Materia Medica, among which Ouyang Xiu's "Luoyang Peony Record", Chen Yi's "Tong Spectrum", Cai Xiang's "Lychee Spectrum", Wang Guan's "Peony Spectrum", Liu Meng's "Chrysanthemum Spectrum" and Han Yanzhi's "Tangerine Record" are the most famous.
In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there were also many kinds of technical books, such as the "Wooden Classic" and "Construction French Style" on construction technology, the "Outline of Impregnation copper" on smelting technology, the "Ziren Relic System" on loom technology, the "Boiling Wave Tu Yong" on salt making technology, and the ship style and ship sample on shipbuilding technology.
During the Song Dynasty, there were many large castings, including acupuncture copper figures, copper armillary instruments, and copper dings. During the Song Huizong period, the total weight of the nine dings cast was 220,000 jin, that is to say, each ding weighed more than 20,000 jin, which shows that the technical level of the casting process at that time was very high.
Song Dynasty shipbuilding was already built according to ship patterns. Some of the ship samples have been compiled into an atlas for selection, and some are designed and modeled and then put into production. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, Chen Fuliang discussed the "rule of the ark", and elaborated on the three major parts of controlling ship navigation, namely propulsion, maneuvering and mooring devices. In the Northern Song Dynasty, docks were set up to protect ships from being damaged by the natural world directly in the open air.