In the autumn of October, under the attention of all, the 2021 Nobel Prize was released one after another.
The Nobel Prize has a total of 6 categories of awards, including: physiology or medicine prize, physics prize, chemistry prize, literature prize, peace prize, and the most important economic prize.
After combing through the background of the 6 Nobel Laureates in 2021, we found that American universities have once again become the biggest winners!
Physiology or Medicine Award
This year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to American scientists David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian for their contributions to "discovering temperature and tactile receptors."
David Julius
Nationality: United States
Year of birth: 1955
Education:
- Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley
- Postdoctoral Fellow, Columbia University, USA
Institution: University of California, San Francisco, USA
Research Field: Physiology / Molecular Biology / Biochemistry
Arden Putaptian
Year of birth: 1967
- Ph.D., California Institute of Technology, USA
Institutions: La Jolla Scripps Research Center, California, USA, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
Research Field: Molecular Biology/Neurology
Physics Prize
This year's Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to scientists Syukuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for their pioneering contributions to "physical modeling, quantifying changes and reliably predicting global warming" of the Earth's climate.
True Pot Shuro
Year of birth: 1931
- Ph.D., University of Tokyo, Japan
Institution: Princeton University, USA
Research Field: Meteorology
Klaus Hasselman
Nationality: German
- Ph.D. from the University of Göttingen, Germany
Institution: Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Germany
George Parisi
Nationality: Italian
Year of birth: 1948
- Ph.D., University of Rome, Italy
Institution: University of Rome, Italy
Research Interests: Quantum Field Theory/Statistical Mechanics/Complex Systems
Chemistry Award
Professor Benjamin List and American scientist David MacMillan were awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their breakthrough contributions to "asymmetric organic catalysis."
Benjamin Lister
Year of birth: 1968
- Ph.D., University of Frankfurt, Germany
Institution: Max Planck Coal Institute, Germany
Research Field: Organic Chemistry and Synthesis
David Macmillan
- Ph.D., University of California, Irvine
Research Field: Asymmetric Organic Molecular Catalyst Development
Literary Award
This year's Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to The Tanzanian writer Abdulrazak Gurnah for his "uncompromising and compassionate insight into the impact of colonialism and the fate of refugees in the gulf between culture and the continent".
Abdul-Razak Gürna
Nationality: Tanzania
- PhD, University of Kent, UK
Institutions: Contributing Editor of the University of Kent, UK, Vasifelli Magazine
Occupation: Novelist
Peace Prize
This year's Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Maria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov for their efforts to defend the premise of democracy and lasting peace: freedom of expression.
Maria Resha
Nationality: Filipino
Year of birth: 1963
- Bachelor's degree from Princeton University, USA
Organization: Founded the news website Rappler
Occupation: Journalist
Dmitry Muratov
Nationality: Russian
Year of birth: 1961
- Bachelor's degree, Samara State University, Russia
Institution: Novitska Newspaper
Economics Prize
Half of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to David Card, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, for his "contributions to empirical research in labor economics." The other half of the prize money is paid by Joshua Joshua D. Angrist and Guido Guido W. Imbens' "methodological contributions to causality analysis" are divided equally.
In the award speech, their new insights into the labor market and the empirical approach to expanding into other areas were highlighted by the organizing committee.
David Card
Year of birth: 1956
- Ph.D., Princeton University, USA
Institution: University of California, Berkeley, USA
Areas of study: Immigration, wages, education, and gender and race-related disparities in the labor market
Joshua M. D. Angelist
Nationality: United States, Israel
Year of birth: 1960
- Honorary doctorate from the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland
Institutions: Co-founder of Avela Education, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Research Interests: Educational Economics and School Reform / Social Programs and Labor Markets / Migration, Labor Market Regulation and Institutional Impacts / Econometian Approaches
Guido W. Inpens
- Brown University, USA
Institution: Stanford University School of Business, USA
Research Field: Econometrics
Among the 2021 Nobel Laureates, in addition to the literary prize winners, other awards are awarded to researchers who have studied or worked in the United States.
American universities currently have the largest number of Nobel laureates in the world, which confirms the high quality of education in American universities.
In addition to the recognized academic level, American universities have always attached great importance to basic research, and the state has also given sufficient financial support in research. It is not difficult to understand why, even in the epidemic environment, there are still many students who want to study in the United States and continue their studies!