Poetry:
Where is The Ascendant? Extreme eye close to the grass side of the mountain.
The sunset is cold and snowy, and the west wind and geese are cold and transverse.
Winter residence ice valley lysone wine, overnight stay in sand embankment to borrow grass felt.
In order to zhongzhou Haojie road, Tianya is so New Year's Day.
Freeze fold the Yaoqin three or two strings, get up and sit alone and reminisce into a row.
But what has happened in this life, but the life is not asked.
There were three feet of snow outside the door, and there were four felts in the drapery.
Thinking about the famous people through the ages, looking back at the west wind and not remembering the year.
The author of this poem is Yuan Ren Yelü Zhu, from the third volume of his poetry collection "Sungai Drunken Hidden Collection", entitled "Respectfully Use The Honorable Lord to Lead the Wind and Snow Poetry rhyme of the Dragon Garden". The "Yanran" in the poem, literally speaking, refers to Yanran Mountain. The more practical semantic meaning under its literal meaning is that "Yanran" refers to the "Yanran Mountain Inscription"; or more clearly, it is "Yanran Mountain" as a representation of meritorious service. The reason for this is that the Yanran Mountain Inscription bears in mind the achievements of Dou Xian's northern expedition and the destruction of the Xiongnu.
Where exactly Is Yanran Mountain written by Yelü Zhu literally is a very real historical and geographical problem, and the political symbolism brought to Yanran Mountain by the "Yanran Mountain Inscription" ends up confusing the location of this mountain.
Speaking of the discovery of the carved stone of the "Yanran Mountain Inscription", in addition to the text of the revised inscription, its greatest academic value is to determine the location of Yanran Mountain.
As mentioned above, the geographical location of Yanran Mountain is a real geographical problem, and it is a very simple thing to say simple: an ancient place name can be better to figure out; it is really unclear, and it is not a big deal. However, it is indeed complicated to say that it is also a little complicated: it is related to our understanding of the overall geographical situation of the grasslands of northern China in ancient times, especially the grasp of the military geographical pattern. Without understanding the relevant spatial scenes, it is impossible to know some key geographical factors in the confrontation and struggle between the ancient Central Plains Dynasty and the political forces of the northern steppe.
I. Conclusive records and chaotic commentaries
In Chinese historical texts, although the so-called "Mountain of Yanran" is found in the ancient book of Mu Tianzi in the pre-Qin dynasty, this "Mountain of Yanran" is located in the "River Water" ("Mu Tianzi Biography" Volume 1), that is, on the bank of the Yellow River, and is naturally not the same mountain as dou Xian's northern expedition.
The name of the "Yanran Mountain" related to Dou Xian's Northern Expedition was first found in the Book of Han and the Biography of the Xiongnu. This is the history of the former Han Dynasty, and this mountain is the place where Li Guangli, a general of the Second Division during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was defeated and surrendered to the Xiongnu. The Hanshu Xiongnu Biography reads:
The general of the Second Division will be out of the jam, and the Xiongnu will make the Right Metropolitan And Wei Lu riding five thousand horses to attack the Han army Yufu Yanggushan Narrow. The Second Division dispatched two thousand hu horsemen to fight with the subordinate state, and the captured soldiers were scattered, killing and wounding hundreds of people. The Han army took advantage of the victory to chase the north, to the city of Lady Fan, and the Xiongnu ran away, daring not to distance themselves from the enemy. The wife of the second master sits on the witch and reaps the harvest, and smells the fear. His servant Hu Yafu also avoided the crime and joined the army, saying that the second master knew: "The lady's family is in the official's house, if you are not satisfied, it is suitable for the prison meeting, and the north of the qiju can be seen again?" "The second master was suspicious and wanted to go deep to ask for merit, so he went north to the water of Zhiju. The prisoners were gone, and the Second Division sent an escort army of 20,000 to ride to the waters of Zhiju. On the first day, when Zuo Xian's general Zuo Dajun rode 20,000 horses and fought with the Han army for one day, the Han army killed the general and killed and wounded many people. Commander Shi and The Commander of the Army, Huiqu Hou Mou, said: "The general has a different heart, and wants to endanger the people and seek merit, and I am afraid that I will be defeated." "Conspire to be a second master." The second division heard about it, cut off the history, and led the troops back. At the speed of the evil Wuyanran Mountain, Shan Yu knew that the Han army was tired, and he covered the second division with 50,000 horses, killing and injuring many people. In the front of the Han army, several feet deep, it was a sharp attack from behind, and the army was in chaos, defeated, and the second division fell.
However, it can be seen from the notes on the Book of Han by Yan Shigu in the early years of the Tang Dynasty that until this time, none of the scholars who have commented on the Book of Han since the Eastern Han Dynasty have been able to indicate the location of Yanran Mountain, and Yan Shigu also knows nothing about it, but very vaguely reluctantly and perfunctorily said with the text: "Quick evil Wu, place names are also, Yanran Mountain is in it." ”
"Chinese Reconstructed Rare Books" series of photocopies of Song Cai Qi's family academy engraving "Book of Han"
The "Su Evil Wu" mentioned by Yan Shigu is obviously a place name from the mouth of the Xiongnu. The "Yanran" of "Yanran Mountain" should also be a transliteration of the Xiongnu language. The "Mountain of Yanran" in the "Biography of Mu Tianzi" mentioned above should be a Chinese place name, so "Yanran" is not the other "Yanran", and the semantics of the two are completely different.
In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Emperor Yongyuan, Dou Xian led an army to the north, and after defeating the Northern Xiongnu army, the Northern Xiongnu moved west (the Southern Xiongnu who remained on the border of the Southern Han Dynasty gradually settled in Sinicization), causing the Xianbei people to become the new masters of the northern grasslands. The Xianbei people should also have used the name of the mountain "Yanran", so the name "Yanran Mountain" can also be seen in the "Wei Shu And Creep Biography". Later, the northern steppes were successively owned by Rouran (that is, creeps) and Turks, and after the change of time, it was really difficult for the scholars in the central plains in the interior to find out where the place names and mountain names said by these foreign tribes were. Therefore, later than Yan Shi's ancient annotation of the Book of Han, Li Xian, the prince of Zhanghuai, led people to annotate the Book of Later Han, and even did not say a word about the important place name "Yanran Mountain" in the "Biography of Dou Xian". This shows that Yan and Li have no way to find relevant information in such a social background.
Related circumstances, there is also a record in the Old Book of Tang and the Biography of Northern Di that in the twenty-first year of Zhenguan, "more than ten tribes such as Qifu and Huiyi were scattered with the death of Xue Yantuo, but they returned to China one after another." Because of their land, Emperor Taizong chose his tribe and placed it as the state capital: the Hui department was the Governor's Mansion of Hanhai, the Servant Bone was the Governor's Mansion of Jinwei, and the Duolan Ge was the Governor's Mansion of Yanran. (Old Book of Tang, vol. 199, "Biography of Northern Di") The name of this "Governor's Mansion of Yanran" is obviously related to Yanran Mountain, but this does not mean that there was a clear understanding of the location of Yanran Mountain at that time, I am afraid that it was only roughly used in the desert grassland. It is also recorded in the New Book of Tang and Geography that there are "Yanran Prefectures" in Guannei Province huiqi prefectures and Qiaozhi Huile county; Shunzhou in Hebei Province has Yanran County and Qiaozhi Yangqu County (New Book of Tang, vol. 43, under the seventh "Geographical Chronicle"). It seems that these states and counties with the name "Yanran" are all related to Yanran Mountain. In this regard, the Qing dynasty Shen Tao had already pointed out: "It is not Yan but the name of Yanran. (Qing Shentao's "Discussion on the Serxie Series" volume) is only named after the fact that his tribe's old land was located in the northern grassland where Yanran Mountain is located. There are other similar situations, and even later generations are quite absurd, and will not be repeated here.
2. The Alliance of the Dead seas
Later, in the Song Dynasty, the scope of northern Xinjiang shrank greatly to the south, and it was more distant from the place where Li Guangli, Dou Xian, and others had traveled that day, and the impression of Yanran Mountain naturally became more and more bleak.
The Song people repressed the literature and suppressed the martial arts, and the northern side was invaded by foreign tribes, which can be described as a gradual defeat. Interestingly, it seems that it is precisely because of the weakness of the Song people themselves that many people deliberately recall the magnificent martial arts of the former Han Dynasty. In this case, Dou Xian's inscription of the Yanran Mountain Stone has become an important symbol of the Han people's flaunting of martial prowess; or to use the fashionable words to express it: it is an iconic "symbol".
If Fan Zhongyan chanted "Yan Ran has not been able to return to the plan", there are many elements of self-motivation, then, if we look at the following record in "Song Huijiao", I am afraid that it is more of a self-indulgence in the illusion of "obscenity":
Xuanhe edicted on October 5 of the fourth year: "Yanjing Ancient Youzhou." King Keshang of Wu, Feng Shao Gongyi Yu Yan, named after Yanran Mountain. Han Zhuo County, Tang Wude changed to Yanzhou in the first year, and Tianbao changed to Youzhou in the first year. Formerly known as Gwangyang County. There is a Yongqing army festival. Yanjing yi changed to Yanshan Province. (Fang Yu of the Song Hui Zhi Manuscript, 5-35)
Some people may say: This edict of the Daojun Emperor of the Great Song Dynasty is ordinary, but it is just a change of place name and political district settings, so why is it "obscene" ridicule? Gentlemen are in no hurry, and listen to me slowly.
Zhonghua Bookstore photocopied the Qing manuscript "Song Hui's Draft"
The "Yanjing" mentioned in Emperor Huizong's edict is actually not the Zhao family's own setting, but the "Nanjing" of the Khitan Yelü clan. This "Nanjing" is also known as "Yanjing" by the Liao people. Although it is said that the heads of the Zhao family and the Yelü family are the brothers who have officially changed their posts, they cannot go beyond the line to go to the country and draw the country for others like this.
Then, why did Emperor Huizong of Song issue such an edict? It turned out that in addition to enjoying strange stones and dancing with calligraphy and paintings, he suddenly became ambitious and wanted to do something similar to emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's "great merger with the world", which was the so-called "Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures" and other Chinese homelands that were lost during the restoration of the Later Jin Dynasty and confirmed by the Song Zhenzong Jingde's League in the first year of the Yuanyuan Alliance (in fact, the so-called Shi Jingyaojin dedicated to the Khitan Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures, some of which had been owned by the Khitan before this, for these areas, what the Shi clan did was only to admit the existing facts. The boundaries of the Song and Liao dynasties defined by the Alliance of Yuanyuan were already different from those of the original Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures, for example, in the so-called "Shanqian" region, Ying and Mo Prefectures were included in song territory, and the Khitan army had already newly occupied Yizhou before this alliance, and at this time it was confirmed as the territory of Liao). Therefore, emissaries were sent from Dengzhou on the Shandong Peninsula to the north of Liaodong, where they met with the Jurchens, attacked from the north and south, and joined forces to attack Liao, then known as the "Alliance on the Sea", that is, the military agreement reached on the seashore.
On the surface, the Khitan Liao Dynasty, which had invaded xia since the end of the Tang Dynasty, was soon completely crushed under the strong attack of both the Song and Jin sides. However, the death of the Liao Dynasty is not the same as Song Xing and Song Sheng, his own state affairs are not fully understood, just rely on the four dances of the gun to get the stick, there will never be any good fruit to eat. The final fate is often more miserable than a peaceful and stable life.
First of all, from the perspective of the general political situation, after the alliance of the Liaoyuan Dynasty, until the time of Emperor Huizong of Song, for more than a hundred years, the two countries of Song and Liao were generally at peace, and it was said that "the country and the Khitan alliance have been for more than a hundred years, there is no sound of dogs barking at the border guards, and the elderly White Head does not hear the sound of military revolution", a peaceful and peaceful scene (Song Xu Mengxin's "Compilation of the Three Dynasties and northern alliances", vol. 17). There was no need for the Song court to forcibly send troops to break this stable situation.
A country, a regime, and the territory under its jurisdiction have not had a constant boundary since ancient times, but have been in a state of expansion and retreat. For the ordinary people of ancient society, no matter which family ruled themselves as emperors, living in peace and quiet was the most precious. However, the tyrants of the Qin Emperor and Han Wu style liked to expand their territory the most in order to enslave more people.
Emperor Huizong of Song wantonly destroyed the peaceful situation of more than a hundred years, "the division is unknown, the people do not serve their lives, the people are troubled, and the Chinese and foreign countries are uneasy" (Song Xu Mengxin's "Compilation of the Three Dynasties and the Northern League", vol. 17). Regardless of whether it is won or lost, it will eventually bring unprecedented disasters to the people. That is, in terms of the economic burden of the war, the history said that at that time, it was "the power of Hebei, Hedong, and Shandong to be given to them, and it was difficult for a year and all three roads." Gaike is large, obstructive and long, and it takes more than ten stones to twenty stones to cause one stone to yanshan. The people's strength is unbearable", and had no choice, Emperor Huizong issued an edict: "Since the restoration of Yanyun, Lianghe and Jingdong have been repeatedly dispatched, and the people's strength has been tired." If we do not fake the power of the ways, how can it be helped? Eighty thousand in the west of Beijing, 40,000 in Huainan, 65,000 in Zhejiang, 97,000 in Jiangnan, 35,000 in Fujian, 88,000 in Jinghu, 83,000 in Guangnan, 178,000 in Sichuan, and 30,000 per husband in the commission of the commission, in violation of military law. After a lot of tossing and turning, "all over the world, only 20 million taels were obtained, and resentment was formed all over the world" (Song Chenjun's "Outline of the Chronicles of the Nine Dynasties of the Song Dynasty", vol. 29 Emperor Xuanhe of the sixth year and June). However, there is nothing to look for, that is, to regard the world as a vendetta, how can we not form a deep grudge with it.
Of course, the Zhao family would not pay attention to the bitterness of the common people, but as far as the actual interests of the Song emperor himself were concerned, the destruction of the Khitan was also a very unwise option. In this regard, yuwen Xuanzhong, a Zhongshu Sheren, at the beginning of Song Jin's conspiracy to take over Liao, said to Emperor Huizong to the point:
China and the Khitan talk about peace, now for a hundred years, there is greed, but they want to win the ten counties of Guannan and stop their ears; there is arrogance in the interval, but they stop at China's people who are slightly uncivilized. Since the Jurchen invasion, to the Mu Ben Dynasty, everything has been obedient. The Khitan of present obedience does not seal the fence for me, but travels far overseas, and leads the strong daughter to think that she is a neighbor, and he who uses the power of the hundred victories to drink and be arrogant, and he cannot dress in courtesy, nor can he speak or speak. Seeing that China and the Khitan are constantly fighting, the battle is incomprehensible, the victory and defeat are undecided, the strength and weakness are not divided, holding the theory of two fights between Bian Zhuang and Zhuang, leading the troops to the ancient north mouth, caressing the rebellious multitudes, tired Khitan monarchs, arrogant and indifferent, greedy, more than the border, relying on the tomb in the summer. As a hundred years of sluggish soldiers and as a new and difficult enemy prisoner, with a widow and a heavy, long-term peace and leisure and compete in the forest of flesh and blood, cunning and cunning, courageous and cowardly, the subject is afraid of China's border troubles have not yet had a period of tranquility. For example, if the rich have the property of ten thousand gold, and are neighbors of the hanshi, and want to wantonly annex and widely dwell in them, they are plotting to attract robbers: "Where the other dwells, ru dwells in its half; where the other dwells, ru takes all." "The robbers followed. Although the cold man is dead, although he has the wealth of ten thousand gold, he is spied by the robbers of his neighbors, and he wants to lie down with a high pillow for a night, and he can get it! (Song Yueke's "History of Yanshan", volume 9, "Yanshan Foresight")
Later, the development of the situation completely verified Yuwen Xuanzhong's prediction, the Jurchens not only took their place, according to the old Khitan territory, but also further marched south to occupy all the Yellow River Valley, even the two generations of monarchs of the Daojun Emperor's father and son were also captured together, and eventually died outside the outside, and the Zhao and Song royal families had to settle on the banks of the Qiantang River. This corresponds to the popular saying: do not do not die. Later, Yuwen Xuanzhong was detained as a shi official because he was envoy to the Jin Kingdom, and in the Northern Dynasty, he tasted a verse cloud: "At that time, the discussion could not be fixed, and today the poor are full of pity" (Yuan Yuanhao asked the "Zhongzhou Collection" volume 1 Yuwen Xuanzhong "Self-Unitary Year Book Huai"), which seemed to be an exclamation issued at this point.
Third, the transaction that is broken
In the face of the great event of the life and death of the country, it is so embarrassing that it is no wonder that after the death of the Song Dynasty, some people in the Yuan Dynasty evaluated Zhao Yao, saying that "Emperor Huizong is capable, the only thing cannot be" and that "the only thing that cannot be done is the King." The humiliation of the country is caused by the inability to be a king. A man can be a king, but he is not a king" (Yuan Shi, vol. 143, "The Biography of The Emperor"). Compared with many stupid pigs and stupid bear-like emperors later, for such a polite and elegant Tianzi, this is inevitably a bit harsh, and the Yuan Dynasty people also have a slightly more lenient statement than this, that is, although their calligraphy and painting arts are too ordinary, it is precisely because "if you see that he is good at this, you know that he is not good at it" (Yuan Zhou Nanrui's "Tianxia Tongwen Collection" Volume 33 Xu Yan's "Imperial Book of Emperor Huizong"). In fact, Song Huizong not only did not have the high vision required by the human master, but even the so-called private wisdom and wisdom may not be brilliant.
The so-called "alliance on the sea" not only has a plan to coordinate the dispatch of troops, but more importantly, there is also a way to divide the loot. In the process of specifically negotiating with the Jurchens on the destruction of the Liao, Emperor Huizong of Song also got rid of the obstacles (Deyong Self-Note: Northeast Mimetic Native Language, pronounced tulufanzang, expressed in the current common parlance of his hometown, to the effect that "I did not understand it completely").
The general course of this incident was that during the political and political years, Emperor Huizong of Song was instigated by the eunuch Tong Guan and had the intention of destroying the Liao. Therefore, Tong Guan and other envoys were first appointed to the Liao State to spy on the false reality. When Tong Guan returned to China, he brought with him a Liao minister who had sold himself to the aid, whose real name was Ma Zhi. Because he said that the Khitan "all the people suffer, the Liao kingdom will perish", he advised Emperor Huizong to "remember the suffering of the old people" in order to "restore the frontier of China's past." Dai Tian condemned it, and rebelled against it by following the order", and if so, "as soon as the king comes out, he will come to greet him with a pot of pulp" (Song Xu Mengxin's "Compilation of the Three Dynasties and the Northern League", vol. 1). Of course, these words were very much in line with Emperor Huizong's intention to take Liao, so he was greatly appreciated. He was first given the new name "Li Liangsi", and then recognized by Emperor Huizong of Song as the Zhao family, and then given a royal family name. In this way, when he was transformed, he became "Zhao Liangsi".
As Yuwen said above, these thoughts of his clearly contradicted Dali. Later facts proved that either his own child was not enough, and Ma Zai was still Ma Zai after all, not only could not become the "good heir" of the Zhao family, because his nonsense heated the already hot head of Emperor Huizong of Song, and almost cut off the Tianshui Dragon Species; at least the ancestral tombs of the Lie dynasty, together with the loss of half of the country, were inseparable from this boy's bad ideas and blind words. Of course, it is very unfair for the Song History to include him in the Biography of a Traitor, and it is one thing whether Zhao Liangsi is right or wrong, but "if you don't listen to it, you care about the opinion of the temple" (Qing Zhao Yi's "Twenty-two Historical Notes" volume 24 "Zhao Liangsi should not be included in the biography of the adulterous minister"). The key is that Song Huizong himself does not know current affairs.
Between the beginning of February and the beginning of September of the second year of Xuanhe, this Zhao Liangsi, carrying a handwritten letter from Emperor Huizong of Song, secretly sent an envoy to Jurchen in exchange for the benefits and conditions of the North and South attacking the Khitan in the name of buying horses. In the process of bargaining with Jurchen, Zhao Liangsi "sent out the imperial pen and the Main Translator of Jin, about the old land of ben and Han in the area of Yanjing, about to attack the Khitan and take it" (Song Yang Zhongliang's "Imperial Song Tongjian Long Compilation Chronicle End", vol. 142 "Jin Meng"). I understand that this is actually The opening price of Emperor Huizong of Song, and on such a major matter, Zhao Yao is vaguely confused.
After the alliance of The Yuanyuan, between the Song and Liao, the North China Plain was roughly bounded by the Baigou line, and in the original Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures, except for the Ying and Mo Prefectures that had been classified into the Song Dynasty, the rest of the fourteen prefectures belonging to the Khitan could be divided into two areas, the front of the mountain and the back of the mountain. The "mountain" mentioned here refers to the present-day Taihang Mountain, behind the mountain are Yun, Shuo, Huan, Ying, Wei, Wu, Xin, Ru, and Yu Jiuzhou Island, and in front of the mountain are the five prefectures of You, Ji, Tan, Shun, and Zhuo. Liao, on the island of Kyushu behind the mountains, has changed the political district setting quite easily, and generally focuses on Datong Province in Western Beijing. In the Shanqian area, Nanjing Jiejin Prefecture was set up, and in the first year of Emperor Shengzong's Kaitai (on the occasion of the fifth year of the Northern Song Dynasty Zhenzong Dazhongxiangfu), it was also called Yanjing, in addition to the old five prefectures of You, Ji, Tan, Shun, and Zhuo, there was another Yi Prefecture adjacent to Shanhou in the west, which was classified as Liaotu in the seventh year of the reign of Emperor Shengzong of Liao, that is, the second year of Emperor Taizong of Song. However, north of the Baigou line of the Song-Liao divide, south of Yanshan Mountain, and close to the bohai sea side, the Liao state also had three other prefectures of Ping, Luan, and Ying, which were not under the jurisdiction of Yanjing Andjin Prefecture ("History of Liao" vol. 40 "Geographical History" IV, vol. 41 "Geographical Chronicle" V). History of Jin, vol. 24, Geographical Chronicles).
The "Yanjing area" that Emperor Huizong of Song personally asked for with the "imperial pen" is very unclear, but "Yanjing" is the setting of the Khitan people, and Jin Taizu's complete Yan Akuta obviously understood it as the jurisdiction of Liaoyanjingjing. Under the premise that the Khitan "owns all the territory of the country", considering that he was "communicating with the Song Dynasty", Yan Ah Kuan gave Song Huizong a face very happily, promised to take the Yanjing territory "special and southern dynasty", and vowed that even if the Khitan would make peace with the Jurchens in the process of the two sides' march, and rebuild the old good, "it is also necessary to take Yanjing and the Erjia family, Fang Xuhe". Enough righteousness, say give you Yanjing, give you Yanjing. But what about the old Han chinese land behind the western mountains? What about the three eastern states of Ping, Luan and Ying? Emperor Huizong of Song did not seem to fully understand the relationship between the jurisdiction of these regions, so he did not mention it at all.
If the Song Dynasty only had the six prefectures of Yanjing, then its land was "safe to defend", and the east and west sides were the territory of the Jurchens. The lands of Yunzhou behind the mountains are condescending; the three states of Ping, Luan, and Ying, which are near the sea, remain in the hands of the Jin people, according to the Song people, are like "the throat of the chokeholder", covering "the camp and the flat, when the Yuguan Road, the earth is flat without the obstacle of the mountains and rivers, not the ratio of the ancient North Pass and the Juyong Pass, and the near Jurchen" (Song Xu Mengxin's "Compilation of the Three Dynasties northern alliance", vol. 16). In this way, the land of Yanjing is not like a pair of small shrimp rice floating between giant claws, which will become a delicacy in people's mouths at any time. Therefore, the Song people said: "The calamity of the world has since begun." (The King of Song called the "Eastern Capital Chronicle" vol. 125 "Appendix" III "Jin Guo")
Taipei photocopied Southern Song Dynasty Meishan Chengshe ren house engraving "Eastern Capital Strategy"
Whether Emperor Lao Tzu had carefully considered what he meant by the "Yanjing area", the little horse boy Zhao Liangsi naturally did not dare to doubt, nor should he ask more questions, but after conveying the master's request for "royal pen" writing according to the script, Zhao Liangsi obviously felt that the momentum was not right -- the Jurchens would not hand over the Song Dynasty to the Shanhou region and the three prefectures of Ping, Luan, and Ying. He had to go back to make a difference, and he had to make clear what he had to say.
Therefore, he hurried to make amends and tried his best to get the Jin people to give the Western Jinghan Land and the three prefectures of Ping, Luan, and Ying. As a result, Yan Akuta reluctantly agreed to give the Song Dynasty the western capitals in the future, and at the same time very resolutely refused his request for the three prefectures of Ping, Luan, and Ying (Song Yang Zhongliang's "The End of the Chronicle of the Emperor Song Tongjianchang" vol. 142 "Jin Meng"). After that, the two sides repeatedly argued, until the end, the Song people only in April of the fifth year of Xuanhe, only to obtain the land of the six prefectures of the Liaoyan Jingjing Jinfu District (from the actual nominal point of view, which should also include the Liao people's jingzhou set up from Jizhou), and the Song Dynasty, in addition to paying the Jinguo the original "year coin" silver 200,000 taels and 300,000 silk horses, also had to pay a new tax of one million yuan to the Jurchen Yanjing Jingjin Prefecture (Song Xu Mengxin's "Three Dynasties Northern League Compilation" vol. 15), and Yan Jingzhi's "officials, rich people, jin shuai, The children were first plundered by the Jin people", and the Song Dynasty "only emptied the city of the gainers" (History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 22, "Huizong Benji", IV. The King of Song called the "Eastern Capital Chronicle" volume 125 "Appendix" III "Golden Kingdom").
The fundamental reason why Yan Akuta ignored Zhao Liangsi's other demands was that after the rapid rise of the Jurchens, they were invincible in fighting against the Liao, thinking that whether the Song people fought together or not, it would destroy the Khitan regime, but it was only a matter of a little earlier or later. It was in May of the second year of Xuanhe during Zhao Liangsi's envoy to Jurchen that Yan Akuza led an army to attack the Liaoshang capital Linhuang Province, and specially ordered Zhao Liangsi and Liao envoy Xiao Xinilie to follow Guan Yi, saying: "Ru Ke Can observe my use of troops, and go with Bu. As a result, from the morning when the army was sent to attack the city, before it was time for lunch, the defending officials raised the city to surrender, and Zhao Liangsi and others could only obediently "worship the shou for the birthday, all called long live" ("History of Jin", vol. 2, "Taizu Ji").
In the midst of a feuding dispute with the Jurchens, Song Huizong could hardly hope to see the land outside the six prefectures of Yanjing, and in order to show the wisdom of the decision to make a joint gold system in Liao, he had to work hard to publicize the achievements of Guangguang and restore Yanjing, in order to deceive others and deceive the world, but in fact, he only deceived himself, slightly releasing the huge pressure caused by a performance that smashed the field (of course, in the end, he still had to do it himself). Thus, there was the situation recorded in the "Song Huijiao" mentioned above: On October 5 of the fourth year of Xuanhe, when neither Jin Bing nor Song Bing had yet entered Yanjing, Emperor Huizong of Song made a big announcement that the Liao people's "Yanjing" would be changed to "Yanshan Province".
Once it has fallen into the homeland of foreign nationalities for many years, once it returns to the embrace of China, remove the false name of Rong Di, which was originally a routine government affair, and changing the place name is not worth making a fuss about. But by the way, if you uphold the concept of "political correctness" of contemporary European and American scholars, this is also a superfluous thing. The Khitan people are also people, and they are still authentic Han brothers, and they have been married to the Emperor and Song for more than a hundred years, so there is no need to change the name that people are using. You see now, whether it is the Yanjing beer that is necessary in the small dumpling restaurant in Beijing, or the Yanjing Academy that trains world leaders in the Guozi Prison, these names are also used with dignity and integrity, and there is nothing wrong with the family in the four seas.
4. The obscenity of the subjugated country
Intriguingly, the name "Yanshan Province" newly established by Emperor Huizong of Song. On the surface, nothing special about this either. For example, in the Northern Song Dynasty, there were Hengshan County, Lushan County, etc., so it can be seen that naming administrative regions after mountains is a very common practice. If there is no special explanation, no one can understand the mystery, and since Song Huizong took the trouble to choose this special name, he would naturally make the necessary explanation, which is what he said in the edict: Shao Gongyi's "Yan" is "named after Yanran Mountain". In other words, the so-called "Yanshan Province" is also "Yanran Mountain House".
In this way, it is easy for people to understand that the great Song Daojun Emperor changed the name of the political district setting this time, not to get rid of the old name of Liao pseudo-Jing, but to pull out the "Yanran Mountain Ming" also! ——Changing "Yanjing" to "Yanshan Province" is equivalent to Leming 'Yanran Mountain'! It was he who commanded the army to attack the "Yanjing" under the "Yanran Mountain" and reproduce the glory of Dou Xian's year. Political symbolism was so important that Emperor Huizong of Song, fearing that the laymen would not understand it, raised his imperial pen and personally wrote the name of the house for him to show solemnity (Song Xu Mengxin's Compilation of the Northern League of the Three Dynasties, vol. 10).
Shortly after the Song army entered Yan in April of the fifth year of Xuanhe to take over the old Capital of the Liao, on the New Day of August of that year, there was a phenomenon of "the eclipse of the sun is not seen" ("History of Song", vol. 22, "Huizong Benji"), more clearly, it was "the eclipse of the sun, the clouds are not seen" ("History of Song" vol. 52", "Astronomical Chronicles" V), that is, thick clouds cover the sun, so that the eclipse scene that should have appeared cannot be seen. This is a very ordinary meteorological phenomenon, there is nothing surprising about it, there is no need to be happy about it, there is no need to worry about it. Because since it is called "eclipse", it means that the Imperial Court's Si Tianjian can accurately predict the time of the eclipse, knowing that the eclipse is an inevitable event at that time, has nothing to do with the social situation, and has nothing to do with whether the person is clear or not, and the process of cloud obscuring the eclipse is a very natural random event.
However, the Song people did not necessarily see it this way; especially the Huizong dynasty, they would not have looked at this matter so simply. Previously, in December of the fifth year of Emperor Huizong Chongning, there was a phenomenon of "eclipse of the sun without loss", and the Manchu Dynasty "Qunchen called He"; the following year, that is, the first year of Daguan, the New Year of November, "the eclipse of the sun", Shi Zai "Cai Jing and others did not eat as much as they were, and led the group of ministers to call He" ("History of Song" vol. 20 "Huizong Benji" II). The so-called "when the eclipse does not lose" should be that the eclipse time predicted by the Celestial Supervisor is inaccurate, and the "less than the eclipse points" should be to say that the degree of sun cover when the eclipse actually occurs is less than the predicted value. In short, it is either lower than the forecast, or the phenomenon of not seeing the forecast at all. Whatever it was, it could be attached to the emperor's saint Ming who had changed the sinister celestial phenomenon that was about to appear.
Now, a similar situation has happened: a predicted eclipse, again not seen. Thus, we see that Taifu Wang Yi came forward and requested that this matter be put into the history museum and solemnly recorded in the canonical records (Song Chenjun's "Preparation for the Compendium of the Chronicles of the Nine Dynasties of the Song Dynasty", vol. 29 Xuan and August of the fifth year). Of course, this is regarded as a major auspicious omen, and it will also properly alleviate the chagrin caused by the misdirection with the Jurchen Emperor to Song Huizong; or rather, it can bring a hint of illusory hope to the frustrated Song Huizong and give him a certain positive psychological stimulation.
Twenty days later, the Daojun Emperor ordered Wang Anzhong, the prefect of Yanshan Prefecture in Hedong, Hebei Province, to "compose the Fuyan Yun Monument" (History of Song, vol. 22, Huizong Benji, IV). So, what will be the role of making this "Fuyan Cloud Monument"? Of course, it is to use the auspicious sign of "the eclipse of the sun is gone" to further highlight the glory and glory of his holy son of tomorrow to restore the homeland of China. However, this is the same as changing Yanjing into Yanshan Province, and it is also a trick to deceive others.
Prior to this, at the beginning of the Song army's entry into Yan in April of the fifth year of Xuanhe, in order to show the glorious merits of the Great Song Dynasty in "fixing" the homeland, Tong Guan and Cai You, who commanded the Song army, had already "inscribed the stele at the Yanshou Temple to ji gong, and listed the names of Zuo on the stele" (the Song king said that the "Eastern Capital Chronicle" vol. 125 "Appendix" III "Golden Kingdom"). In this case, after three months, Emperor Huizong again instructed the local officials of Yanshan Province to publish stone tree tablets, which obviously would not be a simple repetition of the general service sense.
It should be pointed out that, as mentioned above, Cai Jing and others had already carved Shi Jigong at the beginning of their entry into Yanjing, and now they order Wang Anzhong to repeat it, not because the Song Dynasty had obtained the yunzhou lands behind the mountains from the Jin people outside the six prefectures of Yanjing, so the name of this stone stele would be named "Fuyan Yun". Although the "History of Song" records that the next month after Cai Jingle's monument commemorated this battle, that is, in May of the fifth year of Xuanhe, "The Three Prefectures of The Jin Dynasty Xu Shuo, Wu, and Wei" ("History of Song" Vol. 22 "Huizong Benji" IV), the "Imperial Song Tongjian Chang Compilation Chronicle" also records that the Song court "later won the three states of Wu, Shuo, and Wei, and recovered the lost" (Song Yang Zhongliang's "Huang Song Tong JianChang Compilation Chronicle End" Volume 143 "Jin Meng"), it looks as if the Jurchens once again gave the land of these three states after the Song Dynasty, but the "Three Dynasties Northern League Compilation" However, it is more specific to record the actual situation: "On June 21 of this year, the Jin people wanted to hand over the three prefectures of Shuo, Wu, and Wei, but the lord of the country was killed, and it was not enough to take the three prefectures and go away" (Song Xu Mengxin, "Compilation of the Northern League of the Three Dynasties", vol. 18). According to this, the Jin people returned the land of these three states to the Song court, which was only a temporary idea, but it could not be put into practice, and the so-called "Fu Yanyun" of Song Huizong was just a bluff and did not conform to the actual situation.
Therefore, I think that the measure of Emperor Huizong of Song's instruction to Wang Anzhong to engrave the "Fuyan Cloud Monument" is not only directly related to the celestial phenomenon of "the eclipse of the sun" twenty days ago, but also echoes and is closely related to the change of Liaoyanjing to Song Yanshan Prefecture in October of the previous year.
So, where exactly is the connection point? This "Fuyan Yun Stele" has not been found in the literature of later generations, and it has probably long been destroyed and does not exist, and at the same time, there is no single word record that exists in the world. Let's go back to emperor Huizong's edict changing Yanjing to Yanshan Province to see what the name "Yanshan Province" really means.
In this edict to change the setting of political districts and place names, Emperor Huizong of Song specifically recounted the origin of the place name "Yanjing", saying: "Yanjing Ancient Youzhou. King Keshang of Wu, Feng Shao Gongyi Yu Yan, named after Yanran Mountain. However, this is only Song Huizong's own statement, and there is no corresponding historical basis. The "History of Zhou Benji" records that King Wu of Zhou "summoned the Duke Yu Yan", and the Tang Dynasty Zhang Shoujie interpreted it:
Yun: "Yanshan is sixty miles southeast of Yuyang County, Youzhou. "Records of the Capital City" King Wu of Yun Zhou summoned Gong Yi to Yan, the land was in the wilderness of Yan Mountain, and the old country was named Yan. "Press: Zhou Feng was given the title of Fifth Rank, the King of Ji and Yan, and was named after Yan Mountain and Ji Qiu. ("History" Volume IV "Zhou Benji" Tang Zhang Shoujie "Justice")
Here, the reason for the name of the Zhao Gong Yan Kingdom is clearly explained, that is, it is named after its "land in the wilderness of Yanshan Mountain", and has nothing to do with the so-called "Yanran Mountain".
The name of this "Yanshan Mountain" has been consistent in ancient and modern times, and it has not changed until now, so there is no need to elaborate on it. Whether it was the Western Han Dynasty or the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Yanshan Mountains were all within the jurisdiction of the Central Plains Dynasty, so whether it was Li Guangli or Dou Xian, the Yanran Mountains experienced by the Xiongnu in the north could not be the Yanshan Mountains near the Zhao Gong fiefdom.
In the absence of a basis in historical documents and a serious violation of the actual geographical situation, Emperor Huizong of Song must link Yanran Mountain with the "return" of the six prefectures of Yanjing, and vividly pull Yanran Mountain from the Xiongnu's Makino to the feudal state of Zhao Gong, then there must be an ulterior motive, and after clearly understanding the above-mentioned historical process of recovering Yanjing and the helpless mood of Emperor Daojun, his intentions will be clearly revealed -- this is to closely link the Song dynasty's entry into Yanjing into the Liao Dynasty with the so-called victory won by Dou Xian's Northern Expedition against the Xiongnu. To exaggerate the historical significance of this action and raise it to a level comparable to Dou Xian's great deeds in expelling the Xiongnu, in order to alleviate the actual embarrassment and embarrassment, I said earlier that Emperor Huizong of Song's move was purely "obscene", and its intention was this. The teeth that I knocked out could only hold my breath and swallow into my stomach, but everyone could see that the teeth were missing, and the face was really not good-looking. The way to cover up was to squeeze his own ears a few more times, swollen his face, and make a rich appearance.
At that time, Dou Xian's northern expedition was deliberately planned in advance, not only with Ban Gu as a "big hand", but also with the army to recruit craftsmen with stones and inscriptions, so when the army was triumphant, he was able to remember this feat for himself on Yanran Mountain. As mentioned above, when Emperor Huizong of Song handled state affairs, even The private wisdom Xiaohui was also very unsightly, and when he changed "Yanjing" to "Yanshan Prefecture", he did not make such a detailed arrangement as Dou Xian, so that after Tong Guan and Cai You led the army into the "Yanjing" city, the purpose of the stele erected was only to list the names of the generals in the army, and did not highlight the intention of Song Huizong to compare the glory of the Han Dynasty. Now, when the sun eclipses and does not see it, is it not the embodiment of its merits and karma that inspire the heavens and the day? Therefore, Emperor Huizong of Song also assigned Wang Anzhong, the prefect of Yanshan, to remake a stone stele inscribed with the feats of his overall painting of Kefu Yanjing, and its symbolic significance was comparable to the "Yanran Mountain Inscription" inscribed by Dou Xianmingren. In the future, if there is an opportunity to rediscover this destroyed stele, it may be possible to see that the inscription is clearly written with the corresponding words.
Some friends may think that my views are too much to deduce, but Song Huizong's mind may not be so. Then, let's take a look at a false error derived from the text of "Zhenguan Politicians" in the Song Dynasty to further confirm the above judgment from the side. The Zhenguan Politician records that "(Turkic) Jieli Khan was terrified. (Zhenguan) for four years, surrendered to Tieshan, sent envoys to the DPRK to apologize for their sins, please cite the domestic annex. He also made Jing the commander-in-chief of the Dingxiang Road March and went to Yingjieli. Although Jie Li asked for surrender, he was suspicious of the second. ...... When they traveled to the Yin Mountains, they were all captured and accompanied by their troops. Jie Li was very pleased to see the messenger, and he did not worry about the officers and soldiers. The Jing forward rode the fog and went to his tooth tent for seven miles, and the soldiers did not reach the formation, and the single horse walked lightly, and the captives collapsed. Beheaded more than 10,000 people, killed his wife Princess Sui Yicheng, captured more than 100,000 men and women, and repelled the earth from the Yin Mountains to the desert, and destroyed his country. ...... He also served as the grand commander of the West Sea Route March, conquered Tuguhun and destroyed his country. Changed the title of Duke of Weiguo. And the death of Jing's wife, there is a commandment to allow the tomb system to follow the story of Han Wei and Huo, and build the Two Mountains of The Iron Mountain of the Turks and the Tugu Hun Inner Stone to achieve special achievements. This is the way of writing the early manuscripts that spread to Japan, and it is also the correct way to write it that coincides with Li Jing's actual experience, but the publications since the Song Dynasty have changed "Iron Mountain" to "Yanran Mountain" (see Xie Baocheng's "Zhenguan Political Leaders Collection School", volume II). This is obviously the result of the long-term subtle meaning of Yanran Mountain's symbolic significance in the fight against the northern nomads in the hearts of the Song people. What Emperor Huizong of Song did was based on such a universal consciousness as the Song people.
Less than three years after the Song people took over the Liao-Yanjing region in April of the fifth year of Xuanhe, the Jin people re-attacked the Yanshan Prefecture set up by the Song people at the end of the seventh year of Xuanhe, and then marched south. When Emperor Huizong saw that things were not good, he actually pushed the prince to the throne in the name of "Inner Zen" to deal with the crisis. As a result, the father, son, and the old and new emperors were taken north by the Jin people together, and made a short stop at the Yanshou Temple where Tong Guan and Cai You carved Shi Jigong (Song Xu Mengxin's "Compilation of the Northern Leagues of the Three Dynasties", vol. 211). At this moment, I don't know what he feels like in his heart.
Fifth, the dream of a powerful country in the last days
The "Yanshan Mansion" that Emperor Huizong of Song arbitrarily changed existed for only three years, but he strongly referred to "Yanshan" as "Yanran Mountain", which left a significant influence in later generations. We see that in the Ming Dynasty, there are some records that refer to certain specific areas in the present-day Yanshan Mountains, and even the Yinshan Mountains to the west, as "Yanran Mountains".
One of the most striking is that in the late Ming Dynasty, the scholar Zhang Huangshuyun said: "Yanshan is between Taihang and Canghai, and the shape is victorious over the world, that is, the present-day Jingshiye." The Yanran Mountain Range ends here, so it is known as the Yan mountain. ...... Mountains come from the clouds,...... Yang Wenmin said that it was bordered by Taihang in the west and Jieshi in the east. (Ming Zhanghuang's Book Compilation, vol. 59) Zhang Shi clearly linked Yinshan, Yanshan and Yanranshan as the same mountain range, not just a specific section of it, which is actually a copy of what Emperor Huizong of Song said about Yanranshan.
If you look at the following passage of this Mr. Zhang Huang, you can more clearly understand that this geographical concept inherits the origin of Emperor Huizong of Song:
Since the Shi Jin clan cut yanyun sixteen prefectures to the Khitans, the Chinese monk Gai Rao for four hundred years in Zi Yi. Although the heyday of Song Zhi cannot be had it in one day, the Jin Yuan'er Clan is not enough to deserve it! Is it the present day to expound the hua li ji, to stand in the heavenly palace, the grandeur of a generation of clothing and cultural relics, before and after the light, it is the inheritance of my Ming Divine Son, god and grandson for hundreds of millions of years, is not the heavenly secret hidden in the middle?
Since the founding of the State of Gaimingting, the northern border defense has been trapped on the Great Wall and is in a state of passive beating. When the Orthodoxy was hit by the "Civil Engineering Revolution", Emperor Yingzong was taken captive by the Mongol Wala army and went north, which typically reflects the strong and weak offensive and defensive situation between the north and the south. After the rise of the Mongol Tatar forces in the early years of Jiajing, the northern border was more and more seriously troubled. In the twenty-ninth year of Jiajing, the so-called "Gengzhi Revolution" occurred, and the Tatar Tumut Khan soldiers Kou Datong broke through the wall and defeated the Ming army; then the soldiers moved eastward, entered Gubeikou, plundered on a large scale, and invaded the tombs of the emperors, coercing the Ming Dynasty to allow them to "pay tribute" and open a market for them to sell horses in the interior. After that, although the Ming Dynasty had opened the horse market for it in the thirtieth year of Jiajing, until the so-called "Longqing Peace Agreement" was reached between the two sides in the fifth year of Longqing, the Qada Khan continued to harass and became a major disease of the Ming Dynasty.
Zhang Huang's "Book Compilation" was written in the fifth year of the Wanli Calendar, but it began in the forty-first year of Jiajing (Ming Zhanghuang's "Book Compilation" volume of the first door of the Wan Shang Lie Sequence), and the length of this book is as high as one hundred and twenty-seven volumes, if you do not prepare for it, it is only from the forty-first year of Jiajing to the fifth year of the Wanli Calendar, it is difficult to suddenly write a book, so the intention is to plot, the time should be earlier. The doorman Wan Shanglie said that his "life's energy is in this book" (Ming Zhanghuang's "Book Compilation" volume of the first doorman Wan Shanglie's preface), which is not a false reputation. Therefore, the above content of the "Book Compilation" should be set against the background of the serious northern border troubles during the Jiajing period (moreover, the jurchen forces in the northeast Jianzhou had risen in the early years of the Wanli Calendar and began to invade the boundaries of the Ming Dynasty, which would also have a great impact on Zhang Huang). From Emperor Huizong of Song to Zhang Huang, although the world was easy and Huayi was arguing, the offensive and defensive posture did not change, so the consciousness and concept of the latter inheriting the former were also reasonable.
As mentioned above, in Zhang Huang's time, there were others who more specifically moved Yanran Mountain and the carved stones on the mountain to Yanshan Mountain. In my earliest manuscript, "The Discovery of the Carved Stone of Bangu 'Yanran Mountain Inscription' and the Old Manuscript, Separate Imitations and Forgeries", I once said that there were Records of the Qing Dynasty, according to the writings of the late Ming Dynasty, in the place called Xuanhua Province by the Qing people, there was the "Yanran Mountain Inscription" imitated by later generations. At that time, the reason why people would re-engrave this inscription here was based on the fact that since Emperor Huizong of Song, he had forcibly referred to Yanshan as Yanran Mountain.
At that time, it was not uncommon for people like Zhang Huang to talk about Yanran Mountain and Yanshan together. The Ming Dynasty established Longqing Prefecture in present-day Yanqing, Beijing, and Jiajing's Longqingzhi records that "Yanran Mountain was fifty-five miles south of the prefecture, that is, Juyong Xishanye" (Jiajing's Longqingzhi, vol. 1). The west side of Longqing Prefecture, that is, Xuanhua, the mountains of the two places, one vein connected, belong to the present-day Yanshan Mountain Range, according to the above Zhang Huang, this is also the Yanran Mountain. The Qing Dynasty official Xiu's "Great Qing Yi Tongzhi" is recorded in the "Thirty Miles East of Xuanhua County", with a small mountain range, which was regarded as "Yanran Mountain" in the old "Xuanfu Zhenzhi" (Qing Guanxiu "Jiaqing Yi Tongzhi" volume 39 "Xuanhua Fu · Mountains and Rivers"). The so-called "Xuanfu Town" was set up by the Ming Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty changed it to Xuanhua Province, so the "Xuanfu Zhenzhi" mentioned here should be a zhishu of the previous dynasty. On the map of the country printed in the Republic of China, it can also be seen that east of Xuanhua and west of Yanqing, there is a mountainous area called "Yanran Mountain". Combined with the above discussion, it can be seen that at the latest in the late Ming Dynasty, this place has been pointed out to be a specific Yanran Mountain (the poem titled "Wang xuanfu Zhushan Zuo" in the early Ming Dynasty, self-annotation said that "the dizhi contains Yanran Mountain is this"). According to this, the time of the appearance of this "Yanran Mountain" can be pushed up to the early years of the Ming Dynasty. Wang Shi saw his poetry collection "Wang Wen'an Gong Poetry Collection" Volume IV), so someone would re-engrave the "Yanran Mountain Inscription" in Xuanfu. This is the border defense site of the Gongwei Beijing Division outside Juyongguan, and the so-called "Yanran Mountain" is placed here, and naturally it will give itself more positive hints psychologically, and even passionate encouragement. The end times of extreme decay need to dream of more great powers.
The 60th anniversary of the "Declaration" commemorates the so-called Yanran Mountain on the "New Map of China's Provinces"
Of course, not all the Ming Dynasty literature records the geographical location of Dou Xian's visit to Yanran Mountain in this way. Because such a statement is too far from the record of the Book of later Han. The Ming Dynasty official's "Ming Yi Tongzhi" has another record that "Yanran Mountain went to Sai for more than 3,000 miles", in the Tatar realm outside the north ("Daming Yi Tongzhi" volume 90 "Tatar"). However, the specific location is still unclear, just as vague as the understanding during the Tang Dynasty.
Sixth, see Yanran Mountain again
After the Qing Dynasty, this situation changed. On the one hand, in Guanxiu's "Great Qing Unification Chronicle", the "Yanran Mountain" mentioned by the Ming Dynasty's "Xuanfu Zhenzhi" has been clearly denigrated, which is actually "Fu Hui is not trustworthy" (Qing Guanxiu "Jiaqing Reconstruction of a Unified Chronicle" volume 39 "Xuanhua Fu Shan Chuan"), which will have a great impact on the folk view; on the other hand, the prevailing study of evidence in the Qing Dynasty has made some scholars try to more clearly determine the location of Yanran Mountain, and the Qing court has the convenient conditions for the Mongolian grassland, which also makes such research objectively better than the Song Dynasty. More convenient conditions in the Ming Dynasty.
Qing Dynasty scholars' examination of the location of Yanran Mountain is actually not very clear, and its main research path is to infer yanran Mountain, that is, Hangai Mountain, based on the morphological trend of the northern grassland landform mountain range.
First of all, the Great Qing Dynasty Has Clearly Pointed Out that Hangai Mountain is "that is, Guyanran Mountain" (the "Hangai Mountain" article of the Qing Guanxiu "Jiaqing Reconstruction of the Unified Chronicle" volume 544 "Khalkha Mountains"). The Qing dynasty revised the "Yi Tong Zhi", which lasted for a long time, and was first published in the early Qianlong period, and this Jiaqing re-revision of the account of Yanran Mountain should have existed in the previous text). This official statement had a great influence on Qing dynasty scholars, such as Shen Qinhan's "Later Han Shu Shu Evidence" and Xu Hongpan's Huanghuang giant "Fang Yu Examination Evidence", which are simply repeated this statement (Qing Shen Qin Han's "Later Han Shu Shu Zhen" Volume II). Qing Xu Hongpan 'Fang Yu Examination》 Volume II "Establishment of Dynasties"). Such an account is much more specific than in the past.
Although the name of the Chinese of Hang'ai Mountain has not changed so far (the "Qing History Draft" volume 78 "Geographical History" twenty-five is "Hang'ai translation of Qiao Hu ye, the shape of the mountain is similar"), but it is a very long and large mountain range, the "Great Qing Unified Chronicle" describes "its mountain is the tallest", "Yanran Mountain Inscription" is inscribed in this mountain range of the specific location, even if it is a slightly more specific area?
According to the situation recorded in the "Great Qing Dynasty Unification Chronicle", the eastern end of the Hangai Mountain Range should probably end on the bank of the Orkhon River. This is because the Great Qing Dynasty Unified Chronicle clearly records that Hangai Mountain is "north of the Orkun River", or that the source of the Orkun River is "out of the south of Hang'ai Mountain" (Qing Guanxiu "Jiaqing Reconstruction of a Unified Chronicle" volume 544 "Khalkha Mountains and Rivers" of the "Hangai Mountain" article, also known as the "Orkun River" article), Qi Zhaonan's "Outline of waterways" and the source of the Orkun River are clearly stated as "out of the southern foothills of the tail of the Hang'ai Mountain" (Qing Qi Zhaonan "Outline of waterways" volume 23 "Northwest Water"), and the so-called "Orkun River" is now the book "Orkhon River". That river, which enters the Selenge River in the north, then joins Lake Baikal (Qing Dynasty book "Baihaier Lake"). The specific situation is that the upper source of the Orkun River flows south on the southern slope of Hangai Mountain, and then the Eastern Curve is folded north, which joins the Selenge River. The relationship between mountains and rivers is like this, which means that according to general custom, the eastern end of hangai mountain as said by the Qing people should end north and west of the Orkun River, while Qi Zhaonan's "hangai mountain tail" shows very clearly that the Qing people also viewed this problem in this way.
The 60th anniversary of the "Declaration" commemorates hangai mountain on the "New Map of China's Provinces"
So, where is the mountain where the Yanran Mountain Inscription was discovered this time? - This is far south and east of the Orkhon River. Looking through the "Historical Atlas of China" edited by Mr. Tan Qijun, we can see that the hill where the "Yanran Mountain Inscription" is located is not far from the east bank of a river called "Wengjin River" in the west, while the "Great Qing Yi Tongzhi" records that Hangai Mountain is "five hundred miles northwest of the Wengjin River" (Qing Guanxiu "Jiaqing Reconstruction of a Unified History" volume 544 "Khalkha Shan Chuan" article of "Hangai Mountain"). This situation also means that the Yanran Mountain, which was presumed by the Qing court officials to revise the "Unification Chronicle", will not only not be the place where the "Yanran Mountain Ming" is now found, but also at least the northwest is more than five hundred miles away from the actual location.
Among Qing dynasty scholars, a more specific version than the Great Qing Dynasty Is that Yanran Mountain was grazed by the Tushetu Khanate in Mongolia, and one of the more representative works is He Qiutao's "Shuofang Beicheng" written during the Xianfeng period. Although the Hangai Mountain recorded in the "Great Qing Yi Tongzhi" is not in the territory of Tu Xie Tu Khan and the mountain where the "Yanran Mountain Ming" is located is in the middle of it, a slight review of his book shows that He Qiutao's statement does not have any basis for examination and judgment, but only looks at the general trend of "the land of use since ancient times", and just casually says, And the location of other ancient hills mentioned by He Shi at the same time still has great problems (Qing He Qiutao's "Shuo Fang Beicheng" volume 11 "Examination of the Situation in the North"), which shows even more that "Shuo Fang Bei Cheng" The claim has not been thought into. For such a difficult geographical problem, He Qiutao's statement does not have rigorous academic reference value. Moreover, the Original Qingding of "Shuofang Beicheng" has long been destroyed and not passed on, and the "Shuofang Beisheng" that we see now is after He Shi's death, and is supplemented and arranged by Huang Pengnian and others according to his fragments (Qing He Qiutao's "Shuofang Beisheng Illustration" Volume Li Hongzhang's Preface), I am afraid that there are many collators in the book, which may not be in line with He's original intention.
In recent times, Chinese scholars who studied and ruled ancient public opinions have basically inherited the views of the Qing Dynasty scholars represented by the "Great Qing Unification Chronicle" and equated Yanran Mountain with the Hangai Mountains west of the source of the Orhun River. For example, the "Historical Atlas of China" edited by Tan Qijun and the "Atlas of Chinese Historical Manuscripts" (nominally titled "Edited by Guo Moruo") edited by Mr. Chen Kewei are all marked in this way. Others, such as the Japanese scholars Matsuda Shouo and Mori Shikazo, compiled the "アジア Historical Diyuan", the situation is roughly the same.
Map of the Western Han Dynasty Xiongnu and Other Departments of the Historical Atlas of China
Map of the Eastern Han Dynasty's Xianbei And Other Departments of the Historical Atlas of China
Map of the Western Han and Xiongnu Wars in the Atlas of Chinese Historical Manuscripts
Matsuda Hisao, Moriga Sankyo, Map of Asian History
Comparing the location of Yanran Mountain presumed by these scholars from the Qing Dynasty to the modern era, we can clearly see the significance of the "Yanran Mountain Inscription" for determining the location of Yanran Mountain- it completely subverts the old view. From the following "Topography map of China" published in the "Atlas of Physical Geography of China" published in 1984, it can be clearly seen that this is a small isolated mountainous area, even from today's perspective on the internal continuity of the extension of the mountain range, it can only be said to be the remnant of the Hangai Mountain, and in terms of the landform form visible on the surface, this mountain has in fact broken away from the Hangai Mountain Range.
Topography of China in the Atlas of Physical Geography of China
Yanran Mountain is located in such a place that no one had ever thought of before, which seems a little strange, but analyzing this position, it can be seen that Dou Xian's engraving of "Yanran Mountain Ming" here is fully reasonable.
In the north and south of the Mongolian plateau, there is a so-called water-out zone in the middle, historically called "desert", which causes great barriers to the south and north, and its south and north sides are called "desert south" and "desert north" respectively. Yanran Mountain is located in the north of the desert, but it is the place closest to the south of the desert, and the Wengjin River, which flows from north to south on its west side, is also the river closest to the desert in the north of the desert; at the same time, in the south of the desert, the agricultural area closest to the desert is the Loop area. On the other hand, the mutual traffic between Hetao and Wengjin River is the closest passage between the south of the desert and the north of the desert; from these two locations to the core of the ancient Mongolian steppe, the Orkhon River Valley or the Wei River Valley where the capital of the Zhou, Qin, Han, and Tang Dynasties is located, is also the closest.
When we look at the Tang Dynasty Khan Road and the Mulin Station Road of the Yuan Dynasty marked in the "Historical Atlas of China" were passed near Yanran Mountain, it was based on such convenient conditions, and when the general Li Guangli of the Qiongshi Division fought against the Xiongnu in the north of the desert and "led the troops back" because of the unfavorable war, the Xiongnu Shan Yu was able to clearly understand its marching path and preemptively ambushed near the "Rapid Evil Wuyanran Mountain" and "covered" the Han army at night when the Han army was camped, because this was the necessary place to return from the north of the desert to the south of the desert. It was also the last place where water and grass were abundant before entering the desert, where the Han army stayed overnight to rest and prepare enough water through the tomb, which was almost an inevitable thing to do.
"The Tao of the Heavenly Khan" on the Historical Atlas of China
"Mulin Station Road" on the "Historical Atlas of China"
Knowing the location characteristics of Yanran Mountain mentioned above, it is easy for us to understand why Dou Xian, on the way back to the dynasty after defeating the Northern Xiongnu, published Shi Jigong on Yanran Mountain, rather than some other place: first, of course, because Yanran Mountain is a necessary place to travel to and from the north and south of the desert; second, it is precisely because it is a necessary place to travel to and from the north and south of the desert that it can make its inscriptions widely known and achieve the greatest propaganda effect.
Helplessly, history is ruthless, and whether a person's actions and the actions of a regime are meritorious or wrong, and it is not up to you to decide, and Qingshi will give a fair evaluation -- that is, to see whether it is beneficial to the country and the people. The real monument always stands in the hearts of the people, and can be seen with closed eyes, unlike the inscriptions on Yanran Mountain, which also have to be painstakingly climbed and searched. I will elaborate on this point separately.
Diary of October 31, 2017