1. The receptor recognition and binding between the virus and the surface of the host cell cannot reflect the function of cell membranes to communicate information between cells. The propagation process of the virus must be done within the host cell and cannot reproduce in the extracellular fluid.
2. Stomata are the main channels for plants to exchange gases. Drought and lack of water can lead to the closure of stomata, reduced absorption of carbon dioxide, and reduced photosynthetic rate.
3. Most of the inorganic salts in the human body exist in the form of ions, but there are also in the form of compounds, such as calcium salts in bones.
4. Without the addition of enzymes or inorganic catalysts, the starch will not undergo hydrolysis reaction.
5. The temperature decreases, the activity of enzymes related to the dark reaction is low, and the dark reaction rate is slower, which inhibits the light reaction.
6. The destruction of the lysosomal membrane causes the release of hydrolases, which may lead to damage to the cell's own structure. Enzymes in lysosomals are synthesized on ribosomes.
7. When designing experiments, independent variables should be controlled, dependent variables should be observed, and irrelevant variables should be kept the same and appropriate. (Unrelated variables can have an impact on the results of the experiment)
8. True (actual) photosynthetic rate = net photosynthetic rate + respiration rate
True photosynthetic rate is commonly expressed as a fixed amount of CO2 per unit time, the amount of O2 produced, or the amount of organic matter manufactured;
The net photosynthetic rate is usually expressed as the amount of CO2 absorbed, the amount of O2 released, or the amount of organic matter accumulated per unit time.
9. When the leaf area coefficient reaches a certain value, the photosynthetic rate no longer increases, but as the leaf area coefficient increases, the respiration rate increases, so the net photosynthetic rate decreases. (The leaf area factor is the ratio of the total area of leaves of a plant to the area of land on which the plant grows)
10. Glucose entering erythrocytes is assisted in diffusion, and entering the small intestine epithelial cells is active transport.
11. If the rice field is not drained in time, the dissolved oxygen in the water will become lower and lower, and the root cells will respirate without oxygen to produce alcohol, making the root system black and rotten.
12. The oncogene of Rous sarcoma virus can cause human cells to become cancerous.
13. By counting the proportion of cells in each period, the relative length of time in each period can be roughly judged.
14. Human mature red blood cells are wirelessly granulous and can only undergo anaerobic respiration. [H] and O2 bind to form H2O occurs on the intramyelial membrane.
15. The catalytic efficiency of enzymes to chemical reactions is called enzyme activity, and enzyme activity is usually measured by the measured enzymatic reaction rate, but the enzymatic reaction rate is not necessarily equal to enzyme activity.
16. Effector T cells in close contact with target cells cause them to lyse and die as apoptosis, while viruses lyse host cells to death belongs to cell necrosis. Apoptosis is beneficial for ontology.
17. Differential centrifugation was used to isolate various organelles, and it was proved that semi-reserved replication of DNA used isotope labeling and density gradient centrifugation.
18. In addition to the recognition function, glycoproteins also have the role of protection and lubrication. Glycolipids on the outside of the cell membrane may be related to the recognition function of the cell.
19. The haploids of diploids are infertile and cannot produce seeds, so seedlings can only be treated with colchicine.
20. Non-sister chromatid exchange fragments of homologous chromosomes (cross-interchange) belong to genetic recombination; exchange fragments between non-homologous chromosomes (translocations) belong to chromosomal structural variations.
21. An individual with a genotype Aadd, if A and D are on one chromosome and a and d are on one chromosome, the number of gametes produced by that individual is AD=ad>> Ad=aD.
22. Populations are the basic units of biological evolution and reproduction, and the essence of biological evolution is the change of genetic frequencies in populations.
23. The formation of new species means that organisms are able to use environmental conditions in new ways.
24. In meiosis, only if both pairs of genes are heterozygous can reflect the free combination of non-alleles on non-homologous chromosomes.
25. Gene expression includes both transcription and translation.
26. Label the E. coli first, and then let the bacteriophage infect to obtain the labeled phage, and the bacteriophage cannot be directly cultured with the culture medium. Whether labeled P or labeled S, only a small fraction of the bacteriophage is radioactive.
27. The purpose of agitation is to separate the bacteriophage shell adsorbed on the surface of E. coli from E. coli, and the purpose of centrifugation is to allow lighter bacteriophage particles to precipitate from the supernatant, leaving E. coli in the sediment.
28. Genes are linearly arranged on the chromosome and are not continuous.
29. Heterosis refers to the phenomenon in which heterozygous are superior to two parents in one or more traits.
30. Mendel's pea hybridization experiment and Morgan's fruit fly hybridization experiment are both hypothesis-deductive methods.
31. The use of male sterile rice as the mother would have eliminated the "de-male" operation in the hybridization process, simplifying the operation steps of the rice hybridization experiment.
32. Ecological functions such as climate regulation, water conservation and soil conservation reflect the indirect value of biodiversity.
33. Ecosystems can remain relatively stable after being slightly polluted, which indicates that ecosystems have certain self-regulation capabilities, which are based on negative feedback regulation.
34. Excitement refers to the process by which certain tissues or cells in the human body change from a relatively stationary state to a significantly active state after feeling external stimuli.
Excitement is conducted on nerve fibers in the form of electrical signals (nerve impulses), and the reason for the unidirectional transmission of excitement in the synapse is that neurotransmitters can only be released by the presynaptic membrane and act on the postsynaptic membrane.
35. The survey method used in experiments to investigate the richness of small fauna in soil is the sampler sampling method.
36. The way carbon in the inorganic environment enters the biome has photosynthesis and chemical energy synthesis.
37. Decreased population density does not change richness, but decreased biological species lead to decreased community richness.
38. Antidiuretic hormone is synthesized and secreted by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. It can promote the reabsorption of water by renal tubules and collection ducts, so that the osmotic pressure of the internal environment is reduced and the amount of urine is reduced.
39. Producers are the cornerstones of ecosystems, and their role in ecosystems is to fix solar energy in the organic matter they produce through photosynthesis for biological use.
The function of the decomposer is to decompose the remains of animals and plants and animals into inorganic substances.
40. All control methods that apply the biological principle of "information transmission of ecosystems" are biological control. Such as "sexual attractants", "bird swarm signals" and so on.
Pest control can adjust the relationship between the energy flow of the ecosystem so that the energy flows continuously and efficiently to the most beneficial parts of human beings.
41. Na+ mainly maintains extracellular fluid osmolality, K+ mainly maintains intracellular fluid osmolality.
The internal flow rate of Na+ increases, and the peak of the action potential increases; the external flow of K+ increases, and the absolute value of the rest potential increases.
42. The environmental factors affecting the vertical structure of animal communities are mainly food and habitat, and the factors affecting the vertical structure of plant communities are mainly light.
The vertical and horizontal structure of the community is conducive to the full use of environmental resources by organisms in the community.
43. There is always a co-evolution between predators and predators.
44. The two basic principles of ecological agricultural utilization are material recycling and multi-level utilization of energy. Sustainable development pursues natural, economic and social lasting and coordinated development.
45. Verify that insulin has a hypoglycemic function, in order to make the experiment appear hypoglycemic symptoms faster, respond to mouse starvation treatment.
46. Succession on volcanic rocks, sand dunes and glacial mud is a nascent succession.
47. Human activities tend to cause community succession to proceed at a different rate and direction than natural succession.
48. Sankey fish pond uses mulberry leaves to raise silkworms, silkworm manure to feed fish, pond mud and fertilizer mulberry, thus realizing the multi-level utilization of energy and improving the utilization rate of energy.
49. Courtship activity can only occur between individuals of the same species.
50. The hypothalamus is the regulatory center of body temperature, blood sugar, and water balance, and also controls the biological rhythm, and all sensations are formed in the cerebral cortex.
51. When a person loses a lot of water to reduce the extracellular fluid and reduce the blood sodium content, the amount of aldosterone secreted by the adrenal cortex increases, which promotes the reabsorption of Na+ by the renal tubules and the collecting ducts, and maintains the balance of blood sodium content.
52. From the analysis of the direction of energy, there are two directions of energy for the highest nutritional level: the decomposed person is decomposed, and the respiration is lost in the form of thermal energy, while the energy of other trophic levels is lost in the form of heat energy: the decomposed person is decomposed, and the respiration is lost in the form of thermal energy and flows into the next nutritional level.
53. Fatty acid hormones (prostaglandins), amino acid derivative hormones (thyroid hormones, epinephrine), steroid hormones (sex hormones) can be taken orally, and peptides and protein hormones can only be injected and cannot be taken orally.
54. The "matter" in the material cycle of an ecosystem refers to the elements C, H, O, N, P, S, etc. that make up the organism, and "ecosystem" refers to the biosphere.
55. Yeast is a facultative anaerobic fungus, the conditions required for alcoholic fermentation are: 18 ~ 25 ° C, anaerobic conditions and sufficient nutrients; the conditions required for reproduction are about 20 ° C, aerobic conditions.
56. Immobilized cells often use the embedding method, and the advantages of immobilized cell technology are: it can be reused and saved costs; it can be in contact with the reactants and can be separated from the product to improve product quality.
57. In hypoxic, acidic fermentation broths, yeast can grow and multiply, while the vast majority of microorganisms cannot adapt and are inhibited.
58. When isolating bacteria, at the second and subsequent strokes, the lines are always drawn from the end of the previous one, so that the number of bacteria gradually decreases with the increase in the number of strokes, and finally colonies multiplied by individual bacteria can be obtained.
59. When extracting orange peel essential oil, the reason why it is not appropriate to use the water distillation method is that when distilled in water, it will cause orange peel scorch paste and hydrolysis of the active ingredient.
The extraction of orange peel essential oil generally uses the pressing method, which needs to be soaked in lime water before pressing, in order to increase the oil yield.
60. The efficiency of extraction mainly depends on the nature and amount of extraction agent and the amount of use, but also affected by the nature of raw material particles and the temperature and time of extraction.
61. Acetic acid bacteria are aerobic bacteria, and the optimal growth temperature is 30~35 °C.
62. Penicillin is produced by penicillium (fungi) and does not inhibit the growth of fungi, but does inhibit the growth of bacteria.
63. Peptone provides a source of carbon, nitrogen and vitamins for the growth of bacteria.
64. The medium is usually sterilized by autoclaving, and the blank plate is coated with sterile water, and no colonies grow on the plate after 72 h of incubation, indicating that the plate sterilization is thorough and the inoculation process is free of bacterial contamination.
65. Efanmei blue medium is a kind of identification medium, is used to identify E. coli, if there is E. coli, its colonies appear black, metallic luster.
66. Sterilization methods in the laboratory are generally burning sterilization (suitable for sterilization of inoculation tools), dry heat sterilization (suitable for sterilization of high-temperature-resistant items that need to be kept dry), autoclaving (suitable for sterilization of articles such as culture medium).
67. Carotene is easily soluble in organic solvents, and the organic solvent extracting carotene should have a high boiling point, generally choose petroleum ether.
68. When extracting carotene, the raw material needs to be crushed and dried, the reason for this operation is that the size and moisture content of the raw material particles will affect the efficiency of extraction, the raw material particles are small, the water content is low, and the extraction efficiency is high.
69. The method of identifying the carotene crude product is paper chromatography, and the carotene standard needs to be used as a control during the identification process.
70. Pectinase includes polygalacturonase, pectin decomposition enzyme and pectinase. Pectinase breaks down pectin into soluble galacturonic acid, which clarifies the cloudy juice.
71. Immobilized enzyme technology can make the enzyme reusable, immobilized enzyme technology generally uses chemical binding method and physical adsorption method.
72. Gel chromatography is based on the relative molecular mass of the separated substance, using the molecular sieve action of the gel with a mesh structure to separate.
Proteins with smaller molecular weights enter the gel and travel long distances and move slowly. Proteins with larger molecular weights move outside the gel for short distances and fast movement speeds.
73. The outstanding advantage of plant somatic cell hybridization technique compared to conventional hybrid breeding is that it overcomes the barrier of dissimilarity of distant hybridization.
74. The gene expression vector should contain the following components: promoter, gene of interest, terminator, marker gene and replication origin.
75. The role of the marker gene is to facilitate the screening of tissue cells containing gene expression vectors.
Treat cells with Ca2+ solution to a physiological state that absorbs DNA molecules from the surrounding environment, and cells in this state are called competent cells.
77. When culturing detoxified seedlings, tissue culture is usually carried out with the stem tip or root tip of the plant, because there is very little or no virus at the tip of the stem or root tip.
78. Restriction enzymes in prokaryotic cells do not cleave their own DNA, possibly because there is no sequence on their DNA molecules that limit enzyme recognition.
79. The methods of introducing the gene of interest into plant cells are Agrobacterium conversion, gene gun method and pollen tube channel method, and Agrobacterium conversion method is suitable for dicotyledonous plants and gymnosperms.
Primers are required for PCR amplification because DNA polymerase cannot synthesize the daughter strand from the beginning, but only from the 3' end of the primer, and the DNA synthesis direction is extended from the 5' end of the daughter chain to the 3'.
81. The genetic material of adenovirus is DNA, and the modified adenovirus vector must have the following characteristics: one or more restriction enzyme cleavage sites for foreign DNA fragments to insert;
82. DNA formed by RNA reverse transcription does not contain non-coding regions (i.e., no promoters and terminators) and introns.
83. Restriction enzymes are characterized by the recognition of specific nucleotide sequences of double-stranded DNA molecules and the breaking of the phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides at specific sites in each strand.
84. If the gene of interest is inserted into the T-DNA of the Ti plasmid, through the transformation of Agrobacterium, the gene of interest can be inserted into the plant cell and inserted into the DNA of the chromosome in the plant cell, so that the genetic characteristics of the gene of interest can be stably maintained and expressed.
85. To detect whether the DNA of the transgenic organism is inserted into the gene of interest, the method is to use DNA molecular hybridization technology; to detect whether the gene of interest has transcribed mRNA, the detection method is molecular hybridization technology. The probes used in both methods are genes of interest that are labeled with radioisotopes, etc.
86. The use of trypsin or collagenase can disperse cells in animal tissues. When culturing adhesion cells, the inner surface of the flask is required to be smooth, non-toxic, and easy to adhere.
87. Primary culture is the initial culture after digestion of animal tissue, and subsequent cultures are called subculture culture.
The gas in the incubator for culturing animal cells contains 95% air and 5% CO2, and the role of CO2 is to maintain the pH of the culture medium.
89. The basic principles followed in ecological engineering are: the principle of material recycling, the principle of species diversity, the principle of coordination and balance, the principle of integrity, the principle of systematics and engineering (the principle of structural determination of the system and the principle of system integrity).
90. The composition of the culture liquid of mammalian embryos is generally more complex, in addition to some inorganic salts and organic salts, vitamins, hormones, amino acids, nucleotides and other nutrients, as well as serum and other substances. (Memory Tips: Two Salts, Two Elements and Two Acids Animal Serum)
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