One
Wu Dayi was a famous figure in the official field of the late Qing Dynasty. His career is rich and peculiar, from ancient times to the present, it is a must.
Wu Dayi
Wu Da Liang came from a family, traveled extensively, loved epigraphy and calligraphy and painting, and was extremely intelligent, willing to bear hardships and stand hard work, and had the ability to do things. Before entering the army, he worked at the Ziyang Academy in Suzhou, and the chief of the mountain was the famous scholar Yu Fan. At the invitation of Wu Yun, a master of Suzhou Daotai and Jinshi, he handled the writing and ink for him and repaired the Jiaoshan Zhi. At the invitation of His fellow villagers in Suzhou, university scholars, and Bingbu Shangshu Peng Yunzhang, he taught for his children and grandchildren. At the age of thirty-three, he was admitted to the Jinshi (1868), among the examiners was Wen Xiang, who later served as the Minister of Military Aircraft. After hand-picking the Shu Jishi of the Hanlin Academy, he did not stay in the Shuchangguan to study, but returned to his hometown on leave, and at the invitation of Ding Richang, the inspector of Jiangsu, he entered the bookstore to run a school carving. He then went to Wuhan to visit Li Hongzhang, the governor of Huguang (Li Hongzhang served as the inspector of Jiangsu at the time of Wu Daxiang's elevation, also known as Shimen), and was left in the shogunate. In 1870, Li Hongzhang was ordered to deal with the Tianjin teaching case and was transferred to the post of governor of Zhili, and he accompanied Li north. At the end of the year, he returned to Beijing on leave and the following year dispersed the museum, and Wu Dayi easily ranked third in the examination and was awarded the post of editor. In that year, when the drought was in danger, he organized disaster relief charity activities in Beijing, founded a kindergarten, ran a school for the poor, and provided two meals a day and clothes and quilts. Part of the money was collected from Li Hongzhang. In September 1872, Wu heard that Li Hongzhang had a secret guarantee against him, calling him "of great use."
Ding Richang, Li Hongzhang, and Zuo Zongtang were all big men who appreciated him
Wu Dayi wrote "Anxi Song" to praise Zuo Zongtang, and collected the characters of "Songshan Kaimu Temple Stone Que Ming", written in seal script
In 1873. Wu Dayi served as the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, and the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu was Zuo Zongtang. Xuezheng was in charge of education and scientific examinations in one province (Shaanxi and Gansu were in charge of the two provinces, after the end of Wu Dayi's term of office, at the request of Zuo Zongtang, Shaanxi and Gansu were separately set up), and it has always been selected from the various ministries and academies, the shilang, the jingqing, the Hanlin academy, the department (the six sections of the duchayuan to the matter) the Dao (the fifteenth way of the duchayuan to supervise the imperial history), and the langzhong of each ministry. There is no fixed grade, as long as it is two ranks of scholars. However, this beauty was given to Wu Dayi, who had only been edited for two years, showing that the upper echelons looked at him differently. Zuo Zongtang has always prided himself on Zhuge Liang, Wu Dayang first arrived in Lanzhou, summoned the disciples to "Guan Feng" (similar to the bottom of the examination), the test question is "Zhuge Daming Hanging Universe", it is said that Zuo Zongtang learned about it, smiled and did not speak for a long time. Then he said, "How dare you." Wu Dayi also wrote "Anxi Ode" to praise zuo and his exploits, and collected the stone inscriptions of the Songshan Kaimu Temple and wrote them in seal script. Zuo Zongtang stoned him in the courtyard of the Governor's Office and sent twenty copies to Wu, which shows that the two admired each other, and also proved that Wu Dayi was astute and left and right in the official field.
In 1877, when Wu Dayi returned to Beijing at the end of his term of office, the land of North China coincided with the "Ding Pengqi Famine", and he was transferred by Li Hongzhang to Tianjin to do relief work, and the following year he went to Shanxi, where the disaster was more severe, to investigate and handle relief services, and he was extremely difficult and dangerous, so he befriended Zeng Guoquan, the inspector, and Yan Jingming, who was ordered to inspect the relief work. At the same time, Zuo Zongtang said that the military needed talent and kong urgently, and asked the former generals Chang Shun of Uriah Sutai, Lü Yaodou, and Wu Dayi, the editors of the Hanlin Academy, to be sent to the Gansu military camp. The imperial court approved the transfer, but for Wu Dayi, he had to wait until he "finished handling the relief work before going." The Western Expedition was a bitter labor, and Changshun went to houguan to the deputy minister of Hami. Lü Yaodou was the predecessor of Han Yuan, eighteen years before Wu Dazhongjinshi, he did not want to go to the northwest, through Li Hongzhangmen Road to get the opportunity of alternate road, and later served as the Fujian Shipping Administration and the General Office of Tianjin Water Teacher School, that is, Yan Fu's immediate superior. Wu Dayi, on the other hand, was awarded yan jingming and Zeng Guoquan baoju to help transport grain and reward him with the title of bachelor's degree. At the end of 1878, he was sent to Shanxi as a Taoist to be sent to the Commission. Before he set off, he was also appointed as a member of The Hebei Province of Henan (Hebei Province administers the three provinces of Huaiqing, Weihui, and Zhangde).
In early 1880, a dispute arose between China and Russia over the signing of the Treaty of Livadia by Minister Chonghou chonghou of the Ili negotiations, and the two sides were ready to fight. The Qing court sent Zeng Jize to concurrently serve as minister in Russia and resume negotiations. At the same time, in order to strengthen the defense of the northeast, Wu Dayi was ordered to go to Jilin and accompany the Jilin general Ming An to assist in all matters, and was rewarded with the title of Secretary of State of Sanpin. From then on, Wu Dayi turned to the ice and snow in the northeast and began his career of training and patrolling the border. At that time, the Jilin generals had a vast area under their jurisdiction, and there were five sub-capitals of Jilin, Ningguta, San surname, Boduna, and Alchuka, and hunchun special city garrisons, of which the three surnames, Ningguta, and Alchuka belonged to today's Heilongjiang Province. It is sparsely populated and the defense is weak. Zuo Zongtang once worried: "Wu Qingqing has little experience in military affairs, and the people of Jilin are not ancient, so they are particularly dangerous. Before Wu Dayi left, he consulted with Li Hongzhang and asked Dai Zongqian, an alternate zhizhou he had met when he was doing relief, to accompany him to Kyrgyzstan. In accordance with the imperial court's request to coordinate the defense of Jilin Province, Li Hongzhang sent alternate Dao Gu Zhaoxi, candidate prefect Li Jinyong, and others to be sent by Ming'an to become wu Dayi's important assistant during his time in Kyrgyzstan. Dai Zongqian led the Sui army to mabu five battalions, stationed in Bayantu ( present-day Yilan County , Heilongjiang ) . Li Hongzhang also transferred Liu Chaopei, deputy general of the Huai Army, to command the third battalion of Mabu of the Gong Army, stationed in Ningguta (present-day Ning'an, Heilongjiang), and deputy general Guo Changyun commanded the fourth battalion of Mabu of the Wei Army to garrison Hunchun. FuGui Jintang led a battalion of the An zi horse team to stay in the city of Jilin Province. A total of six battalions of horse teams, each with 250 men, and seven battalions of infantry, 500 people per battalion, a total of 5,000 people, imitated the Xianghuai military camp system and the regulations for directly subordinate training.
On February 24, 1881, Zeng Jize re-signed the Treaty of Ili after negotiations with Tsarist Russia, and the Sino-Russian crisis was lifted. On May 5, the imperial court issued an edict saying that although the Russian affairs had been decided, it was necessary to be cautious and firm in view of the fact that the Chinese border was adjacent to Russia, thinking that the prevention of the disease was a strategy, and the defense was particularly important. Ming'an was stationed in the city of Jilin Province, far away, and it was difficult to take care of it. All the three surnames, Ningguta, and Hunchun Defense, immediately instructed Wu Dacheng to supervise and handle the reclamation of each place. Wu Dayi became a commander of the army, and in that year he was also appointed as the secretary of the Taibu Temple, ranking in the Beijing Hall. Wu Da Li traveled to the borders, prepared for the Machinery Bureau, and organized the reclamation of migrants to consolidate border defense. In the actual investigation, it was found that there were many problems on the border between China and Russia.
There is another dark line on the way to Wu Dashishi. In 1868, when he was admitted to the Jinshi, in the same year, there were Baoting, Chen Baochen, Chen Qitai, and Zhang Renjun, and Zhang Renjun's uncle was Zhang Peilun. Zhang Peilun once said: "Renjun entered Hanlin with Tongzhi Pengchen first Peilun, so Pengchen's predecessors were more nicknamed Peilun. Pei Lun first met Wu JunQingqing of Wu County, and what he saw was the same as paying attention to the sufferings of the people. And this group of people is precisely the core of a new political force in the political arena in the early years of Guangxu, known as "Qingliu". Through this batch of the same year, Wu Da Liang contacted Li Hongzao, the minister of military aircraft, and also became friends with Zhang Zhidong, another leader of Qingliu. This relationship played a positive role in promoting his official career. In May 1880, when Wu Dalan was passing through Tianjin from Henan to Jilin, he met with Li Hongzhang and Zhang Peilun, who visited Tianjin during Ding You's period. At the end of the year, Shen Guifen, who was in charge of daily work in the Military Aircraft Department, died, and Li Hongzao took over to assist Prince Gong, and his influence greatly increased, and he carried out the personnel layout under the planning of Zhang Peilun and others. Wu Dayi was solely responsible for the defense of the three surnames, Ningguta, and Hunchun, which was one of the steps. Zhang Peilun once said very bluntly in his letter to Wu: "Gao Yang (citation press: Li Hongzao) Bingzheng, quite clear discussion for governance, Xiao Da Chao QianGe Xue (citation note: Zhang Zhidong in June 1881 from sipin Hanlin Academy attendant promotion from Erpin Cabinet Bachelor), your excellency worships the army. ”
Zhang Peilun, Zhang Zhidong, Chen Baochen and other "Qingliu" will also be Wu Dayi's close friends
On July 7, 1883, Zhang Peilun and Li Hongzhang privately discussed the imminent conflict between China, France, and Vietnam, and when the local Officials laid out the situation, they also said:
Fubu, such as Zhongliang, Xiangtao, and Qingqing Yizhi, is a friend of the same way, and the military morale is multiplied. In the two festivals of Yunnan and Guizhou, it is false Xu and Tang; the leopard Cen Confucian, but it is advisable to scatter.
Among them, Liu Bingzhang, a general of Li Hongzhang's Huai clan, retired in 1878 and re-appointed as the inspector of Zhejiang through the operation of Zhang Peilun at the beginning of the year; Zhang Zhidong had already served as the inspector of Shanxi at the end of 1881. Xu and Tang, that is, Xu Yanxu, the envoy of Guangxi, and Tang Jiong, the envoy of Yunnan, were all nepotistic in-laws of Zhang Zhidong, and "Qingliu" recognized him as a "Zhibing" cadre, and half a month later Tang Jiong was appointed as the inspector of Yunnan; Xu Yanxu also succeeded Ni Wenwei (Leopard Cen) in October as the inspector of Guangxi. What still needs to be arranged in this list is Wu Dayi. Such a joint reference is called "the same way is a friend, and the military morale is doubled", which shows that Zhang Peilun joined hands with Li Hongzao and Li Hongzhang at this time, and the energy was huge.
Wu Dayi learned seals from Chen Yi (Shuo Fu) at the age of eighteen, starting with Deng Shiru and going up to "Er Li" (秦李思, Tang Li Yangbing), and his calligraphy is very famous. He often used a meticulous ancient seal to write letters to the attendant Pan Zuyin, who immediately asked people to frame them after reading them, and in less than half a year they became four huge volumes. Pan Zuyin joked: "The elder brother will write a letter to ask you to scribble some money in the future, and my half-year mounting salary is really quite a lot." He also said, "The Old Brother's Ancient Seal is incomparably exquisite, and it must be passed down, but the brother cannot also." "Pan Zuyin is a keen lover of gold and stone, and is a collector of bronzes in Beijing, often asking Wu to appreciate and the inscriptions on the utensils, and Wu Dayi also made great efforts in the study of bronzes. When he was studying politics in Shaanxi and Gansu, he collected The Ding in Xi'an, called himself "Shu Zhai", and wrote the seal for Pan Zuyin at the end of the paper, and Pan did not know it. In 1882, in the corruption case of the "Yunnan Reimbursement Case", Wang Wenshao, the minister of military aircraft, was impeached by Zhang Peilun three times and hung up his crown, and Jiangsu compatriots Weng Tonggong and Pan Zuyin took over as military aircraft ministers, which added two huge backers to Wu Dayi's official career. Of course, Wu's academic research was carried out in a hurry, such as participating in the Tumen Jiangkou boundary survey, and during the month he waited for the Russian representative in Hunchun, he wrote more than ten articles of "Character Sayings" and also wrote "Mao Gongding Interpretation".
The military ministers Weng Tonggong and Pan Zuyin also admired Wu Daying
Think about it, on top of Wu Dayi's career, there are various contents such as imperial examinations, officialdom, military training, boundary surveying, Qingliu, charity, disaster relief, calligraphy, antiques, etc., and all kinds of big men and political forces willing to support him. He himself is good at dancing with long sleeves, constantly switching roles, and what a huge amount of mind and energy it takes to run an intricate circle of friends at different levels. But he was like a fish in the water, and he was able to cope with it freely. After the demarcation of Hunchun, he was finally appointed as the governor of Guangdong. With such a legendary experience and so many friends and friends, Wu Dayi walked for eighteen years from the middle of the jinshi to the provincial and ministerial level. After that, he had a new challenge, acting as governor of the river after 1888, to block the Yellow River near Zhengzhou for more than a year. After his success, he was awarded the title of Governor of Hedong River, rewarded with the title of Head of the Top, and concurrently held the title of Shangshu of the Military Department.
Two
In his official career, Wu Dayi has always been an active enterprising. He has a heart for advice, is good at making suggestions, and is willing to practice what he preaches. This is due to his character, and it is also his style and path of being an official.
In the autumn of 1883, due to the French invasion of northern Vietnam, Xu Yanxu and Tang Jiong led the Qing army out of the country, but the battle was not smooth, and the French army said that it was said that the french army led ships to China to seek trouble. Wu Da Li played and asked to lead the Jilin training defense army to be dispatched. He himself was willing to lead his troops south to Guangxi to prepare for defense. The imperial court ordered him to lead three thousand sui and Gong troops from Yingkou by boat to Tianjin for dispatch, and Li Hongzhangxuan also suggested that he should not go south, move to the area of Leting and Changli, and increase the defensive forces of Beijing and Tianjin (this force was led by Dai Zongqian and Liu Chaopei, and later transferred to Weihai, Shandong, until it was destroyed in the Sino-Japanese War). This time, Wu Dayi asked for a battle on his own, and finally successfully reached the plan of transferring out of Jilin Border Defense, whether there is a high-ranking person behind the scenes, it remains to be further studied, but being good at taking the initiative to recommend himself to seek opportunities is indeed a major method of his officialdom. On May 8, 1884, the Qing court ordered Wu Dayi to handle Beiyang affairs. Chen Baochen, a cabinet scholar, will handle Nanyang affairs. Zhang Peilun, an attendant of the Hanlin Academy, would handle the affairs of Fujian's maritime frontiers, and at the same time transfer Zhang Zhidong to act as the governor of Liangguang, and the Qingliu power reached its peak. Zhang Peilun and Chen Baochen were later demoted or demoted in the Sino-French War, and because they lost the battle on the front line (Zhang Peilun) or had a bad relationship with the chief officer (Chen Baochen and Zeng Guoquan, the governor of Liangjiang), they were also charged with the crime of "holding Up Tang Jiong and Xu Yanxu as military personnel, asking them to divide and unify the various armies in Yunnan and Guangdong, leaving the country to defend and suppress, and dying until they were in trouble, and making mistakes that were not light." Only Wu Da Li stayed in Beiyang, escaped a disaster, and after the war, continued to suggest to the imperial court to revise the Sino-Russian boundary monument, and personally presided over the boundary survey, with the story and honor told earlier in this article.
On December 4, 1884, Kim Yu-kyun and Park Yong-hyo, the pro-Japanese ministers of the Korean kai-hwa faction, and the Japanese minister TaketsuJinichiro jointly planned to assassinate pro-Chinese officials at a banquet celebrating the establishment of the new post office, and then pretended to be a Qing army rebellion, summoned the Japanese army to protect, occupied the palace, controlled the king, organized a pro-Japanese government, and announced the abolition of tributary relations with China, known in history as the "Koshin Coup". Subsequently, Yuan Shikai led the Qing troops stationed in the dprk into the palace, drove away the Japanese army, and welcomed the king to the military camp. Taketi set fire to the Japanese embassy and hurried back to China by steamship. The Qing court ordered Wu Dayi to go to the DPRK to find out the situation. On January 1, 1885, Wu arrived in Seoul, and the coup d'état had been quelled. He met with the king and learned from all sides what had happened. At this time, Japan also sent Foreign Secretary Inoue Shin to the DPRK, but did not visit Wu Dayi. On the 8th, when the Japanese envoy negotiated with the DPRK minister Kim Hong-ji to compensate for the losses of the Japanese side and establish a new treaty, he wanted to threaten many things, and Wu Dae-ji drove directly to the venue and informed Kim Hong-ji in person: "This minister came to the DPRK this time to investigate and deal with the chaotic party, and your excellency is in the government, how can you ignore it?" If you avoid the important and take it lightly, that is, if you make a hasty pact with Ambassador Inoue and ignore the chaos of the party, not only will you have the right to question Your Excellency, but you will also be indignant and indignant, which is not only a matter of fact, but also a matter of life, but also a matter of fact! Li Hongzhang later expressed his appreciation to Wu for this move: "When Japan first made a pact with Korea, it clearly recognized Korea as an independent country, but implicitly did not recognize The DPRK as our subordinate state. The deacons broke into the meeting and showed a slight intention of intervention, which was extremely opportunistic. On this day, Korea and Japan met, and Nichihara asked for 300,000 yuan for military expenses, which was changed to 110,000 yuan. The king also sent personnel to thank Wu Dayi.
At that time, the Korean courtiers were divided into two factions: "Big Things" and "Civilized.". The so-called "big party" is the conservative faction that has been in power for a long time, adheres to the doctrine of "big things", is loyal to the suzerainty and the great Qing Dynasty, sticks to the rules, and does not think about reform. The so-called "Kaihua Party" refers to the children of young aristocrats who went to Japan to study and investigate, advocating learning from the West and Japan, reforming state politics, and breaking away from the Qing Dynasty. The Koshin coup was the first top-down bourgeois reform in North Korean history aimed at modernizing. At such a juncture, the Qing government was actually in an embarrassing situation. During his time in the dynasty, Wu Da Li exhorted and advised the conservative King of Joseon, and presented it to the king with "TheOry of Defending the Party," "The Theory of Seeking Merit," "TheOry of Cultivating Talents," "The Theory of Saving Use," "The Theory of Compassion for the People," "The Theory of Probation," and "The Theory of Military Training." However, his views are actually very old-fashioned, such as the proposal to build a Youren Academy in Seoul, dividing the scriptures into righteousness, administration, and grace, respectively, to study the Four Books and Five Classics, the Zhou Li, the Yi Jing, the Erya, or water conservancy, farmland, criminal law, military system, or arithmetic, astronomy, public opinion map, sea channel, manufacturing, and steamship, and the king Jian sent Hanlin Zhongxue to learn the literature and the ability to master the current affairs to teach the academy; such as ordering that the future ministers and ministers should be honest and honest, and that they should not be forced by harsh factions, buy and sell flat, and not be short-term For example, to practice new weapons, it is proposed to add a battalion of artillery units, order sixteen 75 mm caliber artillery pieces, and train them by Chinese instructors. It is also suggested that the two battalions on the left and right should continue to use the Martni rifle, "there is no need to exchange for his gun, the cover is specialized, and the lovers are not refined."
Regarding the firing of the drill team, he talked about many details with great interest in his proposal. Because shooting a gun is also one of wu Dayi's happiest things. He took his own soldiers and the soldiers of the Sui and Gong battalions to shoot a small target three hundred steps away, invited the Japanese minister Kondo Makoto to watch, personally fired twenty shots, hit the target twelve shots, and the Japanese officials sighed. This is also an important reason for his confidence in being able to lead the troops. However, in good conscience, this kind of advice and the modernization cause initiated by the Meiji Restoration in Japan are obviously not on the same level.
In March of the following year, the Japanese government sent envoy Itō Hirobumi to China to conduct diplomatic negotiations with Li Hongzhang and Wu Dayi, the minister in charge of Beiyang affairs, to resolve the issue of the withdrawal of troops from Korea by both sides. After six rounds of confrontation, according to the requirements of the Japanese side, a draft of the "Special Articles of the Tianjin Conference" was formed on April 15. The main points are, first, that China and Japan have withdrawn their troops from korea; second, that the DPRK should train its own troops, and neither China nor Japan will send personnel to serve as instructors; and third, if there is a problem in the DPRK in the future, if two or one country wants to send troops, they should first know about each other and withdraw them as soon as the purpose is achieved.
At this time, Zhang Peilun was defeated in Majiang, and liushu juntai was passing through Tianjin. Hearing about the negotiation of the treaty, I firmly opposed Article 3. He recalled:
It was a farewell to Hefei on the day, accompanied by Qingqing (citation: Wu Dayi). Asked to read the draft agreement, hefei yun: "Juntai is not a king's subject? Not reading is disloyalty! "It is a reading. At this point, I thought it was impossible. "If these two genera are so, North Korea must not be left alone." China keeps its word and sends troops to take note, but it is not, and I am worried about its deliberate retaliation, I am caught off guard, and the harm is very great, so it is better to go to it. Hefei was horrified. Qingqing sat on a foreign grinding disc chair on the cloud: "The protégé thinks it is harmless." Hefei Yun: "I don't think so." "Not reading is disloyal, and reading without picking is even more unwise." Sooner or later, this matter will be seen, Gong Andrei Yu said. ”
Due to the round-trip negotiations, in order to allow the Japanese army to retreat, Li Hongzhang and Wu Dayi still decided to accept the request put forward by Ito Hirobumi, which was approved by the prime minister Yamen to the imperial court, and on the 18th, Li and Yi officially signed it. Later facts proved that the "Special Articles of the Tianjin Conference" laid the foundation for the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, and its main responsibility should be borne by Li Hongzhang. Japanese Foreign Minister Mutsu Munemitsu said that the treaty "contains provisions that in the future, when sending troops to Korea under any circumstances (citation: China), it must be notified to our country in advance." This has obviously been a serious blow in China, and has greatly reduced its power as a result of the doctrine of dependency which it has always advocated." Nine years later, on June 6, 1894, when Wang Fengzao, the Chinese minister to Japan, sent a note to Japan that the Chinese army had been invited by Korea to send troops to suppress the Dongxue Party, Japan replied that according to the Treaty of Tianjin, Japan had also sent troops, and "the imperial government has never recognized Korea as a vassal state of your country."
The Koshin coup occupies an important place in the history of Sino-Japanese-ROK relations. Although Japan violated international law, tried to subvert the Korean regime, and was defeated by the Qing army, it turned defeat into victory diplomatically and achieved its equal status with the Qing Dynasty in Korea. Li Hongzhang and Wu Dayi did not handle the diplomatic negotiations well, in essence, their understanding of Sino-DPRK relations is still in the old style of clan relations, and their understanding of modernization is still at the level of artifacts, which shows a huge gap compared with Japanese politicians.
Three
In 1894, Wu served as the governor of Hunan. On July 25, Japan raided the Chinese warship Jiyuan in the Sea of Asan and attacked the Korean Palace, causing the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War to break out. On August 15, Wu Da Li sent an electric message requesting that he lead the Xiang army to oversee the war in Korea. On the 19th, he was instructed to "follow the instructions as requested." That is, to lead the troops north." Wu Dayi, who was originally far away from the battlefield, took the initiative to throw himself into the battlefield. At that time, Liu Kunyi, the governor of Liangjiang, who had also been transferred to the front by the Qing government to take over the Huai clan's command of the northeast operation, said: "Since the Zhongwu dynasty, there have been those who have used it and resigned, and there have been those who have been called in and borrowed words to delay. He said that he was a person who obeyed orders, and took the initiative to ask for help, and among the feudal officials in the country, Wu Dayi was the only one. In this year, Wu Dayi had turned sixty years old according to the lunar calendar, and had reached the age of ear shun.
Japan, the opponent of the Sino-Japanese War, adopted the Western-style military system, equipment, staff system, and logistical support to carry out combat tasks. However, Wu Dayi, who had been training troops for many years in the Chinese side's supervision and praised himself as a "know-it-all soldier," also issued a "Map of the March of the Xiang Army" to all battalions, saying that he had used the method of western warfare, removed its cumbersomeness, taken its simplicity, and asked the troops to perform this exercise on weekdays, so as not to panic when they were in the front. He said that he had the aspirations of Zeng (Guofan) and Hu (Lin Yi), but wuzeng and Hu zhicai. Only the Generals of the Day Governor conscientiously practiced the gun accuracy. He also issued the "Law of War to Appease the Wokou Dynasty," saying that "the conspiracy of the Wokou cannot but be used to slay the enemy with odds." At the end of 1894, Li Hongzhang's Huaihai Army was completely defeated in the northeast battlefield, and Wu Dayi led the Xiang Army troops out of the customs on January 17, 1895, commanding the battle to retake Haicheng, and the battles of Niuzhuang, Yingkou, and Tianzhuangtai also ended in failure, thus obtaining the bad comment of "speaking big and exaggerating, not understanding the military brigade", and becoming the laughing stock of vain words and boasting but returning home.
According to anecdotal legend, Wu Dayi got a Han seal engraved with the words "General Du Liao", thinking that it was a sign of the Marquis of Wanli, so he generously asked for help. Some people say that this seal was made by Xu Xide, a Suzhou native, to Wu Changshuo, but in fact Wu forged it. He also said that he dreamed that the roc bird fell from the sky, and the Japanese minister to Korea was suitable for Keisuke Ohtori, so he thought that the omen was very good. His cousin Wang Mingluan, the left attendant of the Ministry of Works, said: "Qing Qing's move, those who know think it is crazy, and those who do not know think it is loyal." "At key points, I generally don't cite barnyard history into books, but from serious historical materials, what I read is still surprisingly aphasiaous. indissoluble.
Compared with the glorious experience of border passes in the past, Wu Dayi's record of staying in the Sino-Japanese War was mostly negative. For example, at the end of 1894, before he left the customs, he asked people:
The thick leather paper collar armor worn by the WenWu soldiers could not enter the gun. Begging for the purchase of Oriental paper ten knives, Western paper ten knives, Pai Yong sent Guan trial. If the gun cannot penetrate, it can also imitate the paper vest.
He also published the eloquent "Letter to the Japanese Soldiers", declaring:
Under the orders of Jian, the minister commanded more than fifty battalions of the Xiang Army, trained for three months, and was now marched east by Shanhaiguan. In the middle of February, Bidang will duel with the Japanese barracks. This minister has been paying attention to the accuracy of guns and artillery for fifteen or six years, and all the soldiers trained are based on precision guns and fast guns as the front team. The battle of the halls, the banner of righteousness, can advance or retreat, can win and can not lose. The sons of Xiangzhong are loyal and courageous, and tens of thousands of people are united in one heart. How can Japan, with the soldiers of Jiutun and the old and the old, be able to be a force in this life? However, this minister is a teacher of benevolence and righteousness, a faithful and faithful person, and has always valued not killing people. The Japanese people, each with parents and wives, would they like to be the fire of my guns with their flesh and blood? Forced by the general's orders, the disciples travel far and wide, and the violent teachers are outside. In the midst of the ice and snow, hunger and cold are inevitable. Death and life are between breaths, day and night without rest, parents are sad and do not know, and wives cry without hearing. Victory will be the merit, defeat will be the disaster of the soldiers. Fight for the lives of tens of millions of people, and rejoice in the joy of Keisuke Bodaijima. To read the sages of Japan, it is not necessary to use the military as a measure. The Minister wanted to save the lives of the two people, and when he was open and honest, he told him that when the two armies were fighting, the Japanese soldiers and officers of Versaille had no way to escape, but when they saw the surrender exemption card set by the Minister, they handed over their guns and knives and knelt under the cards. The Minister sent benevolent and honest cadres to the camp, two meals a day, and treated them as Chinese and people, and did not send them to do hard work. After the peace, the ship was sent to return to China. This minister issued this notice, and the heavens and the earth, ghosts, and gods learned together, and they would never break their word and cause harm to Yin Morality. If you are confused and do not realize, desperately resist the enemy, and try to choose a fine weapon to engage the minister three times, it is not difficult to see whether you will win or lose. By the time the soldier fought three battles and three norths, the minister had his own plan of seven columns and seven captures. Please learn from the previous car, no regrets, cut through! Special instructions.
Under the circumstance that the Qing army was completely defeated and the Beiyang Navy was curled up in Weihai and did not dare to attack, was it Wu Dayi who was wise and erudite in saying these pompous and stupid words? How can it be compared with the "Mandarins" who were completely ignorant of the world at the beginning of the Opium War?
Battle of Haicheng of the Qing Army
Wu Da Li took han yin on the expedition, and was soon defeated by the Japanese, almost drawing his sword and committing suicide, which was criticized by the Qing. On March 26, 1895, the imperial court ordered him to return to Hunan to patrol his post. He was dismissed on June 30. Wu Da Liang heard the news of the reparations of the Treaty of Maguan and sent an urgent telegram to Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Huguang, on June 17:
The compensation is too large, the state is underused, and the courtiers should destroy the family to relieve the difficulties. Da Li Lian entered, all of which he had to buy ancient artifacts, had no other savings, and planned to use 100 kinds of bronze ware, 100 kinds of ancient jade, 50 kinds of ancient mirrors, 50 kinds of ancient porcelain, 100 kinds of ancient bricks and tiles, 100 kinds of ancient clay seals, 100 kinds of calligraphy and painting, 1,300 kinds of ancient spring coins, and 1,300 kinds of bronze seals, a total of 3,200 kinds, to Japan, please subtract one-twentieth of the indemnity. Please telegraph Hefei Xiangguo and negotiate with the Japanese envoys to make a point. This is what Japan hopes to have, and it is also a great view to place in the museum. He did not spend a penny to get it, and China had this credit, and with a little relief of financial resources, The Great Wave used it to repay the favor and do three good things in one fell swoop. If he allows it to arrive, that is, it will be played by my public, and I dare not ask for an award. Ancient artifacts and ancient springs, Japanese Wuyang (citation note: former minister in China, Takeyoshi Tsukimoto), once saw it, and entrusted him to convey it to the king, and the matter may be harmonious.
In the early morning of the 24th, Zhang Zhidong wrote a reply letter to Hunan to reply:
Wu Futai:
There is electricity. Destroy the family to alleviate difficulties, deeply admire the loyalty. However, it is better to use ancient artifacts to play with the cost of soldiers, things are too strange to create, and the slaves are good soldiers and profitable, is it good to be ancient? And although Zunzang is rich and refined, the valuation cannot exceed 100,000 gold, and now he wants to offset one-twentieth of the indemnity, which is worth ten million taels, which seems strange. This matter is ridiculed by the world and laughed at by the people of the world. Contempt does not dare to think, the brother is inconvenient and smelly, such as respect and intention to do it, please public e-commerce Hefei. To play a verse, the brother did not dare to be so arrogant. At this time, the public should not make novel articles, and it is always advisable to be quiet. If you see this, whether you adopt it or not, please respect it.
Zhang Zhidong was an old friend of Wu Dayong and a relative of his children (on October 10, before the Japanese attack on Lushunkou in the previous year, after the Battle of the Yellow Sea in the northeast, the fourth miss of the Wu family married Zhang Renhao, the son of Zhang Zhidong). On the 28th, Wu Dayi had not yet received a reply, and sent a telegram to Zhang Zhidong to ask him whether his proposal was implemented, saying that if Li Hongzhang refused to discuss the reduction, or the Japanese envoy refused to negotiate, he asked the General Administration to e-commerce Russian Tsar Yucheng to do this. If anything is done, he prepares a hundred kinds of rewards for antiquities. This kind of remark is almost a fool's dream. Judging from Zhang Zhidong's reply, he was greatly dissatisfied with Wu's approach, so this farce of using cultural relics to pay compensation was not implemented.
Wu Dayi's actions in the Sino-Japanese War formed public criticism of him one after another, among which the "Song of General Duliao" by Huang Zunxian, the former consul general in Singapore, was the most sarcastic and sarcastic:
Smelling the chicken in the middle of the night, he threw himself up and told the easterners that I had come to the end.
This trip to receive ten thousand households, it is not a matter of time.
The general generously came to liao, wielding a whip to beat the horse and quaker people.
Usually, the Chinese seal is collected, and the seal is hung at the waist in this work.
Here it is said that Wu Dayi asked for battle for the marquis, and the general of Liao was printed out of the pass.
The generals and townspeople have been passed on, and the high and low sentences have been traced everywhere.
The bronze pillar is minggong white horse alliance, and neighboring countries are rumored to be trembling.
Since yijie was stationed in the chicken forest, all the elite soldiers were refined.
People are correspondingly enfeoffed, and hate when they do not meet a war.
Here we review Wu Dayi's previous achievements in the northeast.
Xiongguan towering high in the sky, snowflakes like palms in the spring breeze.
The generals of the Dynasty were summoned, and the copper furnace and silver candles were surrounded by red felt.
Drinking wine and then drinking wine, he drew his knife and cut his shoulders.
He said that he had been practicing marksmanship in his life and had been practicing his arms for fifteen years.
This verse satirizes Wu Dayi's self-proclaimed marksmanship and military training.
Sitting in the middle of Huang Zeng's big hand, he inscribed Yanran for me.
What kind of rat is dare, what chicken dog and what worm?
It will be a blessing in disguise, and it will come to death.
Can lower the death kneeling this card, dare to resist yan xing chat a try.
This section deals with the death card in the Book of The Soldier of Japan.
Wait for him to fight three battles and three norths, and try my seven columns and seven tackles.
The two armies engaged each other and fled.
No one regretted abandoning the crown and taking off the sword, but fortunately the waist mark was not lost.
The general was finally a cha official, and the xiangzhong official returned.
It also mentions Wu Dayi's seven columns and seven captures and battlefield escape.
Eight thousand children were half-destroyed, and they were dressed in white to greet the wind and mourn.
The staff and pawns were scattered, and the general returned to eat.
Pingzhang ancient jade figure Ding Bell, the price of the search is worth tens of millions.
Hearing that the copper mountain is tilted towards the east, I am willing to offer it as a celery.
This section also mentions that Wu's antiques are worth tens of millions, and it is clear that his telegram to Zhang Zhidong has also been leaked, becoming the condiment for an anecdote. Wu Da Liang lost all face, quit the official field, and returned home to concentrate on antiques and calligraphy. He lived to 1902 at the age of sixty-seven.
Due to his close relationship with Emperor Weng and Tonggong, Wu Washu was not held accountable after his defeat. Until December 4, 1898, after the coup d'état, the Qing court issued an edict that Weng Tonggong, who had already returned home from absence, was dismissed from his post, never used, and handed over to local officials for strict discipline. At the same time, Wu Da Liang was also seated and another edict was issued:
Inspector Wu Dayi was cunning and cunning, exaggerating in his words, whitewashing in the face of trouble, and having a bad reputation, and never being used for dismissal.
History is really ruthless, but also really paradoxical, how can people get old and confused, they inflate themselves, and they don't know how to deal with things calmly? Where did that shrewd and capable Wu Dayi go?
Four
Over the years, the evaluation of historical figures has always been complicated. If one or two things are not done well, the "hero" can easily go to the opposite side, be rudely abandoned by the officialdom and public opinion, and it seems that he has never been a man.
In the exposition of Wu Dayi that we see today, there are a total of three Wu Dayi who are separated from each other: one is a hero who trained troops and surveyed the boundaries in Jilin Province, one is a "clown" who talked about it in Liaodong in Jiawu but fled after defeat, and the other in the field of cultural relics and calligraphy and painting, which seems to have nothing to do with all politics. He also had a famous grandson, Wu Hufan.
The "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" classified Wu Dayi as the "River Minister" who governed the Yellow River, saying: "The Great River is famous, and the good soldiers are proud and proud, and they are proud and defeated. Although there is no great mistake in summarizing his life, it is still classified as a second image.
In my mind, the more profound influence is the first Wu Dayi. In the northeast, I saw two carved stones of Wu Dayi's handwritten seal characters. One is on the edge of the Wangjiang Tower in Ning'an City, Heilongjiang, which used to be ninggu pagoda, where Wu Dayi supervised the Jilin border defense office accommodation in 1882. The inscription reads:
The Wangjiang Tower of Ninggu Pagoda, where Wu DaCheng lived
In August of the ninth year of Guangxu, Wu Da, the secretary of the Taichang Temple, passed through this station
Next to it is engraved:
In February of the twelfth year, he was sent to survey the boundary and re-crossed the mountain
Ning'an City, Wangjiang Building, Wu Da Li Le Stone
The second engraving is that Wu Dayi set off from this and went to Hunchun to argue with the Russians for the relocation of the "soil" stele. This stone originally stood next to the ancient post road through Jilin in Ningguta, in the Erdaoling Mountains, six kilometers northeast of Erlu Village in Shalan Town, west of Ning'an City, and was moved here in 2006. Imagine how majestic and heroic Wu Da Yi was at that time.
I was in Fangchuan and visited the Dragon and Tiger Pavilion. This is an antique sightseeing pavilion, 64.5 meters high, 12 floors. Standing on the top floor, you can clearly see the border scenery of "three countries at a glance". In front of the gate of the pavilion, another stone stele inscribed "Dragon and Tiger" by Wu Dayi was placed.
The "Dragon Tiger" carved stone of Wu Dayi in front of the Dragon and Tiger Pavilion
The Dragon Tiger Pavilion overlooking the Sea of Japan
The mountains and rivers are picturesque and the situation is complex. Every territorial negotiation in history, every technical operation of every surveying official, and every victory or defeat of a military general has left one legacy or another to future generations, and has been commented on through the ages. Today, the diligent patrols and judgments and handling of emergencies year after year, as well as the decisions of politicians on every foreign-related rights and interests, also continue to affect the long-term interests of the country and the nation. Climbing upstairs and looking away, the famous ancient words suddenly sprang up in my mind: "Alone without a fence, infinite rivers and mountains, it is easy to see and difficult to see." I also remembered that at the distant Khorgos port in Xinjiang, there was also a national boundary monument that had been moved by the Russians because the Qing Dynasty surveyors were not at the scene.
Therefore, we should thank Wu Dayi for the legacy he left us, and thank him for his great efforts in surveying the boundaries and for saving the national interests.
The third Wu Dayi is now very respected, and museums and publishing houses hold exhibitions for him and publish albums, and from the perspective of art appreciation, I cannot beg to beak.
I wanted to find a reason for the second Wu Dayi, but at present I feel that the historical data is insufficient. This made me think of Cheng Qi, who was also a capable person, why didn't he just go away? At the same time, I think of Zhang Peilun, in his previous writings, he is also a student who has been ridiculed for talking on paper. Over the years, through reading a lot of Zhang Peilun's letters, diaries and archival materials, I have developed a new understanding of him, and I have written articles to reshape the true image of Zhang Peilun. So I also want to find out the internal logic of his actions for Wu Dayi.
Looking at Northeast Asia today, national territories, geopolitical patterns, development channels, and even the economic and cultural cooperation of Northeast Asian countries are all unfolding on the established map, which is a permanent topic that cannot be circumvented and cannot be finished. In 2018, China and Russia reached an intention to build a 70-kilometer Chinese standard gauge railway from Hunchun to the port of Zarubino in the Primorsky Territory of the Russian Far East. The hunchun-Zarubino port route to Ningbo Zhoushan port and Qingdao port has also been opened, and China will have a new layout and a new chapter facing the Sea of Japan.
Hunchun built a railway to the Russian port of Zarubino and opened a route
Let's look at the next breakdown.