During the Rectification Movement in Yan'an, the ministries and commissions of the CPC Central Committee and some organs and schools in Yan'an began to examine cadres in the second half of 1942, and then developed to the extent of expansion. In its climax stage, the so-called "campaign to rescue the runaways," a large number of unjust, false and wrongly decided cases were even more caused, and the trial work was deviated from the direction. As for the occurrence of the trial movement and the reasons for its expansion, in recent years, many treatises have been analyzed, which are basically blamed on the personal political conspiracy of Kang Sheng, the main leader and implementer of this 'movement', and of course, there are also mistakes in the central decision-making. Objectively speaking, this argument of looking back at history and emphasizing accountability is an important method and means to distinguish the truth and falsity of history, but it is also worth paying attention to the historical background at that time and the environment in which Yan'an was located. In particular, the Kuomintang's continuous infiltration of agents into the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, which is a factor of struggle between the two sides, should also be realistically said to be one of the reasons why the 'Trial and Adjudication Movement' was launched. In the past, some scholars have also mentioned the objective influence of the Kuomintang's anti-communist activities on the trial and adjudication campaign launched in Yan'an, such as Qin Sheng's "Analysis of the Causes of the "Rescue Movement" in Yan'an" (Beijing Party History, No. 2, 1995), but it is relatively brief.
Director and Deputy Director of the General Learning Committee
The infiltration of Kuomintang agents into the border areas
After the outbreak of the All-out War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party began the second cooperation, forming a united front and jointly defending against foreign insults. But in fact, the original mustard has not been eliminated, and they are still on guard against each other.
In January 1939, the Fifth Plenary Session of the Fifth Central Committee of the Kuomintang adopted the Measures for Preventing the Activities of Different Parties, which established the policy of "dissolving the Communist Party, preventing the Communist Party, restricting the Communist Party, and opposing communism". Since then, anti-communist rhetoric has been raging, and relevant measures have been introduced, especially the activities of Kuomintang agents.
Scanned copy of the Measures for the Prevention and Control of Activities of Different Parties
The "Measures for the Handling of the Communist Party Problem" and the "Draft Measures for Preventing Communist Party Activities in Occupied Areas" formulated in 1939 put forward: "Strengthen the work of secret agents... Organize special party groups and infiltrate communist party organizations"; "instigate loyal party members of the party in the occupied areas, infiltrate the organizations of the Communist Party at all levels, engage in internal work, spy on their internal affairs, and divide their forces"; "instigate party members and outstanding young people of their own party to infiltrate all kinds of mass organizations and guerrilla units controlled by the Communist Party, play the role of the party group, divide their organizations, and seize their leadership power.". (Volume 8 of Reference Materials for the History of the Communist Party of China, edited by the Party History Teaching and Research Office of the PLA Political College, PLA Political College, 1979 edition, pp. 323-324)
Obviously, the Kuomintang's targeting of the CCP still rises to the height of the 'contradiction between the enemy and us' at the level of life and death. Agents, intelligence work bears the brunt. The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region is undoubtedly the focus of its voyeurism.
In the autumn of 1939, the military command established the Northwest Special Liaison Station (renamed the Northwest Special Investigation Station in 1943) in Hanzhong County, Shaanxi Province, with cheng Muyi, a traitor to the Communist Party of China, as the station director. According to Wang Mingjiang, deputy station commander, this was a special intelligence secret service agency directly led by the military command to deal with the Communist Party, and it was also the most secret intelligence unit of the Military Command Bureau. Judging from the materials that the CPC cracked and mastered during the Yan'an period by setting up the Hanzhong Special Training Class (that is, the famous 'Han Training Class'), the CPC successively trained more than 200 people in more than ten periods, thus constituting its basic team.
Northwest Special Union Station in Shaanxi consists of:
Yan'an group: more than 10 people.
Ring County Group: 5 people.
Qingyang group: 6 people.
Pingliang group: 5 people.
Hancheng group: 5 people.
Yichuan group: 4 people.
Yulin group: more than 10 people.
Suide Group: 7 people.
A series of base station groups such as the above-class ones have sent people to infiltrate institutions such as the Yan'an Kang Da, the Office of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China, the Lu Xun Art Institute, and the Yan'an Special Office. The scope of their intelligence collection mainly includes: the organization and personnel of the ministries and commissions under the CPC Central Committee, the instructions on all important principles, policies, and specific measures, the organizational and personnel activities of various border regions, provinces, prefectures, and counties, and their administrative principles and policies, the number of regiments and above of the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army, the names of chief officers, the branches of the armed forces, the strength of troops, the weapons, the garrisons, and the training and mobilization situation. In addition, the economic, cultural, educational, and other intelligence of the border areas is also included in the reconnaissance, "In short, all aspects of the CCP are the targets of reconnaissance."
Bru, the main leader of the border guard. Also used by name, Chen Bo. His original name was Lu Maohuan
In this regard, the CPC Central Social Affairs Department and the Security Department resolutely counterattacked.
In May 1942, Fan Jinzhong, Yang Zhichang, Tao Hua, Guo Jiwu, Liu Jialing, Liu Yiqing (Liu Zhiping), Zhang Bingjun (Zhang Zhigang), Li Chunmao (Li Changsheng, Li Jun), Wang Xingwen (Wang Jiwu) and others were arrested. Through interrogation, Wang Zijie of Suide was discovered.
In June 1942, Suide arrested Wang Zijie, and after interrogation and persuasion, Wang Zijie confessed to Wu Yamin, Wang Huanzhang, Han Ziqi and others.
In July 1942, Guanzhong arrested Zhu Langzhou and Jin Guang, who had confessed to Feng Pingzhou in the past.
In September 1942, the 385th Brigade of the 385th Brigade stationed in Longdong arrested Zhao Binglian and Ma Ming (Ma Ruying), who were serving as cultural instructors.
In October 1942, the Central Social Affairs Department arrested Hu Shiyuan, Yang Zicai, and Xia Zhenqing of Ansai Radio, and Hu Shiyuan confessed to Lai Peng (Lai Dong Yuan) who had entered Yan'an University, and Bian Bao immediately arrested Lai Peng. Ansai factory found Gou Zhensheng, Yichuan Primary School found Wang Jintang, as well as Wang Shu, Yang Mengtang and others.
By the end of 1942, the hanzhong special training class had cracked all cases, and a total of 32 hidden agents of the military command were found, of which 1 was voluntarily confessed, 20 were found after reconnaissance, 11 arrested people confessed, and 7 pieces of physical evidence were reported.
In 1940, the station also established a directly subordinate southeast branch station in Guangde County, Anhui Province, and trained about 100 people through the Zhejiang Lishui Special Training Class, as a member of the grass-roots organization of the southeast branch station, specially collecting intelligence of the New Fourth Army, and cooperating with the Zhongyi National Salvation Army directly led by the Military Command Bureau to carry out dismantling and sabotage activities against the anti-Japanese base area of the New Fourth Army. (See the second volume of "Selected Manuscripts of Literature and History Materials and Secret Agent Organization", edited by the Literature and History Materials Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, China Literature and History Publishing House, 2002 edition, pp. 285-291))
In the 1950s after the founding of the CPC, the CCP launched the Battle of Yijiangshan Island and subsequently liberated Dachen Island, and constantly cracked (captured) coastal infiltrates into armed secret service groups, and found that the size of the 'Han Training Class' at that time had reached more than 600 people.
In addition, according to Shen Drun's book "Inside the Military Command," he also said: "In the past, the Military Command Bureau always regarded the activities of secret agents in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region as the focus, and Dai Kasa often personally presided over this work and attached great importance to it." The military command "has established secret service organizations in some counties in the border area." As many as a hundred agents were sent to Yan'an, and in Yaoxian County alone, dozens of secret agents infiltrated Yan'an every year. "The military command sent agents to Yan'an, using the method of camouflage and progress to follow in... When many people went to Yan'an, they brought with them various documents, such as letters of introduction or what school they had studied in or what unit they had worked in; after these people were arrested, the military commander confiscated the documents that could be mixed in and handed them over to disguised agents to impersonate them. The military command used this method, and hundreds of people once went to Yan'an. "These agents are all tasked with gathering intelligence, sabotage and developing organizations, and some even attempt to assassinate CCP leaders. (See Shen Drunk: The Inside Story of Military Unification, China Literature and History Publishing House, 1996, pp. 188-197.)
Shen Drunk "The Inside Story of Military Command"
In February 1939, the Central Ministry of Social Affairs was established, with Kang Sheng as minister and Li Kenong as vice minister. The Secretariat of the Central Committee pointed out in the "Decision on the Establishment of the Ministry of Social Affairs": "At present, the Japanese traitors and diehards are using all means to send spies to try to infiltrate into our interior to carry out conspiracy and sabotage work, and in order to ensure the consolidation of the Party organization, the Central Committee has decided to establish a Social Department within the party's high-level organizations. (Liu Huafeng and Wang Yuting, eds.), Chronicle of the Organizational Work of the Communist Party of China, Liaoning People's Publishing House, 1992, p. 174.) ）
The Ministry of Social Affairs became the leading body of the CCP's anti-special work.
In August 1939, the Politburo of the Central Committee also pointed out in the "Decision on Consolidating the Party": "In order to consolidate the Party, it is necessary to strengthen the Party's defense work and the struggle against traitors, and the education in the Party and the Vigilance of the Party must be greatly enhanced, so that the task of defending the Party and the struggle against the traitors must become the work of the whole Party... In the regular work of examining Party members, especially cadres, we should discover and wash away the enemy detectives, traitors, and degenerate elements who have mixed into the Party. (Selected Documents of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, vol. 12, Central Party School Press, 1991, p. 157.) ）
Selected Documents of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
In October 1939, the Central Committee specifically formulated the "Resolution on the Struggle Against Traitors", which also wrote: "The enemy not only openly besieged the Eighth Route Army militarily and politically undermined the Communist Party, but also secretly sent spies and spies to infiltrate us to disintegrate our army and political power and sabotage the Party organization... Anti-Communist elements, since the Fifth Plenary Session of the Kuomintang Central Committee, issued the so-called measures to prevent and control other parties, set up anti-communist secret committees, and sent secret agents to various places to carry out anti-communist secret service work... At present, the conspiracy and assassination work of the national enemy and the class enemy against the New Fourth Army of the Eighth Route Army of the Communist Party is intensifying more than ever, so the whole Party and the whole army must raise the vigilance of the revolution to the greatest extent. The resolution also stressed: "The whole Party must be actively mobilized to strengthen the struggle against the traitors, so as to ensure the implementation of the Party's political line and the consolidation of the Party's organization, so that the Party and the revolution will not suffer unexpected losses in possible sudden events." (Selected Documents of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, vol. 12, pp. 181-182.) ）
Since then, the Central Committee has successively issued a series of documents, such as the "Instructions of the Central Social Department on the Policy of Hoeing Adultery and the Work of Hoeing Adultery, the Decision of the Party in the Great Rear Area on Eliminating Internal Traitors," and a series of document instructions, such as "Preliminary Summary of the Experience of Examining Cadres," "Methods for Dealing with Internal Traitors and Undesirable Elements," "Instructions on Examining Party Members," and "Supplementary Instructions." The main thrust of these documents is to one point, and they all repeatedly emphasize the importance of the current work of trial and rape, "We must understand that at present, the Japanese and Kosovars are working centrally on the policy of internal rape, and the Statistical Investigation Office of the Kuomintang Central Committee is carrying out an internal raid on the leading organs of our party and our army, so the party's work of hoeing and adultery must take 'strictly eliminating internal traitors' and 'carrying out anti-inter-crime work' as the main tasks" (Selected Documents of the CPC Central Committee, vol. 12, p. 477). ）
At that time, these directives also reminded departments at all levels to prevent the tendency of "Left" tendencies to expand, "on the one hand, to oppose the phenomenon of insensitivity to the enemy's policy of internal rape, and on the other hand, to oppose the left-leaning phenomenon of indiscriminate arrest and indiscriminate killing and punishment... Oppose the expansion of the work of hoeing and adultery" (Selected Documents of the CPC Central Committee, vol. 12, pp. 476-477) In particular, "in terms of interrogation methods, we must resolutely abolish corporal punishment, and mainly rely on confessions but on evidence" (Selected Documents of the CPC Central Committee, vol. 12, p. 183) So on the whole, the trial work in this period was still relatively cautious, and it has not yet caused a large-scale and serious expansion of the overall situation.
From the end of 1941 to 1942, several major leaks occurred one after another, which made the CCP's anti-special string suddenly tense.
At the end of 1941, the military command successfully deciphered the secret code between Yan'an and the CHINESE delegation in Chongqing, and Dai Kasa provided Chiang Kai-shek with the contents of the telegrams between Yan'an and Chongqing almost daily.
In late January 1942, this situation was discovered by Soviet intelligence personnel, who informed Moscow and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China: "Dai Kasa, the head of the intelligence organs of the Central Government of China, has mastered the codes, codes and time of dispatch of radio stations used by the representatives of the Cpc and the Eighth Route Army in Chongqing", "The location of all the CHINESE radio stations has been found by Dai Kasa's organs, and the telegrams have been intercepted and deciphered." More than 60 telegrams were deciphered in 1942, leading to the arrest of several important Communists." (Reprinted from Yang Kuisong, "The Kuomintang's "United Communists" and "Anti-Communists"", Social Sciences Academic Press, 2008 edition, p. 464)
Exactly how the military command deciphered these secret telegrams was not clear to the Soviet and Chinese communist intelligence services. In this case, infidelity naturally becomes the first object of suspicion.
At this time, the CCP's organizations in other places also had a series of major leaks, with serious consequences.
In February 1942, Yuan Xiaoxuan, director of the Eighth Route Army's office in Luoyang, defected and confessed a large number of secrets.
Guo Qian, a traitor to the CPC and former head of the 'Southern Committee' organization, was formerly known as Guo Qianhui
In May and June 1942, the Southern Working Committee of the Communist Party of China was again destroyed for traitorous betrayal, and Liao Chengzhi and other responsible persons were arrested, which almost dealt a devastating blow to the ccp's main provincial-level secret organs in the rear area. The vicious nature of this incident also lies in the fact that after the Kuomintang cracked the Jiangxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China in July 1941, some of the arrested personnel continued to maintain working relations with their superior organs, the Southern Working Committee, after turning themselves in to the enemy and surrendering to the enemy, and continued to maintain working relations with their superior organ, the Southern Working Committee, in their original capacities, waiting for the opportunity to completely sabotage.
In February 1942, the Jiangxi Provincial Party Department of the Kuomintang also formulated a set of action plans: In addition to preparing to use the personnel of the Cpc Jiangxi Provincial Committee who had surrendered to the enemy to crack the southern bureau of the CPC, it was also prepared to use those who had clues in the provinces of Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, and Fujian in the provincial party committee to "crack down on its high-level organizations"; to use those who were born in the provincial party committee from western Fujian to solve the armed forces of the communists in western Fujian; and to "disintegrate the strength of the pseudo-New Fourth Army" with those whose subordinates in the provincial party committee had been the commanders of the New Fourth Army. Using the experience and familiarity with the situation in various provinces, more than 30 CHINESE armed combatants captured this time were organized into action teams to "sneak to Anhui Province and attack the pseudo-New Fourth Army." (Reprinted from Yang Kuisong, "The Kuomintang's "United Communists" and "Anti-Communists", p. 465)
Yang Kuisong, "The Kuomintang's 'United Communists' and 'Anti-Communists'"
The sheer size of its ambitions and the meticulous planning of them are fatal when they are implemented. And all these programs are also based on the use of infidelity.
In mid-April 1942, the Kuomintang began to actively prepare for an attack on the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, and the situation was suddenly tense. After the CCP intelligence organization obtained this top-secret military intelligence, Mao Zedong wrote a letter on May 19 and submitted it to Hu Zongnan in the name of Commander-in-Chief Zhu De, saying: "It is reported that your ministry is actively mobilizing to attack the border areas, adopting attack methods, and capturing Yan'an in one fell swoop... The matter is appalling, and the great enemy is present, how can it be so, dare to send a telegram to inquire, that is, pray for a reply. (The Chronicle of Mao Zedong (1893-1949), volume 2, Central Literature Publishing House, 2002, p. 381)
In order to guard against the sudden attack of the Kuomintang troops, the central authorities made military arrangements on the one hand and established the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia-Jinsui Joint Defense Army Headquarters, and on the other hand, strengthened the work of checking out secret agents. In his speech at the Politburo meeting on April 17, Mao Zedong particularly emphasized that in the study and inspection work, it is necessary to examine and appraise the ideological and organizational concepts (that is, words and deeds) of cadres. Counter-revolutionaries found in the inspection and examination of cadres should be eliminated in order to consolidate the organization. (See The Chronicles of Mao Zedong (1893-1949), vol. 2, p. 375.)
During this period, the "Wang Shiwei case" occurred, prompting the anti-rape struggle to further develop in depth.
Wang Shiwei
On June 19, Mao Zedong proposed at a politburo meeting that the current study movement has discovered The Wang Shiwei Trotskyists at the Academia Sinica. We must discover the bad guys, save the good guys, and have the vision to discover the bad guys, that is, the three kinds of bad guys, such as the Trotskyists, the Japanese, and the Guo te. (See The Chronicles of Mao Zedong (1893-1949), vol. 2, p. 388.)
Wu Xiru, an important representative of the Left League, was once the contact between the CCP and Lu Xun
On October 19, he also pointed out at the opening meeting of the meeting of senior cadres of the Northwest Bureau: All our organs and schools should pay close attention to the investigation of elements such as Wang Shiwei, and should objectively, meticulously, and for a long time. In November, he stressed again: Since there is the first Wang Shiwei, the second Wu Xiru (who was a member of the Standing Committee of the Hubei Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, the secretary of the Central Military Commission, and the secretary of the Central Military Commission. When he arrived in Yan'an in 1937, he later served as Zhou Enlai's political secretary, director of the Guilin Office of the Eighth Route Army, director of the Political Department of the Third Detachment of the New Fourth Army and the Jiangbei Column, and chief of the Literature and Art Section of the General Political Department of the Eighth Route Army. Proceeding from this, exposing hidden traitors quickly became the main task facing the whole party. In the 1943 work plan, the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee listed the investigation of traitors as the first central task, and among the 12 questions submitted by the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee for discussion on the work in 1943, there were also two issues: summarizing the work of trial and cadres and the issue of anti-domestic rape policy. (See Li Donglang, "Kangsheng and the Yan'an Rescue Movement," Centennial Tide, No. 5, 2002.) (to be continued)