Yunnan Khitan descendants explore the source
Written by Cao Xiang (Department of History, Yunnan Normal University)
The Khitan is an ancient people in northern China. In 916, its leader Yelü Abaoji unified the tribes and established the Khitan Dynasty (Liao Dynasty), until 1125, when the Tianzuo Emperor Yelü Yanxi was destroyed by Jin. The Western Liao, founded by the Great Stone of Yerushalayim, was destroyed by the Mongols in 1218 when it was transmitted to the Sixth Lord. Since then, the Khitan have disappeared from history. Now, after investigation, it is understood that there are about 150,000 people in the area of present-day Yunnan AndiXi (of which Shidian County and Baoshan City are more concentrated), [1] although they are integrated with other ethnic groups, they consider themselves khitan descendants, collectively referred to as "myself" or "my own ethnic group", with the surnames of Ah Mang Jiang, Ah Mang Yang, and Ah Mang Li. Khitan small characters have been found on the tombstones of their ancestors;[2] in the Genealogy that they have preserved for generations, it is clearly recorded that their ancestors were Khitans; and on the door of their ancestral hall is written a couplet that reads, "A thousand trees in front of the Yelü Garden, and a thousand muchun in the Mangjiang Ancestral Hall"...
Khitan figurines
(i)
At the beginning of the 13th century, the Mongols rose to power and conquered Western Xia and Jin successively. The Khitans under Jin rule, out of revenge and dissatisfaction with the Jin rulers' policy of supervision, turned to the Mongol nobility. The Biography of Yelü Baldness of Yuan Shi records: "Yelü Baldness, a Khitan man, lived in Huanzhou. Taizu shi led the crowd to return. The army entered the Golden Realm as a guide, and the horses were herded by many people. Hou Shi Taizu, drinking the water of the Banshu River. From the cutting of gold, the great break overlooked the tiger army. Double from Muhua pear to collect Shandong, Hebei, meritorious, worship Taifu, the general leader can also nayan (high official or adult). The Khitans, who had defected to the Mongols, were incorporated into the "Tanma Red Army", who accompanied Kublai Khan in his conquest of Dali (Yunnan) and took part in the war to unify all of China. In 1253, Kublai Khan led a large army to pingdali five cities, eight provinces, four counties, Wubai and other barbarian thirty-seven departments, basically occupying the Yunnan region. Khitan officers and soldiers who accompanied the Mongol army to conquer various places, when the war came to an end, most of them stayed in various places to engage in defense and reclamation. In the tenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1273), Kublai Khan issued an edict: "Order Tan Ma Chi to join the society everywhere, and to join the people and so on." [3] As a result, khitan officers and soldiers who entered Yunnan settled down on the spot, setting a precedent for the Khitan to settle in Yunnan and becoming the source of the Khitan in Yunnan.
Among the Khitan officers and soldiers who entered Yunnan with the Mongol army, the most famous and representative figure was the Busy Ancient Belt. He was the great-grandson of the above-mentioned Khitan Yelü Bald, and one of the heroes of the Yuan Dynasty in the southwest region. According to the "Biography of Yelü Baldness in the Yuan Shi" and the "Epitaph of Yelü Puguo Weishu Cemetery"[4], after the death of Yelü Baldness, his son Zhu Gesi took up his post, and later Zhu Ge "died in the army, and zibao tong heir". [5] "Busy ancient belt, the son of bao tong also." When he was a patriarch, he gave him a golden charm and took up his father's post as the chief of the new army,...... Meritorious service, rise to 10,000 households. [6] In the first year of the reign of the ancestors (1260), Bai Qiangudai was made the general of Huaiyuan. In the 16th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1279), Heongu led his generals from Burma to welcome back Timur, the king of Yunnan, and was promoted to deputy marshal. The "History of the Yuan" records its events: "The edict greeted the king of Yunnan with his people. The golden-toothed, white-clothed, and answer-ben barbarians often have to be prepared for danger, busy with the ancient belt to break it, where more than ten battles, to the Burmese realm, open the golden tooth road, serve the king to return, and move the deputy capital marshal. [Ming] Zhuge Yuansheng's "History of Dian" volume 9 also has the same record, and said: "The ancient belt, the Khitan people treasure boy also, inherit the father's office, meritorious service, rise to ten thousand households, give gold runes." From the attack on Luobidian (Yuanjiang) to Yunnan. According to the "Epitaph of the Yelü PuGuo WeiShu Cemetery", in the twenty-first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1284), he moved the ancient belt to the marshal of Yunnan, and said that he led tens of thousands of troops to attack Burma, turned the battle deeper, and returned victorious. In addition, the "Tenth Chronicle of the Ancestors of the Yuan Dynasty" also records that there was indeed a conquest of Burma in that year.
Khitan relics of the Liao Dynasty
By the 24th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1287), the Ancient Belt "marched from the kings of Atai (present-day northern Vietnam) to the Baihe River, fought against the puppet King Zhaowen of Jiaotong, and seized eighty-seven of his warships." [7] In this matter, the "Yelü PuGuo WeiYan Cemetery Inscription" also said: "Twenty-four years, the floating sea attacked the toes, destroyed his army, seized a thousand warships, and killed sixteen or seventeen people in the water. The king of Zhennan rewarded the gold coin with a second silk to redeem his ability. ”
Emperor Chengzong of Yuan succeeded to the throne (1295), and was given the post of envoy to The Ancient Belt of Wusa (Weining, Guizhou) and Wumeng (Zhaotong), and also managed the military households. Later moved to Dali Golden Tooth and other places to comfort the envoy Marshal. In this regard, the "History of Dian" said: "Busy with the ancient belt of Ju Dian, repeatedly made military achievements, and the courtiers recommended his talents, so he was specially appointed to the post." The "Epitaph of yelü Puguo Weishu Cemetery" records that the appointment was given in the fourth year of Dade (1300), and he was also awarded the title of general of chaozhen state. In the sixth year (1302), At the behest of the provinces of Yunnan, Heunggu led his division to quell the rebellions in Usa and Luoluo (Liangshan region of Sichuan). In the ninth year (1305), he was ordered to quell the rebellions in Pu'an and Luoxiong Prefecture (羅翔州) and other places. In the tenth year (1306), the general of Jin huri riding Wei, remotely awarded the Yunnan Zhulu Xing Zhongshu Province Zuo Cheng, Xing Dali Golden Tooth and other places to comfort the envoy Marshal. He died in the army in eleven years (1307). Emperor Wuzong of Yuan reached the fourth year of his reign (1311. In the second year of Emperor Renzong's reign, that is, in 1313, he gave the general Ofe the Ancient Belt Dragon And Tiger Wei and the governor of Pingzhang of the province, and posthumously awarded the title of Duke of Puguo and Wei Wei.
The "Biography of Yuan Shi Yelü Bald Flower" records that the ancient belt is busy with "the son of fire you are red, attack ten thousand households". The "Tomb Inscription of Yelü Puguo WeiShu Cemetery" states: "The two sons were born, Changhe Niqi (i.e., Huo you chi), General Xuanwu, and Chuanqiao Wanhufu Dalu Gaqi (i.e., Daru Huachi)." Ciwang Zarebha, general of Huaiyuan, marshal of the right deputy capital of the Yunnan Zhulu Army, died early. "Regarding the deeds of Huo you Chi, the History of The Yuan records that as early as the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271), when Baohe Ding and Kuo Kuo Dai conspired to poison and kill Ku Ge Chi (kublai Khan's fifth son) in Yunnan, Huo You Chi participated in the denunciation of his affairs. In addition, Huo Youchi had served as the marshal of jiandu capital, and was also ordered to conquer the riots in the West Yangtze River region, so that the residents there could be peace. From the records of the "Yuan Shi Shi Shi Zu Ben Ji VIII" and Zhao Ziyuan's "Sai Ping Zhang De Zheng Stele", it can also be seen that Huo You Chi not only served as an envoy to Yunnan, but also worked with the Yunnan Province Pingzhang Political Affairs Sai Dian Chi Zhan Si Ding (Hui Ren).
Map of the Mongol conquest
Regarding the Descendants of the Khitans in Yunnan after the Fire Youchi, the Tomb Inscription of the Yelü PuGuo WeiShu Cemetery only mentions that the ancient belt of "Sun Nan San" is mentioned. According to some genealogical historical records currently preserved by the khitan descendants in Yunnan, the three grandsons of the Ancient Band of Busy, namely huo youchi's three sons, were respectively awarded official positions in the middle of the Yuan Dynasty: the eldest son, Aluya, was appointed as the envoy of Yongchang Xuanfu; the second son, Aluzhou, was appointed as the envoy of Tengyue Xuanfu; and the third son, Alucheng, was appointed as the envoy of Ren Heqing. Mr. Jiang Weicai believes through research that "Alu" is actually a continuation of the "Yelü" surname. By the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Ah Feng, the eldest son of Ah Luya, was yongchang Wanhu and served as the governor of Yongchang Province; the second son, Asura (also known as Agan), also known as Wanhu, served as the chief of Shidian (Shidian). According to the "Genealogy of Ah Mang's Jiang Surname", the area under asura's jurisdiction at that time was quite vast, stretching from the Lancang River in the east, to the Lu River in the west, to the Polo River in the south, and to the Daxue Mountains in the north. The imperial court issued him the "Cowhide Holy Will" to his descendants to administer the above fiefs for eternity. As for the descendants of Ah Lu Zhou and Ah Lu Cheng, it is still unclear and needs to be investigated and supplemented.
In addition to the Ancient Belt and his descendants, the representative figures of the Khitan tribe who entered Yunnan in the Yuan Dynasty also included Shu Lujie (a Shu Lu Duo'er). From the Ming and Qing dynasties of the "Yunnan Tongzhi" and "History of Dian", "Dianzhi", "Dianluo" and other works, it can be found that Shu Lujie was once the marshal of Lin'an Road, and later moved to Zhongqing Road. The "History of Dian" once recorded Yun: "In the fourth year of Dade Gengzi (1300), the Burmese rebelled. The governor of Chucheri (Cheli) Road, Han Sai, sent his nephew Dao Wen into tribute, which was falsely accused by the Yuanjiang judge Du Zongxian. The imperial court sent him back, but he lost and returned. The provincial marshal Shu Lujie, the commander of the province, said with great righteousness, cold race enlightenment, prepared a tribute, please increase the difference, and put the post passed on. "It fully demonstrates his ability to handle ethnic relations." In addition, the Yunnan Tongzhi also praised him as a scribe who was good at poetry, and volume 2 of the Dianluo contained one of his five-character poems. Later, Shu Lujie was transferred to the north and served as a governor of Shaanxi Province, and died at the Battle of Tongguan in Shaanxi. Presumably, his descendants or family members should have left Dian and not returned.
In summary, it can be seen that the great-grandfather of the Busy Ancient Belt, Yelü Bald, was the Khitan who led his troops to the Mongols by Jin Ji, while the Busy Ancient Belt was the ancestor of the Khitan descendants who landed in Yunnan. During Kublai Khan's conquest of Dali, the Khitan army led by him accompanied by the Mongol army from Gansu and Qinghai into Sichuan, and then went south to conquer the state of Dali. After the end of the war, the Khitan army could not return to its northern hometown due to military garrison needs, so it stayed in Yunnan. At the same time, it can be seen that during the Yuan Dynasty, the social status of the Khitan people in Yunnan was very high, they held some of the military power, and some were prominent local governors until the end of the Yuan Dynasty, not only assisting the Mongols to rule parts of Yunnan, but also being ordered to participate in conquests and quell rebellions many times. It should be said that the Khitans, who entered Yunnan during the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, contributed to ending the situation of yunnan at that time, to social tranquility and The reunification of China, to enhancing exchanges between the various ethnic groups in the north and south of the country, and to promoting relations with their neighbors in Southeast Asia.
(ii)
In 1381, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Fu Youde and others to lead the Ming army to pacify Yunnan, and at the same time recruited ethnic leaders in the frontier areas. Most of those who were surrendered to the land were given their original positions and approved of their hereditary inheritance. Therefore, the officials of the descendants of the Khitan of the Yuan Dynasty basically led the people to surrender as soon as the Ming army arrived in western Yunnan. The second volume of Kangxi's Yongchang Fu Zhi records that the Ming army "pacified Yunnan, and the former Yongchang Wanhu Ah Feng led his people to command Wang Zhen to surrender." In Yongchang Province, there is one prefect, one judge, one official, and a golden tooth guard. "Xu Xiake's Travels. The 12 Yongchang Zhiluo of the Diary of Dianyou also says: "Hongwu fifteen years (1382), Ping yunnan. Former Yongchang Wanhu Ah Feng, led his people to command the surrender. Then the soldiers with golden teeth were Wang Zhen, and the Afeng official Yongchang Province Tutongjue was also judged. From this, it can be seen that after the Khitan descendant Ah Feng led the people to surrender to the Ming Dynasty, he was awarded the title of Yongchang Military and Civilian Government Tutong Judge. In the twenty-third year of Hongwu (1390), he "deposed Yongchang Province and changed the Golden Tooth Guard to the Commandery of the Army and The People." ...... Set up the Fengxi Governor's Division, with Yongchang Province passing Ah Feng as the chief. [8] As a result, Ah Feng was demoted from Yongchang Province to the post of Chief Executive officer of Fengxi. According to the "Preface to the Historical Chronicle of the Shidian Governor Si yelü Amang Chiang Clan" (commonly known as the "Building Zi Ancestral Tablet") repaired by the Khitan descendants of Shidian County, Western Yunnan in 1928, "the first ancestor Ah Feng, who was a general accompanying the army (when he was the Yuan Dynasty), was enfeoffed as a thousand households. According to the eighteenth generation of Jiang Konglong, the Ming general Deng Zilong led an army to quell the rebellion, and Kong Long lost and retreated to the area of Pingga (一作平戛, present-day Pingda). After his death, his brother Jiang Zhaolong took charge of the division and guarded the board. ”
Ethnic minority customs in Yunnan
According to Jiang Shifang's genealogy of Shi Shichang, "King I Zu'a (referring to Asuru, an Agan, brother of Ah Feng), led the villagers in the fifteenth year by Ming Hongwu, and surrendered to the village. Mengjin Tooth Division (Dang Wei) commanded Wang (王贞), and Feng Wen you set up the fire head of benzhai. The Ming Shi Tusi Chuan Yunnan Toast II says that in the seventeenth year of Hongwu (1384), the chief of Shidian was placed, "with the tu chieftain Agan as the deputy chief, and the crown belt was given." The "Building Zi Ancestral Tablet" also records: "There is the ancestor Azuru, ren Yuan Dynasty ten thousand households." By the sixteenth year of Ming Hongwu, the army was overcome, and all over the Golden Tooth was annexed. The ancestor prepared his own horses, went to Beijing to pay tribute, and the Mongolian military officers were introduced, and the ancestor of Qin, Assuru, in addition to conferring the duties of the chief of Shidian Commandery, received the commandments, awarded a seal, and served as a director. From this, it can be seen that after Ah Feng's brother Asulu led the people to submit to the Ming Dynasty, he was successively appointed as the head of the fire, the deputy chief of the Shidian ChiefTainate, and the chief officer.
In the third year of Yongle (1405), Asuru's eldest son, Aaron, went to Beijing to pray to the Golden Tooth Division, and the Mongolian military officer was introduced, and Qin Zhun was awarded the chief of the Shidian Chief, and the chief of the Fengxi ChiefTain, Ah Ya, received the Yunzi Seventeenth Diploma, and became a director. After Aaron died of miasma, his son Abdullu succeeded his father as the chief of the Shidian Chieftainate. In the fifth year of Xuande (1430), Abdullu and others went to Beijing to pay tribute, and the imperial court granted Abdullu the newly established Zhizhou (formerly the Golden Tooth Pipe Yizhai) in Guangyi Prefecture, Yunnan. [9]
After the descendants of the Khitans in western Yunnan surrendered to the Ming Dynasty, they were mostly awarded the title of large and small local officials. The preface to the "Records of the Meeting of the Jiang Clan" records: "The descendants of the current residents of Papaya Lang (a large village in Shidian County), that is, the descendants of Tushe. However, The Papaya Lang is actually the former site of Asura, and was favored by Daming Hongwu and was given the title of Chengyuan Lang. Extended to orthodoxy, he was awarded the title of General of Wuluo. The descendants of the Yongchang official Jiazhai followed the expedition to Dianyong (Yongchang, Yunnan) and changed Ah Mang to Jiang. Then there are those who change their ways, and there are also those who have inherited their posts. The tribes are multiplying and difficult to enumerate. Volume 30 of the [Ming] Tianqi Dian Zhi (滇志) has the following record: "There are fifteen and twenty-eight villages in Baoshan County. Zhuyi has servants, Pu people, and Echang. Its chiefs are called either centurions, centurions, or hundreds of households. All are ordered to serve in servitude.... Now it is seen in the ruler,...... Shizhi Village, Shidian East Cottage, Xiatengchang Village, Golden Tooth East Cottage, Diantou Village, Baochang Village, Wuyi Village Qimang Clan, all deputy centurions are also deputy centurions. ...... Bogen Village, Papaya Lang Zhai, Asirang Zhai, Nanwo Zhai, Zhou Ci Zhai, Xinyi Zhai, Wayao Zhai Qimang Clan ,...... Both centurions also. ...... Xiyi Village, Dongyao Village, Jiaoyi Village, Niuwang Village, and Shanyi Village Wu Mang Clan are all actually taught to hundreds of households. Pu Miao Zhai Mang Clan, Fire Head also. "The above mentioned Villages of the Mang clan are mostly inhabited by Khitan descendants, and by the time of the Apocalypse, they have changed their surname to Mang, and they have guarded the status of deputy centurion, centurion, and hundred households.
And the "Dian Zhi" volume 30 "QiangZhi Zhi" also has the following record: "Fengxi ChiefTaini Tuguan Zheng Chieftain Mang, the Zhang clan. Now along to Mang Chenglong, Zhang Shilu listened. "Baoshan County's Shuiyanguan Inspection Division inspects the Mang clan and goes along to Mang Yunjiao to listen to the attack." "Baoshan County's Diantou Inspection Division Inspects the Mang Clan." "Right Dian shou yu qianhu jiang clan tuguan, one is a thousand households along to Jiang Lang, and the other is a deputy thousand households along to Jiang Congzhi." Youdian (present-day Changning) was once the seat of Theoyi Prefecture of Abdullu,[10] whose Tuqian households and vice-thousand households were inherited by Khitan descendants.
In addition to the status of the earth officials and toastmasters in the Ming Dynasty, the descendants of the Khitan descendants of Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty, in addition to stabilizing the localities, and managing some local military and political affairs for the Ming Dynasty, they also led the soldiers and horses of the Ming government to participate in the wars to quell rebellions and resist invasions on many occasions, made meritorious achievements, and made contributions to consolidating border defense and safeguarding China's reunification.
Dali
From the seventeenth to the thirty-first year of Hongwu (1384-1398), Pingmian Xuanwei made Si Lunfa and other rebels and entered the interior of Kou. Under the command of Marquis Muying of Pingxi, Asulu, a descendant of the Khitans of western Yunnan, was dispatched to lead troops to participate in the suppression of the rebellion, and was awarded the title of General of Wuluo for his merits. [11] During the reign of The Orthodox Dynasty (1436-1449), the Si clan rebelled in Luchuan (Dehong region), and the imperial court repeatedly sent troops to conquest and penetrate deep into its territory. Officers and soldiers of Khitan descent in western Yunnan were also ordered to participate in the crusade. Inheriting the centurion and the position of a hundred households, Mang Aya, on the orders of the chief military officer Mu Sheng, led his village of 500 soldiers to rebel with the Conquest of Luchuan. Mang Ah Ya was promoted to the position of centurion and thousand household for meritorious service. [12] There was also Asuru's son, Shidian ChiefTain, Aaron, who mobilized various village armies to follow Wang Ji on his expedition to Luchuan, where he made many military achievements and was later killed. [13]
During the Wanli Period (1573-1620), Yue Feng of Longchuan, Yunnan, led a rebellion, colluded with the Burmese soldiers led by Mang Ruiti to invade internally, breaking Yao Pass, burning Shidian, attacking Shunning, Kou Menglin, and shaking the whole province. Officers and soldiers of Khitan descendants in western Yunnan were also ordered to enlist and made many military achievements. Among them, Mang Tingrui was ordered by Deng Zilong, the general of Jin Teng, to lead the native army of Benzhai, carry grain, receive military supplies, and then march to Shunning (Lincang). [14] Another Pingjia Manghui led his men and soldiers to fight bravely, capturing the thief's first stab and stabbing the rebels, stabbing Yue Feng's second son He Bandit to death, and the imperial court promoted Mang Hui to the position of commander of the Centurion Andu. [15] In addition, mang Chongde, the chief of shidian, and the general Jiang Chengye of Dayi Village in present-day Yaoguan Town, Shidian, fought bravely and unfortunately died at The Three Jianshan Mountains of Gengma, and the imperial court made Jiang Chengye a general of Wuluo. His deeds are recorded in Kangxi's "Yongchang Province Zhi Zhonglie".
In addition, the khitan descendants of western Yunnan also resisted the imperial orders and suffered repression. The main reason was that the Ming Dynasty "changed the land and returned to the stream", reduced the original jurisdiction and refused to pay taxes, did not listen to dispatches, and attacked on its own; and even armed resistance to the army that came to suppress it. The greatest disaster for the Khitan descendants in western Yunnan was in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, when Sun Kewang laid down the governors such as Shidian in western Yunnan and changed it to Pingyi Prefecture. And sent money to forcibly requisition, wanton plunder, and forcibly suppressed. Some Khitan descendants fled to the mountains and forests in order to survive. Although the Later Guanfu adopted the strategy of recruiting security, some of them returned to their original places of origin to rebuild their homes, but some Khitan descendants did not return, so they stayed in some mountainous areas of present-day Shidian and Changning Counties.
(iii)
After the Qing Dynasty ruled Yunnan, it continued to implement the toast system since the Yuan and Ming dynasties. "Wherever the toast is toasted, it should be kept in the world. ...... Those who have surrendered to the present day shall issue the original local tribes, and they shall be allowed to attack the seal as before",[16] "To inza". [17] After the Qing army pacified western Yunnan, the former Fengxi and Shidian Governors were transferred to Yongchang Province. Therefore, the original Khitan descendants in Yongchang Province became officials and became hereditary tushes of the Qing Dynasty. The Fifth Volume of Kangxi's Yongchang Fu Zhi (永昌府志), "Tushe", has the following record: "The Tushe of the Golden Tooth East Cottage, that is, the Fengxi Governor's Division, now along to Jiang Jiayin; the Pingtou Zhai Tushe, now along to Jiang Guoying; the PingjiaZhai Tushe, now along to Jiang Sanping; the Nanwo Zhai Tushe, now along to Jiang Wenyu; the Aslang Zhai Tushe, now along to Jiang Weizhong; the Sanke Zhai Tushe, now along the Jiang Yulong; the Ajin Zhai Tushe, now along the Jiang Chaojie; the Pumiao Zhai Tushe, now along the Jiang Guoji; the Zhoushu Zhai Tushe, now along the Jiang Youde; the WaYao Zhai Tushe, now along the Jiang Dezheng." Water Eye GuanTushe, now along to Jiang Changxi; Guanpo Soil Inspection, now along to Jiang Tianfu. ”
According to the genealogy of Shi Shichang, the Minutes of the Meeting of the Jiang Clan and the Tombstone of Jiang Yunkui, it is also known that Jiang Siguang to Jiang Xi are all Tushe, and his descendant Jiang Dazhong (Zi Xianqing) was given the title of Liupin because of his participation in the suppression of Du Wenxiu's uprising. As well as Jiang Yunkui, Jiang Jinlong, and Jiang Guangfa, descendants of Mang Hui, the centurion of the Ming Dynasty, from Xianfeng to Guangxu, inherited the post of general of Yongchang Province.
Among the descendants of the Khitans in Yunnan in the Qing Dynasty, the most prominent official was Jiang Zonghan of Heqing Prefecture. The Republic of China's "Zhiwuluo of Heqing County" says: "Jiang Zonghan, the character Bingtang, was thrown into the military camp by xiang yong. Xianfeng, Tongzhi, and Guangxu moved to Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and other provinces, and accumulated merit to recommend the insurance, until the name of the titular viceroy, and gave tusang Abaturu the name. Wear a yellow coat, wear the top of the head, and three generations of zhengyi canonization, appreciate the wearing of two eyes, and give the cloud knight a worldly position. Initially supplemented the guerrilla attack of the Chinese army in Heli Town, promoted to deputy general of the Shunyun Association, and the commander-in-chief of Tengyue Town. In the 11th year of Guangxu, Jian was appointed as the commander-in-chief of Zunyi Town in Guizhou, transferred to the Viceroy of Yunnan, and sought to be the Viceroy of Guizhou. Died in office. Zong Han lived a brave and bloody life, and he was clear about righteousness. Self-restraint from rong, the size of the battle is hundreds, the number of famous cities and pools is dozens, and the number of beheadings is in the thousands. Special honor, great and great in the eyes and ears of the people. His deeds are recorded in the 459 biographies of the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty. After his death, the Qing court gave him a sacrifice and burial, and built the Jiang Zhuangqin Ancestral Hall. In Li Gengen's "Records of the Achievements of Jiang Zhuangqin's Gongxun", there are historical materials such as imperial inscriptions, sacrifice texts, national history museum biographies, recitals, and inscriptions.
The descendants of the Khitan descendants of Yunnan in the Qing Dynasty served as officials in western Yunnan, mainly in the position of keeping the earth house, following the instructions of the superior Yamen to maintain local law and order, paying taxes on official grain, concurrently managing local regimental training, and handling rural cases. The broad masses of the people, on the other hand, are actively engaged in and developing local economies, such as agriculture, handicrafts, and sideline industries. Some Khitan descendants worked with fraternal nations in mining and smelting for a short period of time, mining copper, tin, and lead in the mountains of present-day Shidian County. From some historical records, it can also be seen that the Khitan descendants have done many useful things to promote the development of local transportation and cultural undertakings. For example, in volume 9 of the "Heqing County Chronicle", jiang Zonghan's deeds are recorded: "Zonghan attaches great importance to hometown friendship, sexual joy and charity, see righteousness and courage." Such as Xiu Academy (referring to Yuping Academy), ancestral halls, roads, bridges, and Fei Chang Juwan. And the Zili Golden Dragon Iron Cable Bridge, the largest worker, Fei You is not credited. Obviously, the descendants of the Khitans in Yunnan in the Qing Dynasty, with their hard work, made positive contributions to the development of local social production and other undertakings.
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exegesis:
[1] Meng Zhidong, Yang Yujun, and Jiang Weifu, "Investigation Report on Khitan Descendants in Yunnan", Lead Print, August 1992.
[2] Chen Naixiong, "Remains of khitan components in (Shi Dian)'s words", mimeographed in 1991; Yang Yujun, "Remains and Interpretations of Khitan Primary Schools in Yunnan", Journal of Inner Mongolia University, No. 4, 1993.
[3] Yuanshi Food Chronicles.
[4] Tongshu "Yu An Collection".
[5] [6] [7] The Tale of the Bald Flower of Yuan Shi Yelü.
[8] [9] "Ming Shi Toast Transmission yunnan toast".
[10] Ming Shi Geography VII.
[11] Ming Shi Toast Transmission yunnan Toast and Jiang Shifang's Family Tree of Shi Shichang.
[12] [15] Proceedings of the Jiang Clan.
[13] Monument to the Ancestors of the Building.
[14] Genealogy of Jiang Shifang's Shi Shichang.
[16] Records of the Ancestors of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 131.
[17] Ni Metamorphosis, Chronicles of the Dianyun Calendar, vol. 10.