Author: Feng Peizu
The four generations of Southern Han kings were all cruel and absurd, but they "firmly believed in the Shi clan" and vainly asked for the blessings of the gods and Buddhas, eliminated disasters and chaos, and blessed the country. This made the Southern Han Dynasty another prosperous period of Lingnan Buddhism after the Tang Dynasty.
The Southern Han Dynasty prevailed in the construction of temples, and the capital city of Xingwangfu (Guangzhou City) built seven new temples in the southeast, southwest, and northwest, a total of twenty-eight temples, and the above should be twenty-eight. One of them is built on Mount Yuexiu, named Gokuji Temple, which is one of the Seven Temples in the North. Its former site, which posterity generally thinks is in the foothills of Yuexiu Mountain, is actually a misunderstanding.
During the Southern Han Dynasty, there were two temples of enlightenment. One is the new temple, the other is the old temple (the predecessor of the present-day Sanyuan Temple); the old temple is at the foot of Yuexiu Mountain, and the new temple is on Yuexiu Mountain.
Foshan Archway on Yuexiu Mountain
The predecessor of Sanyuan Palace was Yuegang Temple, which was built in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and was renamed Wusheng Temple in the Tang Dynasty, and was still called Wusheng Temple in the Southern Han Dynasty. In the shizhi, it is said that the Yuewangjing almost must mention the temple of enlightenment, which refers to this temple. For example, the poem "Tour to Guangzhou Wusheng Temple" in the "Tang Zi XiJi" at the end of the Song Dynasty, such as the "Panyu Magazine" of Zheng Xiong, a person in the early Northern Song Dynasty at the end of the Fifth Dynasty: "Yuejing is half-stored in the ancient urn, in front of the Wusheng Temple." For example, the "Yangcheng Ancient Banknote, Xianshi Da mo" said: "The temple in the north of the city of Guangzhou is very large, and it is said that it is thought that the clouds worn by Da Mo are very large. "Wait, the list goes on. It is said that it is all about the present-day Sanyuan Palace, but the descendants mistakenly thought that it was one of the Seven Northern Temples built by the Southern Han Dynasty, so they thought it was at the foot of the Yuexiu Mountains.
The site of the new Wusheng Temple in the Southern Han Dynasty is on Yuexiu Mountain, and the specific location is about the area of the "Foshan" Stone Arch under the monument of sun Yat-sen, according to the following: "The Temple of Enlightenment, built by the Southern Han Dynasty." The Nanhai Zhi and the Panyu Zhi are both referred to as the Wanshan Temple of Yuexiu Mountain. ("Guangzhou Chengfang Zhi") such as Qing Tongzhi's "Panyu County Chronicle" said: "Now Guanyin Mountain (Yuexiu Mountain) Wanshan Temple, that is, the Southern Han Wusheng Temple. ”
So, where is The Temple of Wanshan? Qing Daoguang's "Nanhai County Chronicle" clearly states: "Wanshan Temple, in Yuexiu Mountain, there is the former site of Yue Wangtai, built in the south of it, and the Tang people often climb here to play the moon." Liu Gongshi stacked stones as Huluan Dao. In the first year of Ming Yongle, he commanded Hua Yingchuang as Guanyin Pavilion. In the fifty-fourth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Han Jisihua, an emissary of the Yue customs, was greatly rebuilt, which is the Southern Han Dynasty's Enlightenment Temple. ”
According to Ming Jiajing HuangZuo's "Guangdong Tongzhi" and Qing Qianlong's "Panyu County Chronicle", the Qing Tongzhi "Panyu County Chronicle" recorded: "Wanshan Temple, in Yuexiu Mountain, there is the former site of Yue Wangtai, built a pavilion in its south, and the Tang people often climb here to play the moon." Liu Gongshi stacked stones as Huluan Dao. In the first year of Ming Yongle, he commanded Hua Yingchuang as Guanyin Pavilion. Later, it was changed to 'Mingde Ancestral Hall', restored to Brahma, and rebuilt between Wanli (1573 and 16l9). Chronicle of the Publication of the Political Department. And added the following words: "Temple, that is, the Southern Han Dynasty's Enlightenment Temple." ”
The north city wall and the Zhenhai Tower
The Late Qing Dynasty Fan Feng's "Continuation of the Hundred Songs of the South China Sea" also clearly records: "Wanshan Temple is at the peak of Yuexiu Peak. In the first year of Ming Yongle, he oversaw Hua Ying to build a great master (大士: Guanyin), around the Qi tree, the Dan Ladder hundred steps, and the view of the fence was extremely thousands of miles. At that time, there was also a magical incense burner in front of the temple: "There is an iron incense burner in front of the hall, the diameter of the instrument is only a few feet, the height can be four inches, and the portrait of the twelve hours is carved around the week." The casting cover also has twelve tricks, burning incense inside, and when it is time, a trick comes out of smoke, and he knows no, and the cover is also a treasure. The temple is afraid to take advantage of the powerful, and the secret is placed in the room, so that no one can see it. Then the following is recorded (the parentheses are the author's note):
Daoguang Xin ugly (Qing Daoguang twenty-one years, that is, 1841 AD, then the first Opium War period), Yingyi stronghold of the north of the city fort, Sheng Chen attack equipment, overlapping the north gate (the original site is at the intersection of present-day Jiefang Road and Panfu Road), artillery fire, dense with torrential rain. At the top of the Wanshan Temple, there is a goddess dressed in white, wearing a feather finger to be a team of yi, and the cannon and pheasant fall. The jing enemy general heard about his affairs in the dynasty, and the four characters of the Mun en imperial book 'Ci Bless Qinghai' were hung in the temple frieze in order to answer the gods.
The authenticity of the "apparition of the goddess in white" (when people generally believe that this goddess is Guanyin Bodhisattva) recorded in this article is a clear indication that Wanshan Temple is at the "peak of Yuexiu Peak".
There is also another example. The Southern Song Dynasty's "Hundred Songs of the South China Sea" says: "Liu Shi Shan, the mountain behind the Wuzhi Temple, the Southern Expedition record is called Liu Wangshan." Gai Pseudo Liu once made a platform to watch on it. And gave a poem: "A path of haunting and sandwiching the pink wall, has always been a monk's room in Taiguan." The surrounding old wood is still there, and he has seen the false emperor of the Liu family. This Liu Shi Mountain is also good at Liu Wang Mountain, it is the "Back Mountain of the Enlightenment Temple", and this Enlightenment Temple obviously does not refer to the present Sanyuan Palace located at the foot of the mountain, but to the Enlightenment Temple built by The Guide Han Liu Wang. The Taiguan made by King Liu, also known as the "Youtai" mentioned above, is at the "Back Mountain of the Enlightenment Temple", that is, at the present-day Sun Yat-sen Monument.
It must be said that at that time, there was already a previous temple of enlightenment (the predecessor of the present-day Sanyuan Palace) in the foothills of the mountain, but the king of the Southern Han Dynasty also wanted to build another temple of enlightenment on top of it, which reflected his arrogant mentality. The Northern Song Dynasty's "Yuan Gui of the Book of Fortune" says: "Han Liu Zhi was called in Guangzhou, and changed his name to Gong (Note: The meaning of the dragon flying in the sky)... The Chinese emperor is called the 'History of the Assassination of Luozhou', and his arrogance is mostly like this. It is also recorded that Liu Sheng, emperor of the Southern Han Dynasty, wanted to exaggerate the strength of Lingnan and dared to call Jasmine "Little Nanqiang" to foreign emissaries, which was also this mentality. Unfortunately, how the Temple of Enlightenment was built at that time, and what kind of authority it had, the historical records are lost today.
After the fall of the Southern Han Dynasty, this temple of enlightenment built on the mountain was abandoned and later destroyed.
Before the Ming Dynasty (the exact year is unknown), someone built a temple at its former site, called Wanshan Temple. The "Panyu County Chronicle" of the tenth year of Qing Tongzhi says: "The present-day Guanyin Mountain Wanshan Temple, that is, the Southern Han Wusheng Temple. ”
In the first year of Ming Yongle (1403), Du commanded Hua Ying to build the Guanyin Pavilion (Yuexiu Mountain has since been known as Guanyin Mountain) at the site of the former site of the Gokusa Temple.
Guanyin Pavilion in the late Qing Dynasty, the site is in the hill of the present-day Zhongshan Monument In the late Qing Dynasty, the Guanyin Pavilion is located on the hill of the present-day Zhongshan Monument
Due to the unclear or arbitrary records in later literature, there was confusion among later generations about whether the Guanyin Pavilion created by Huaying in the early Ming Dynasty was rebuilt from Wanshan Temple or a newly built building - mainly two titles, some documents called Wanshan Temple, and some documents called Guanyin Pavilion (or Guanyin Temple, Guanyin Hall, Green Tile Temple, Mingde Ancestral Hall, Yushan Tower, Guanyin Temple, etc.).
A careful examination of the surviving historical documents can roughly determine that the Guanyin Pavilion built in the early Ming Dynasty was rebuilt from Wanshan Temple (so it is still called Wanshan Temple in later generations), or it was expanded, not two buildings. The rationale is as follows:
1. In all the historical records, if the Wanshan Temple here is recorded, there is no Guanyin Pavilion (or Guanyin Temple, Guanyin Hall, etc.) at the same time. vice versa.
2. During the First Opium War, the British army shelled the city of Guangzhou, and folklore says that Guanyin Bodhisattva appeared to protect Yangcheng. The Qing Dynasty Wang Duanlu's Records of heavy essays records that Guanyin was manifested on the Guanyin Hall, while the Late Qing Dynasty's "Continuation of the Hundred Songs of the South China Sea" states that Guanyin was manifested at the top of the Wanshan Temple. Obviously the same building, it is impossible for two Guanyin Bodhisattvas to run out at the same time.
3. Qing Jiaqing's "Yangcheng Ancient Banknote" clearly records: "Wanshan Temple is in Guanyin Mountain. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, General Hua created the Guanyin Pavilion. ”
4. On the photo of Yuexiu Mountain in the late Qing Dynasty, you can clearly see the Guanyin Pavilion, and there is no other building (Wanshan Temple) next to it.
That is to say, the Wanshan Temple and Guanyin Pavilion mentioned in the literature of the Ming and Qing dynasties are actually two names for the same building.
Old Guangzhou often calls Yuexiu Mountain Guanyin Mountain, which originates from this Guanyin Pavilion.
As the name suggests, the Pavilion is dedicated to Guanyin Bodhisattva. People call it a mountain because of the pavilion, and Yuexiu Mountain is called Guanyin Mountain. "At the beginning of Ming Yongle, he commanded Hua Ying to raise the Guanyin Pavilion on the mountain, commonly known as Guanyin Mountain." (Qing Daoguang,"Guangdong Tongzhi Shan Chuan Liuyi", Qing "Great Qing Unification Zhi"). However, this "common call" became more and more popular, and it became a legitimate name. In the map of Guangzhou during the Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and Republic of China, the name of Guanyin Mountain is no less than the name of Yuexiu Mountain (Yuexiu Mountain). Folk are more often called Guanyin Mountain. Later generations have a joint title Guanyin Mountain: "Seek to be free and uncomfortable, know that it is natural and free; enlightenment is like coming, not like coming like coming." "The synapse is full of Zen machines.
Is the statue of Guanyin Pavilion the Kannon Pavilion of Mount Yuexiu?
Another theory says that the Guanyin Pavilion, as it was called at that time, was actually a temple dedicated to the god Mercury, rather than a temple dedicated to Guanyin. In the late Qing Dynasty, Chen Kun's "Lingnan Miscellaneous Poems" recorded as follows: "The eastern part of Guangdong is far from the south, the fire is the most prosperous, the old temple on the top of Yuexiu Mountain, the god of the libby star; It is commonly known as Guanyin Dashi. In hu Guanyin Mountain. Follow the foothills to the top stone ladder for 100 steps. The scholar and the woman enter the incense and multiply the bamboo shoots..." There is no way to confirm which is right and wrong. In the Qing Dynasty, this temple was definitely dedicated to Guanyin, and there were many pilgrims, and qing Tongzhi's "Linghai Jinghua Record" said: "There is a Guanyin Pavilion on the top of the mountain, the statue of a great master, and incense is prevalent." It is also recorded in the "Lingnan Miscellaneous Poems": "The temple on Yuexiu Mountain in the provincial city is dedicated to Guanyin Dashi, because it is called Guanyin Mountain." It is also certain that in the late Qing Dynasty, "stone ladders and hundred steps" were built from the foothills to the top of the mountain.
Yuexiu Mountain, also known as Guanyin Mountain, there is also a legend about the Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang and the Daoist Iron Crown, detailed above "Zhenhai Lou". Not to be repeated. Later generations generally agree that the name of Guanyin Mountain originated from Guanyin Pavilion.
Guanyin Pavilion was a famous place of interest in the past, one of the main temples for the residents of Guangzhou To worship the gods, and the incense was exuberant; it was also a tourist attraction. "Tourists endow guests with false victories, and their eyes are extremely far away." The theory of death is the existence of the Yuan Sect, but the pavilion is strict, and the mountains and rivers are victorious, which is really spectacular... Mountains and rivers are victorious, and the view is closed. (Guangdong Chengcheng Announced Political Envoy Si Zuo Bu Political Envoy Chen Sexxue "Restoration of the Guanyin Pavilion Monument of Yuexiu Mountain")
The Guanyin Pavilion was later abolished and converted into the Mingde Ancestral Hall, which was dedicated to nine people, including Gaogu, Yang Fu, Dong Zheng, Luo Wei, Tang Song, Shuyuan, Chen Xiu, Wang Fan, and Huang Gong. Later, the Mingde Ancestral Hall was abolished and was still changed to Guanyin Pavilion. (See Ming Jiajing's Guangdong Tongzhi)
Read this article, taste the past of Guangzhou:
Smuggling Truth: Fok Ying Tung challenges the embargo
The remnants of the Qing Dynasty in the powder squeezing street
Lark Road used to be an art nest
The once secluded village of Keeli