1. Bone marrow:
It is filled in the bone marrow cavity and bone relaxing space, and there are two kinds of red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow.
2. Bone:
The main component of bone, composed of bone tissue, is divided into two types: bone dense and bone relaxant.
3. Sternal angle:
The sternal stalk is slightly protruding forward at the junction of the sternum stalk and the body, called the sternum horn, and its sides are flat against the 2nd rib and backward to the lower edge of the 4th thoracic vertebral body, which is an important sign of counting the ribs.
4. Rib groove:
It is a shallow groove near the lower edge of the inner surface of the rib, with intercostal nerves and blood vessels passing through .5. Intervertebral foramen:
Surrounded by upper and lower incisions of adjacent pedicle roots, through which spinal nerves and blood vessels pass.
1. Pterion (wing point):
On the lateral side of the skull, at the confluence of the four bones of the forehead, apex, temporal and butterfly, it is the weakest, often forming an H-shaped slit, called a wing point. Its inner surface has the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery passing through.
2. Paranasal sinuses:
It is a bone cavity containing gas in the maxilla, frontal bone, sphenoid bone and sieve bone, located around the nasal cavity and opened in the nasal cavity.
The paranasal sinuses include the maxillary sinuses, frontal sinuses, sieve sinuses, and sphenoid sinuses.
3. Pterodata:
The pterodactylopod is a narrow gap between the maxilla body, the sphenoid pterygosta and the palate, hidden deep inside the hypotemporal fossa, through which neurovascular vessels pass.
4. Butterfly sieve crypt:
The butterfly sieve crypt is the gap between the upper and posterior turbinates of the upper turbinates and the sphenoid bone, and is the site of the opening of the sphenoid sinuses.
5. Cranial fontanelle:
Newborns are not fully developed because the bones of the crest of the skull are not yet fully developed, and the bone suture is filled with fibrous tissue membranes, and at the junction of multiple bones, the membrane of the gap is larger, called cranial fontanelle.
1. Radial nerve groove:
It is a shallow groove in the middle of the posterior body of the humerus that slopes from the inside upwards to the outwards, through which the radial nerve and the deep humerus artery pass.
2. Humeral surgical neck:
It is slightly thinner at the junction of the upper end of the humerus and the body, called the humeral surgical neck, and is more prone to fractures.
3. Iliac nodules:
At 5 to 7 cm posterior to the anterior superior spine of the iliac, the outer lip of the iliac crest protrudes outward.
4. Beak protrusion:
It is a finger-like protrusion that protrudes forward on the outermost margin of the upper edge of the scapula.
There are muscles attached to this.
5. Acetabular:
Located on the lateral side of the hip bone, it is a deep, outward-facing fossa, composed of the bodies of the iliac, sitting, and pubic bones.
1. Joints:
Also known as indirect linkage, is the highest form of differentiation of bone connections, separated from each other by relative bone surfaces, with a cavity filled with synovial fluid, only connected by the connective tissue around it, so it generally has greater mobility
2. Joint cavity:
It is a closed space enclosed by the synovial layer and the joint surface of the joint, which contains a small amount of synovial fluid in the cavity, which is negative pressure and has a certain effect on maintaining the stability of the joint.
3. Ligaments:
It is a bundle of dense fibrous connective tissue that connects two adjacent bones and has the effect of strengthening the stability of the joint or limiting its excessive movement.
4. Intervertebral discs:
It is a fibrochondral disc that connects two adjacent vertebral bodies, consisting of a central nucleus pulposus and a fibrous ring in the surrounding part.
5. Yellow ligament:
Located in the spinal canal, it connects the ligaments between the two adjacent vertebral arch plates and is made up of yellow elastic fibers.
Assists in the circumference of the spinal canal and has the effect of limiting excessive anterior flexion of the spine.
1. Boundary (upper pelvic mouth):
A circular boundary formed by the sacral headlands on both sides through the arch line, the pubic comb, the pubic nodule to the upper border of the pubic joint, divided into the upper pelvis above and the small pelvis below.
2. Lower pelvic mouth:
It is rhomboid in shape around the tip of the coccyx, the sacral nodule ligament, the sciatic nodule, the ischial branch, the pubic branch, and the lower border of the pubic bone.
3. Partnering angle:
When the forearm is extended, the forearm is skewed outward, forming a lifting angle of about 163° with the upper arm 4.
When the radius is turned in front of the ulna and crossed with it, the back of the hand is forward, called anterior rotation.
5. Arch of the foot:
The tarsal and metatarsals are connected to form a convex arch, called the arch of the foot, which is divided into an inner arch, an outer bow, and a transverse arch.
1. Oblique muscle space:
A fissure formed between the anterior oblique muscle, the middle oblique muscle, and the first rib, through which the brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass.
2. Synovial capsule:
A closed sac of connective tissue located at the contact of the tendon with the bone surface, with a thin wall and synovial fluid, reduces friction during joint movement.
3. Tendon sheath:
Present in larger areas of motion, the sheath tube wrapped around the outside of the tendon is composed of two parts, the fibrous layer and the synovial layer.
4. Aortic hiatus:
Located in front of T12 on the diaphragm, there is a fissure between the left and right diaphragmatic feet and the spine, through which the aorta and thoracic catheter pass.
5. Rib triangle:
There are usually triangular cells between the three starting points of the diaphragm, no muscle fibers, and only connective tissue, in which the area between the sternum and the beginning of the ribs is called the thoracic rib triangle; the abdominal organs may protrude into the chest cavity to form a diaphragm hernia.
6. Inguinal tube:
The lower part of the anterior lateral wall of the abdomen consists of a fissure that runs from the top to the bottom of the abdomen, about 4.5 cm long, through which the male spermatic cord and the female round ligament of the uterus pass through, and its structure consists of two mouths (inner and outer mouth) and four walls (upper wall, lower wall, inner wall and outer wall).
7. Rectus abdominis sheath:
Wrapped around the rectus abdominis muscle, a tendon structure composed of the aponeurosis of the three flat muscles of the lateral wall of the abdomen, the sheath is divided into two layers, and the two layers form a bow line (semi-circular line) at 4 to 5 cm below the umbilicus.
8. Inguinal ligament:
The curling and thickening of the lower margin of the oblique muscles is connected to the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic nodule, forming an elastic and tough tendon structure; it can locally form a laminal ligament, a pubic comb ligament, and a shallow ring of the inguinal canal.
9.Hesselbach Triangle：
Located in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall, a triangular area enclosed by the lateral border of the rectus abdominis, the inguinal ligament and the sub-abdominal wall artery; it is a weak area of the lower part of the abdominal wall, from which the contents of the abdominal cavity are puffed out to form a straight hernia in the groin.
1. Calf triceps:
The superficial muscles located behind the calves are made up of superficial gastrocnemius muscles and deeper flounder muscles, and the three heads of the two muscles are combined downwards into a thick Achilles tendon, ending at the calcaneum; its role is to flex the ankle joint and the knee flex joint.
2. Quadriceps:
It is the largest muscle in the whole body, located in front of the thigh, in front of the femur; this muscle has four cephalic muscles, namely the rectus femoris muscle, the medial femoral muscle, the medial femoral muscle, and the lateral femoral muscle, and the four heads form an achial tendon, which wraps around the patellar bone and continues to the patellar ligament and stops at the tibial tuberosity; its role is to flex the hip and extend the knee.
3. Deltoid muscle:
It is a triangular muscle located in the shoulder, starting from the lateral segment of the collarbone, the acromina and the scapula, and ending in the tritototomy of the humerus outside the body; its role is abducted from the shoulder joint.
4. Strand Triangle:
In the anterior upper part of the thigh, a triangular anatomical area composed of the inguinal ligament of the upper upper thigh, the medial extender long abductor and the suturmatist muscle of the lateral boundary; its anterior wall is broad fascia, the bottom is the iliopsoas psoas muscle, the pubic muscle and the adductor longatus; the triangular system has the femoral nerve, femoral blood vessels and lymph nodes.
5. Adductor tube:
Located in the middle of the thigh, on the deep side of the suturing muscle, it is a fissure surrounded by the large adductor tendon plate of the anterior wall, the large adductor muscle of the posterior wall, and the medial femoral muscle on the lateral side; the upper mouth of the fissure is a triangular tip of the femoral, and the lower mouth is a trespture of the adductor tendon; there is a femoral vessel in the tube, and the cryptorchial nerve passes through
1. Pharyngeal isthmus:
The narrowing formed by the posterior edge of the palate sail, the arch of the left and right palate tongue and the root of the tongue is called the isthmus of the pharynx, and the oropharyngeal orifice is the boundary between the mouth and the pharynx.
2. Pear-shaped crypt:
In the laryngeal pharynx, there is a deep depression on each side of the larynx called a pear-shaped crypt, which is the site where foreign bodies are easily incarcerated and retained.
3. Pyloric flap:
In the pylorus of the stomach, the gastric mucosa covers the pyloric sphincter, forming a circular fold called the pyloric flap, which has the effect of delaying the emptying of gastric contents and preventing the reverse flow of intestinal contents to the stomach.
4.dentate line:
On the inner surface of the canal, a serrated annular line connected from the flap to the lower end of the column is called a dentateline, which is above the mucous membrane and below the skin.
5. Hepatic hilar:
On the visceral surface of the liver, there is an approximately H-shaped groove, of which the transverse groove is called the hepatic hilar, which is the left and right branches of the hepatic intrinsic artery, the left and right branches of the hepatic portal vein, the left and right canals of the liver, nerves and lymphatic vessels in and out of the liver
6. Liver pedicle:
The structure of entering and leaving the hepatic portal, that is, the left and right branches of the hepatic intrinsic artery, the left and right branches of the hepatic portal vein, the left and right canals of the liver, nerves and lymphatic vessels, etc. are surrounded by connective tissue, called the liver pedicle.
7. Calot Triangle:
The triangular area enclosed by the cholecystic duct, the common hepatic duct, and the visceral surface of the liver is called the gallbladder triangle.
Because gallbladder arteries generally pass through this triangle, this triangle (Calot triangle) is a hallmark of finding gallbladder arteries during gallbladder surgery.
8. Hepatoscreas ampullary abdomen:
The common bile duct finally penetrates obliquely through the medial wall behind the descending duodenum, where it confluences with the pancreatic duct to form a slightly enlarged hepatoboropatic ampullament, which is opened to the large papilla of the duodenum.
There is a hepatosupine amphora wrapped around the hepatospanic ampullament, and the common bile duct and the end of the pancreatic duct also have a sphincter wrapping.
Bile and pancreatic juice thus enter the duodenum through the opening.
1. Upper respiratory tract:
The nose, pharynx, and larynx are called the upper respiratory tract.
lower respiratory tract:
Trachea and left and right main bronchi
2. Bleeding area (Little area):
In the anterior and inferior mucous membrane of the nasal septum, there is a rich vascular anastomosis plexus, which is a good site for nasal bleeding, also known as the bleeding area (Little area).
3. Lung root:
Structures entering and leaving the lung portal, such as the main bronchi, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, lymphatic vessels, and nerves, are encased in connective tissue and form lung roots
4. Lung segment:
The bronchial segment of the lungs and their branches and the lung tissue to which it belongs together constitute a segment of the lungs.
5. Mediastinum:
The mediastinum is a general term for all organs, structures, and connective tissues between the left and right mediastinal pleura.
6. Pleural cavity:
The visceral and parietal pleura migrates to each other, and the closed space formed around the lungs is called the pleural cavity, which is negative pressure in the cavity, containing a small amount of serous fluid, one left and one on the right, and does not communicate with each other.
7. Pleural crypt:
The pleural cavity is where the pleuras move toward each other, and the lung margin cannot reach into them when inhaling deeply, which is called the pleural crypt.
1. Renal hilum:
The depression in the middle of the medial border of the kidney is called the renal portal, which is the gateway to the blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and renal pelvis of the kidney.
2. Kidney pedicle:
The renal arteries, renal veins, renal pelvis, nerves and lymphatic vessels that exit the renal portal are collectively called renal stems.
The arrangement of the structures in the renal pedicle is from anterior to posterior:
Renal veins, renal arteries, renal pelvis; from top to bottom:
Renal arteries, renal veins, renal pelvis.
3. Kidney area:
The renal area is the rib angle of the spine, and the angled area between the lateral border of the vertical spinal muscle and the 12th rib is called the renal area, and its deep surface is the hilar and the medial edge of the kidney, which may have percussion pain in some kidney diseases.
4. Trigone of bladder:
On the inner surface of the bladder floor, a triangular area enclosed between the ureteral orifice on both sides and the inner urethral orifice is called the bladder triangle.
This area remains smooth due to the lack of submucosal layer, whether the bladder is full or empty.
It is a susceptible area for tuberculosis and tumors in the bladder.
5. Renal sinuses:
A cavity surrounded by the renal parenchyma that continues from the hilar to the renal cavity is called the renal sinus.
It contains branches of renal arteries, genera branches of renal veins, renal calyx, renal calendula, renal pelvis, lymphatic vessels and fatty tissue.
6. Interureteral folds:
On the inside of the bladder, the horizontal fold between the two ureteral openings is called the interureteral fold, which is a sign of looking for the ureteral opening during cystoscopy
1. Cervical cavity:
The wall and visceral layers of the testicular sheath fold back at the posterior edge of the testicles, and a closed space with a small amount of serous fluid is formed between the two layers, called the sheath cavity.
2. Testicular lobules:
In the testicles, many connective tissue septums are emitted by the testicular mediastinum, and the testicles are divided into many tapered lobules, called testicular lobules, each leaflet has 1 to 4 curved fine tubules, the epithelium of the tube wall can produce sperm, and there are interstitial cells in the connective tissue between the tubelets, secreting male hormones.
3. Sperm:
It is a circular cord-like structure consisting of a deep ring of the inguinal canal (also known as the abdominal ring, through the inguinal canal), extending to the upper end of the testicle, mainly composed of 3 layers of membrane-encased vasectomy, inguinal part, testicular artery, vine venous plexus, vas deferens blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve plexuses and remnants of peritoneal sheath.
4. Meat film:
It is the superficial fascia of the scrotum, which contains smooth muscle fibers on the deep side of the skin of the scrotum, and its smooth muscles can be reflexively contracted with changes in external temperature to regulate the temperature in the scrotum and facilitate the development of sperm.
5. Seminal vesicles:
Seminal vesicles, also known as seminal vesicle glands, are secondary glands of the male reproductive system, which are a pair of oblong oval cystic organs, located behind the bottom of the bladder, on the outside of the ampullament of the vas deferens, and their excretory ducts and the end of the vas deferens are synthesized into ejaculatory ducts, and the secreted fluid forms part of the semen.
1. Isthmus:
The upper end of the upper part of the cervix vagina meets the uterine body is narrower and thinner, called the isthmus.
This part is not obvious during non-pregnancy, and can be extended to 7 to 11 cm in the late pregnancy, the wall of the isthmus is gradually thinner, and caesarean section is often performed here
2. Vaginal vault:
The upper end of the vagina wraps around the cervix-vagina, and the circular depression formed between the two is called the vaginal dome, which can be divided into anterior part, the posterior part and the two lateral parts.
Among them, the deepest part of the posterior part of the vaginal dome is closely adjacent to the rectum uterine depression.
Clinically, this puncture or drainage of fluid in the depression can be achieved.
3. Isthmus of the fallopian tubes:
The fallopian tubes are located in the upper edge of the broad ligament of the uterus and are attached to the sides of the base of the uterus.
The section between the uterus and the tubal ampulla isas, immediately outside the uterine wall, is thin and straight, with less blood vessel distribution, and tubal ligation is often performed here.
4. Cooper ligament:
The fibrous tissue around the breast emits many small fibrous bundles, which are connected to the thorafas to the deep side and to the skin and nipple to the shallow side, which support and fix the breast, called the Cooper ligament, also known as the breast suspensory ligament.
5.Perineum：
The narrow sense of the perineum refers to the soft tissues of the narrow area between the anus and the external genitalia, which is prone to tearing during childbirth.
The broadly defined perineum refers to all the soft tissues that enclose the lower mouth of the small pelvis and are diamond-shaped.
6. Deep perineal gap:
The gap between the upper and lower fascias of the urine genitonephragm is called the deep perineum, which contains the deep muscles of the urine-reproductive triangle, the urethral membrane and the urethral bulbous glands.
7. Pottine diaphragm hole:
There is a triangular fissure between the anterior medial levator ani muscles, called the pelvic diaphragm, located between the rectum and the pubic symphysis, enclosing the diaphragm from below, with urethral passage in men and urethral and vaginal passage in women.
8. Diaphragm:
The upper and lower fascias of the urogenital diaphragm and the deep transverse perineum and the urethral sphincter between them together form the urethral diaphragm, enclosing the urinary-genitourinous triangle.
9. Sciatic rectal fossa:
Also known as the sciatic rectal fossa, located between the sciatic nodule and the anus, is a bottom-facing tapered gap, the fossa has a large amount of fatty tissue and perineal blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, etc.
1. Peritoneal cavity:
The visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum turn and migrate to each other, and together they form an irregular potential space, called the peritoneal cavity.
It contains a small amount of slurry for lubrication.
Men are closed, and women communicate with the outside world through fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
2. Peritoneum:
The peritoneum is a thin and smooth serous membrane that covers the walls of the abdomen and pelvis and the surface of the abdominal and pelvic organs, consisting of a mesothelium and a small amount of connective tissue, which is translucent.
There are two parts: the peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum.
3. Omentum:
The omentum is a bilayer peritoneal structure connected to the gastric bend and the gastric bend, including the small omentum and the large omentum, between which there are nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and connective tissue.
4. Large omentum:
The large omentum is a double-layered peritoneal structure that connects between the gastric bend and the transverse colon, resembling an apron.
Covers the transverse colon and the front of the empty and ileum.
It is divided into the first two layers and the last two layers.
There is an abundance of vascular fat and macrophages in between.
5. Omental capsule:
The omentopelle sac is a flattened and narrow gap between the small omentum and the peritoneum of the posterior wall of the stomach and the posterior wall of the abdomen, also known as the small peritoneal cavity, which is part of the peritoneal cavity.
6. Mesenteric:
The mesentery is a bilayer peritoneal structure that fixes the empty and ileal connections to the posterior wall of the abdomen, and the whole is fan-shaped.
The part that attaches to the posterior wall of the abdomen is called the mesenteric root.
The two layers of the mesenteric membrane contain the upper mesenteric blood vessels and their branches or genera, nerves, lymphatic vessels, etc.
7. Peritoneal depression:
The deeper depression formed by peritoneal migration between the rectum and the uterus is called the Douglas cavity, also known as the rectal uterine depression.
In the upright or semi-recumbent position, it is the lowest point of the peritoneal cavity.
Fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity is often accumulated here, so it can be clinically aspirated from the posterior vaginal vault.
8. Douglas cavity:
The small omentum is a bilayer peritoneal structure that migrates downward from the hepatic hilars to the gastric curvature and the upper duodenum.
It consists of two parts: the duodenal ligament on the right and the hepatic-gastrointestinal ligament on the left.
9. Liver and kidney crypt:
The hepatic and renal crypt is located between the right lobe of the liver and the right kidney, and its left boundary is the omental pore and duodenal descending part, and the right boundary is the right paracolonal sulcus.
When lying on the back, the hepatic and renal crypt is the lowest part of the peritoneal cavity.
10. Omentum pores:
The omentum foramen is in front of the 12th thoracic to 2nd lumbar vertebral body, and adults can accommodate 1 to 2 fingers through its upper boundary as the hepatic caudal lobe, the lower boundary as the upper duodenum, the anterior boundary as the hepatic duodenal ligament, and the posterior boundary as the peritoneum covering the surface of the inferior vena cava.
1. Systemic circulation:
Blood is pulsed from the left ventricle and reaches the capillaries of the whole body through the aorta and its branches, where the blood exchanges substances and gases with surrounding tissues and cells, then through the veins at all levels, and finally through the upper and lower vena cava and coronary sinuses back to the right atrium, this circulation route is called the systemic circulation (great circulation).
The main feature is the long distance and wide range of passages, nourishing the various parts of the body with arterial blood and transporting its metabolites and carbon dioxide back to the heart.
2. Pulmonary circulation:
Blood is pumped out of the right ventricle, through the trunk of the pulmonary artery and its branches to the alveolar capillaries for gas exchange, and then through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, this circulation pathway is called pulmonary circulation (small circulation).
The main feature is that the distance is short, only through the lungs, mainly so that the venous blood into oxygen-saturated arterial blood.
3. Atrium intersection:
The intersection of the atrial groove, posterior interventricular groove and coronal groove is called the atrioventricular intersection, which is an important sign of the cardiac surface.
This is where the left and right atriums and the left and right ventricles are close to each other at the back of the heart, and the deep surface has important structures such as blood vessels and nerves.
4. Ovary fossa:
In the right atrium, there is an oval depression in the middle and lower part of the right side of the atrial septum, called the oval fossa, which is the remnant of the closure of the oval hole in the embryonic period, which is weak and is a good site for atrial septal defects.
5. Koch Triangle:
The triangular area between the anterior medial orifice of the coronary sinus orifice in the right atrium, the tricuspid septal apical attachment margin, and the Todaro tendon is called the Koch triangle.
The deep surface of the anterior endocardial membrane of this triangle is an AV node.
6. Tricuspid valve complex:
The tricuspid valve ring, apical flap, tendon cord, and papillary muscles are structurally and functionally a whole called the tricuspid valve complex.
Together, they guarantee a one-way flow of blood, and damage to any part of the structure will lead to changes in hemodynamics.
7. Aortic sinuses:
The fibrous ring around the aortic opening is attached to 3 half-moon-shaped valves called the aortic valve.
The wall of the aortic artery opposite each valve is puffed outward, and the pocket-like gap between the half-moon valve and the aortic wall is called the aortic sinus.
There are coronary artery openings.
8. Pericardial transverse sinuses:
It is the gap between the pericardial cavity between the ascending aorta, the trunk of the pulmonary artery, the superior vena cava, and the anterior wall of the left atrium.
Two transverse fingers can be extended from the left and right entrances of the transverse sinus, and when the direct cardiac surgery requires blocking the flow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary arteries, the two large arteries can be clamped from the front and back through the transverse sinus.
9. Pericardial oblique sinus (Haller sinus):
Located on the posterior wall of the left atrium, the left and right pulmonary veins, the pericardial cavity between the inferior vena cava and the posterior wall of the pericardium.
When surgery is performed to block blood flow from the inferior vena cava, it can be performed through the lower part of the oblique sinus
1. Arterial ligaments:
A fibro connective tissue cord slightly to the left at the main fork of the pulmonary artery attached to the lower edge of the aortic arch, called the arterial ligament, is a remnant of the ductus arteriosus atresia in the embryonic stage.
2. Carotid sinuses:
The carotid sinuses are the bulk of the end of the common carotid artery and the beginning of the internal carotid artery.
The outer membrane of the sinus wall is thick, and there are abundant free nerve endings slightly called baroreceptors.
3. Carotid pellets:
The carotid globule is a flat oval body that is connected to the posterior part of the carotid branch by connective tissue and is a chemoreceptor.
4. Palm shallow bow:
The superficial palmar arch is formed by anastomosis between the end of the ulnar artery and the superficial branch of the radial artery.
It is located on the deep surface of the palmar aponeurosis, and the flange of the arch is about the middle of the metacarpal bone.
5. Palm deep bow:
The deep palm arch is formed by anastomosis between the end of the radial artery and the deep branch of the ulnar artery.
Located on the deep side of the tendon of the flexor finger, the flange of the arch is about the height of the wrist palmar joint.
6. Dry abdominal cavity:
The peritoneal trunk is a thick and short arterial trunk that rises slightly below the aortic fissure from the anterior wall of the abdominal aorta and is quickly divided into the left gastric artery, the common hepatic artery, and the splenic artery.
1. Veins:
A vein is a blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart, starting in the capillaries and ending at the atrium.
2. Hazard Triangle:
Refers to the triangular area from the base of the nose to the corners of the mouth on both sides.
Due to the lack of a venous flap in the facial veins and their communication with the cavernous sinuses in the skull, purulent infections on the face can lead to intracranial infection if not properly managed
3. Venous angle:
The subclavian vein and the internal jugular vein converge behind the sternoclevicular joint to form a cephalangeal vein, and the confluence of the two veins is called the venous angle, which is the injection site of the lymphatic catheter.
4. Intravertebral venous plexus:
The intravertebral venous plexus is located between the periosteum and dura mater and collects venous blood from the vertebrae, meninges and spinal cord.
5. Extravertebral venous plexus:
The extravertebral venous plexus is located in front of the vertebral body, behind the arch and its protrusions, and collects venous blood from the vertebral body and nearby muscles.
1. Lymph:
The lymphatic sinuses of the lymphatic ducts and lymph nodes contain lymphatic fluid, referred to simply as lymph.
2. Lymph node phylum:
The central part of the recessed side of the lymph node is the lymph node hilar, with nerves, blood vessels, and output lymphatic vessels in and out.
3. Regional lymph nodes:
The first stage of lymph nodes that drain an organ or site of lymph is called a regional lymph node, and clinically it is usually called a sentinel lymph node.
4. Chyle pool:
The chylohydrus pool is located in front of the 1st lumbar vertebra and is sac-likely and enlarged, receiving the left and right lumbar and intestinal stems.
5. Virchow lymph nodes:
The left oblique muscle lymph node, also known as the Verchow lymph node, is located in front of the left anterior oblique muscle.
In thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic tumors, especially esophageal and gastric cancers, the embolus of cancer cells may metastasize to the lymph nodes through the thoracic ducts.
1. Sclera sinuses:
The circular pipe located at the junction of the cornea and the sclera is the channel through which aqueous humor flows out.
2. Optic nerve disc:
The circular bulge at the beginning of the optic nerve, where there are no photoreceptor cells, can not sense light, so it is called a blind spot.
3. Conjunctival:
A thin, smooth, vascular mucous membrane that covers the back and front of the eyelid.
According to the location, it can be divided into three parts:
Bulbous conjunctiva, blepharoconjunctivum, and conjunctival vault.
4. Eye fascia sheath (Tenon):
A thin, dense fibrous membrane between the eyeball and the orbital lipids.
Fuses forward with the sclera later at the corneal margin and backwards to the optic nerve dura sheath.
5. Pupil:
The round hole in the center of the iris is called the pupil, from which light enters the eyeball and can be changed in size due to the activity of the pupillary sphincter and levator majoris.
1. Tympaniccavity:
An irregular air-bearing cavity enclosed by the temporal bone rocks, scales, drums and eardrums, containing ossicles, ligaments, muscles, blood vessels and nerves.
2. Vestibule:
The middle part of the bone labyrinth, located in a nearly oval cavity in the temporal bone rock part, has four walls anteriorly and externally, with anterior cochlea and 5 holes in the posterior part through the bone semicircular canal.
3. Eustachian tube:
The tube connecting the tympanic chamber to the nasopharynx is 1/3 of the bone on the outside and 2/3 of the cartilage on the inside.
Its role is to make the air pressure of the tympanic chamber equal to the external atmospheric pressure to maintain the pressure balance between the inner and outer sides of the eardrum
4. Facial nerve tube convexity:
A arch-shaped bulge above the lateral wall vestibular window in the tympanic chamber, through which the horizontal segment of the facial neural tube passes.
The bone wall is very thin or even absent, and inflammation or surgery in the middle ear can easily injure the facial nerve.
5. Corti device:
Located on the basement membrane of the labyrinth of the inner eardrum labyrinth, it is an auditory receptor that can feel the stimulation of sound waves.
6. Pot belly crest:
The structure of the bulge on the abdominal wall of the membrane pot of each membrane semicircular canal is a position receptor that feels the stimulus of rotational variable speed movement.
1. Gray matter (cortex), white matter (medulla):
In the central nervous system, where neuronal cell bodies and dendrites are concentrated, they are gray on fresh specimens, called gray matter, and the gray matter layer formed on the surface of the large and cerebellar is called cortex.
Where nerve fibers are concentrated, because the outer bread of nerve fibers has a myelin sheath and a bright color, it is called white matter, and the white matter located in the deep part of the large and small brains is called medulla.
2. Nerve nuclei and ganglia:
Morphologically and functionally similar neuronal cell bodies are clustered together and called the nerve nucleus within the central nervous system (outside the cortex) and ganglia in the peripheral nerve
3. Fiber bundles, nerves:
A bundle of fibers that starts and ends in the central nervous system, travels and functions the same, is called a fibrous bundle; in the peripheral nervous system, nerve fibers accumulate into bundles of nerve fibers of varying thicknesses, called nerves.
4. Mesh structure:
Within the central nervous system, nerve fibers intertwine into a network, and the mesh contains scattered neurons or smaller nuclei, which are called reticular structures.
5. Synapses:
Synapses are areas of specialized contact between neurons and neurons or between neurons and effectors, and between sensory organ cells and nerve cells.
1. Gray matter:
In the central part, the aggregation site of neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites is called gray matter, which is gray in fresh specimens due to the abundance of blood vessels.
2. White matter:
White matter is the site where nerve fibers accumulate in the central part, so named because the myelin sheath contains lipids and is white and bright.
3. Medulla:
The white matter located in the brain and cerebellum is surrounded by cortex and located deep in the part, called the medullary 4.
Nerve fibers with similar starts and stops, strokes, and functions within the center come together to form fibrous bundles.
5. Horsetail:
The anterior and posterior roots of the lumbar, sacral and caudal spinal nerves descend the spinal canal to reach the corresponding intervertebral foramen at the end of the spinal cord together with the terminal filament to form a ponytail.
6. Spinal shock:
In a semi-transverse injury of the spinal cord, all sensations and movements below the transectional plane disappear, the reflexes disappear, and they are in a non-reflective state, which is called spinal shock.
7. Anterior horn of the spinal cord:
Around the central canal of the spinal cord is an H-shaped gray matter, with the anterior enlargement of each side of the gray matter called the anterior horn.
8. Spinal cord cone:
The ends of the spinal cord are tapered and tapered, called the spinal cord cone.
It continues downwards as a terminal filament without neural tissue.
9. Mesh structure:
Between the outside of the base of the posterior corner of the gray matter and the white matter, the gray and white matter are mixed and mixed into a network, so it is called a network structure.
10.Brown-Sequard syndrome：
After a semi-transverse injury of the spinal cord, the loss of positional sense, vibration and fine touch below the injury plane, paralysis of the ipsilateral limb, and loss of contralateral body pain and temperature sensation below the injury plane are called Brown-Sekwa syndrome
1. Mesh structure:
In the center, neurons are scattered in the distribution of crisscrossing nerve fibers, and the cell bodies and nerve fibers of neurons are staggered, and this area is network-like, so it is called a network structure.
2. Medial mound system:
Secondary fibers emitted from thin bundle nuclei and wedge nucleus that conduct ipsilateral deep sensation and fine touch cross left and right on the ventral lateral side of the central tube, and the crossed fibers are on both sides of the midline, and the posterior cone turns upwards to form the medial mound system.
Terminates in the posterolateral nucleus of the dorsal thalamus.
3. Cone:
In the upper ventral flank of the medulla oblongata, the bulges on both sides of the median fissure are called cones and consist of descending fibrous bundles - pyramid bundles.
4. Luschka hole:
Also known as the fourth external lateral foramen, cerebrospinal fluid flows into the subarachnoid space.
5. Medullary pattern:
The medullary veins are at the base of the fourth ventricle, traversing the fibrous bundles in the lateral corners and midline of the rhomboid fossa.
It is generally considered to be the dividing line between the pontine and medulla oblongata on the dorsal side.
6. Ventral crossover of the cover:
The fibers emitted by the red nuclei of the midbrain are crossed left and right on the ventral side of the midbrain cover, called the ventral cross of the cover, and the fibers after the crossing enter the spinal cord, called the red nucleus spinal cord bundle 7.The pontobellar cerebellar triangle:
The pontine, bulbar and cerebellar angles are clinically referred to as the pontocerebellar triangle.
8. Diamond-shaped nest:
There is a diamond-shaped pit in the dorsal side of the brainstem called the diamond-shaped fossa, also known as the fourth ventricular floor.
1. Cerebellar tonsils:
The anterior, medial, and inferior bulging part of the cerebellar hemisphere, called the cerebellar tonsils, is close to the medulla oblongata and near the foramen magnum of the occipital bone, and when the pressure in the skull is elevated, it may be squeezed between the occipital foramen and the medulla oblongata, forming a cerebellar tonsillar hernia, which is life-threatening.
2. New cerebellum:
The lateral part of the cerebellum appears the latest in the process, develops synchronously with the cerebral cortex, is the largest in shape, and constitutes a new cerebellum.
3. Old cerebellum:
Cerebellar worms and the middle part of the hemisphere together make up the old cerebellum.
4. Posterior thalamus:
The posterior thalamus is the lower part of the diencephalon dorsal thalamus and above the midbrain cap, consisting of medial knees and lateral knees.
5. The thalamus:
The thalamus is the transitional part of the dorsal part of the diencephalon and the anterior midbrain cap, including the pineal gland, the rein triangle, the reins, the thalamus medullary streak, and the posterior ligue
1. New striatum:
The shells of the caudal and bean nuclei appear later in occurrence and are called neostriatum, which is the subcortical motor center.
2. Edge System:
The limbic system consists of marginal lobes (e.g., septum, gingivus, paraeccal gyrus, hippocampus, and dentate gyrus, etc.) and related cortical and subcortical structures (e.g., amygdala, hypothalamus, dorsal thalamus pronucleus, etc.).
It is mainly related to emotions, behaviors, memories, visceral activities, etc.
3. Striatum:
The caudate nucleus and bean-like nucleus are connected together at the anterior end, and the two are collectively called striatum.
Regulates subcortical movement.
4. Basal nucleus:
The basal nucleus is located in the white matter at the base of the telencephalon and includes the caudate nucleus, bean nucleus, stencilous nucleus, and amygdala.
5. Hippocampus:
The hippocampus is a tortoise-shaped gray matter bulge on the lateral lateral ventricular whirectrosity of the lateral lobe of the brain rolled into the inferior corner of the lateral ventricle.
6. Pallet:
On the horizontal cut surface, the bean-like nucleus is divided into three parts by the white matter plate, the inner, middle and outer parts, and the inner two parts are called globus pllidus.
7. Inner capsule:
The inner capsule is located between the thalamus, caudate nucleus, and bean nuclei.
It is a white matter plate with projected fibers in this high concentration, glyph-shaped on the horizontal incision of the telencephalon, divided into three parts: forelimb, knee and hindlimb.
1. Spinal ganglia:
The anterior and posterior roots of the spinal nerves form a spinal nerve trunk at the intervertebral foramen, and the posterior root has an oval expansion near the intervertebral foramen, called the spinal ganglia
2. Carpal tunnel syndrome:
In the carpal tunnel, the median nerve is compressed due to inflammation, swelling or joint changes in the surrounding structures, and the fish muscle atrophy occurs, the palm is flat, also called the ape hand, and the palmar sensory disorder of the thumb, indication finger, and middle finger is called carpal tunnel syndrome.
3. Subcostal nerve:
There are 12 pairs of anterior thoracic nerve branches, and the 12th pair of anterior thoracic nerve branches is located below the 12th rib, so it is called the subcostal nerve
4. Lumbosacral dry:
Synthesized by the remainder of the anterior branch of the 4th lumbar nerve and the anterior branch of the 5th lumbar nerve, it participates in the composition of the sacral plexus.
1. Pterodachyra ganglia:
Also called the sphenoid palate ganglion, the parasympathetic ganglion, located above the pterodactyl palate fossa, an irregular flattened segment below the maxillary nerve, with sympathetic roots, parasympathetic roots, sensory roots, which emit some branches distributed in the mucous membranes of the lacrimal glands, palates, and nose, and conduct the general sensation of the mucous membrane and the secretion of innervated glands.
2. Decompression nerves:
It is a branch of the vagus nerve in the neck (cervical branch), there are two upper and lower branches, descending into the chest cavity on both sides of the larynx and trachea, and intertwining with the heart nerves emitted by the cervical sympathetic ganglion to form a plexus, regulating heart activity.
The upper branch has a branch called the aortic nerve or decompression nerve, which is distributed within the arch wall of the aortic and feels blood changes and chemical stimulation.
1. Autonomic nervous system:
Visceral motor nerves regulate visceral, cardiovascular movement and gland secretion, usually not controlled by human will, is involuntary, called autonomic nervous system; and because it mainly controls and regulates the material metabolism activities common to animals and plants, and does not innervate the movement of skeletal muscle unique to animals, it is also called the autonomic nervous system.
2. Pre-section fiber:
After the visceral motor nerves are emitted from the lower center, the visceral motor ganglia exchange neurons in the surrounding parts, and then the intraganglial neurons emit fibers to reach the effector.
The first neurons are called predial neurons, cytoplasmic brainstems and spinal cords, whose axons are called preganglionic fibers.
3. White Traffic Branch:
The myelinated preganglial fibers emitted by the spinal nerve are connected to the sympathetic trunk ganglia and are white, so they are called white traffic branches
4. Visceral large nerves:
Consisting of the preganglial fibers of the 5th or 6th to 9th thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia, it synthesizes a stem anteriorly and downwards, and descends obliquely along the anterior side of the vertebral body, passing through the diaphragm and finally the abdominal segment
5. Referred pain:
When lesions occur in certain organs, hypersensitivity or pain sensations often occur in certain areas of the body surface.
6. Sympathetic dry:
The paravertebral segments are located on both sides of the spine, and the ipsilateral paravertebral segments are connected by internode branches to form a sympathetic trunk.
The sympathetic stem starts from the base of the skull and down to the coccyx, and the lower end of the sympathetic stem on both sides merges with the odd node in front of the coccyx.
Sympathetic trunk is divided into five parts: neck, chest, abdomen, sacrum and tail, and there are gray and white communication branches between the sympathetic trunk and the spinal nerve.
1. Pyramidalsystem:
There are axons of giant cone cells and other types of pyramidal cells in the anterior central gyrus and paralobelia central lobules, which consist of descending fibrous bundles that manage a variety of random movements.
Those who directly or indirectly stop at the neuromotor nucleus of the cranial nerve are called corticonuclear tracts; those who directly or indirectly terminate in the anterior horn of the spinal cord are called corticospinal tracts.
2. On motor neurons:
In the neurons that make up the cone system, those giant pyramidal cells and other types of pyramidal cells whose bodies are located in the central anterior gyrus and the anterior part of the central paralobelia are called upper motor neurons.
3. Pupil-to-light reflection:
The response that illuminates the pupil on one side and causes the pupils of both eyes to shrink is called pupil-to-light reflection, and the reaction of the illuminated side is direct reflection to light; the reaction of the unlit side is indirect reflection to light
4. Extrapyramidal:
All conduction pathways outside the cone system that affect and control somatic movements, collectively referred to as extrapyramidal systems, include the cerebral cortex, striatum, dorsal thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain cap, red nucleus, substantia nigra, pontine nucleus, vestibular nucleus, cerebellum and brainstem reticular structures, etc., and their fibrous connections.
5. Nuclear hypoplegia:
That is, the injury of inferior motor neurons refers to the motor neuron injury of the motor nucleus of the cranial nerve and the anterior horn of the spinal cord, which is manifested as brady paralysis, decreased muscle tone, muscle atrophy, loss of dark and shallow reflexes, and negative pathological reflexes after injury.
6. Proprioception:
Proprioception refers to the sensations produced by the muscles, tendons, joints and other motor organs themselves in different states (movement or rest) (for example, people can perceive the position of various parts of the body when their eyes are closed), also known as deep sensation
1. Subarachnoid cavity:
The space between the arachnoid membrane and the leptomeningeum is called the subarachnoid space or subarachnoid space, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
2. Cavernous sinuses:
The dural venous sinuses located on either side of the sella in the middle of the skull.
The sinuses have internal carotid arteries and the transposeron nerve.
The eye-moving nerve, the scoid nerve, the trigeminal nerve, and the maxillary nerve pass close to the lateral wall of the sinus
3. Willis Ring:
Also known as the cerebral basilar artery ring, it is formed by the anterior cerebral artery, anterior communication artery, internal carotid artery, posterior communication artery and posterior cerebral artery anastomosing with each other.
4. Epidural:
The narrow cavity between the dura mater and the periosteum of the internal surface of the spinal canal is called the epidural or epidural space, which contains the spinal nerve roots, venous plexus, and a small amount of adipose tissue.
5. Chord plexus:
In a certain part of the ventricle, some blood vessels repeatedly branch to form capillary plexuses, together with the leptomeninges and the ependymal epithelium, protrude into the ventricles, called choroid plexuses, and secrete cerebrospinal fluid.
