A copy although the year is earlier,
But enough surprising data:
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that as early as 2005-2008, 11 percent of people over the age of 12 in the United States had used or used antidepressants (nearly four times as many as in 1988-1994).
Among them, the proportion of women taking drugs is 2.5 times higher than that of men; about 60% of the total number of people have taken drugs for more than two years; 14% of people have taken drugs for more than 10 years. Antidepressants have become the third most commonly used drug in the United States and the most commonly used drug for people aged 18-44.
Here's the problem -
If wild animals indirectly take these antidepressants,
What will happen?
In the wild, Faxonius limosus (the same family as often referred to as "crayfish") exposed to moderate concentrations of antidepressants becomes more daring, which may increase their risk of prey.
摄影：JOEL SARTORE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC PHOTO ARK
In a paper published June 16 in the journal Ecosphere, researchers found that crayfish exposed to the medium-concentrated antidepressant Citalopram for longer feeding and shorter hiding times made them more vulnerable to predator attacks, and that over time, changes in crayfish behavior could have other effects on river ecosystems.
Native to the southeastern United States, Procambarus clarkii, or "crayfish," is an invasive species found in freshwater ecosystems around the world.
Photo by Juan Aunion, ALAMY
A crayfish (Protoctorius crawfish) appears in Lake Naivasha, Kenya, Africa.
摄影：DAVID KEITH JONES, IMAGES OF AFRICA PHOTOBANK/ALAMY
(*Citalopram is a selective serum reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), one of the most widely used antidepressants in the world.) In 2018, about 12.5 percent of Americans took SSRIs. These drugs alter the chemical processes of the human brain by increasing the content of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Serotonin helps regulate mood, pleasure and anxiety)
Over a two-week period, researchers Lindsey and A.J. The Reisingers put the crayfish into an artificial stream, and the concentration of citalopram in the stream was set to 500 ng/l – and so on, and so on, and the antidepressant ingredient in freshwater in nature has such a high concentration? This is only a moderate concentration. A 2009 study found that at 32 kilometres downstream of a wastewater treatment plant in India, citalopram remained at a concentration of 500 ng/L, while near several pharmaceutical plants it was 76,000 ng/L.
The most beautiful crayfish species, the pink coral crayfish (Cherax pulcher), the shell color is like the star universe.
Image source: crayfishworld.com
The result was that the medicinal crayfish came out of the hiding place to visit the food 1 minute faster than before, twice as fast as the unmediated people; in addition, the crayfish who took the medicine became bolder - staying in the food area for 4 times more time than the unmediated people, if it is a wild environment, it is bound to greatly increase the probability of predation.
Albino crayfish, even invertebrates can suffer from albinism
Photograph by WES C. SKILES
When crayfish eat boldly, they excrete more nutrients, promote algae growth, and increase algae and organic compounds in the water; larger predators continue to be affected by antidepressants after eating this crayfish. An Australian study calculated that brown trout and platypus in some regions consume half the daily dose of human treatment; a gluttonous riverbank spider that weighs 1% of its body weight is an antidepressant ingredient.
One of Australia's iconic animals, the platypus, passively ingests antidepressant ingredients at half the therapeutic dose for humans.
Photograph by JASON EDWARDS
Crayfish become emboldened by taking antidepressants,
The same is true of other shrimp after taking medicine -
Scientists have placed a hook shrimp scientifically called Echinogammarus marinus in water containing fluoxetine, the main ingredient in the antidepressant Prozac. River shrimp generally prefer safe, dark corners; but after taking their medication, they are more inclined to swim into bright waters, and this possibility is increased by a factor of 5 – if they do not hide in the dark, they are easily eaten by predators.
The scientific name is Echinogammarus marinus of the hook shrimp
Image source: eurekalert.org
Organisms are not only harmed by antidepressants,
And antibiotics —
In 2019, a survey spanning 72 countries and across 91 rivers found that two-thirds of the waters had antibiotic components. Ciprofloxacin, which fights bacterial infections, exceeds the safe limit in waters in 51 places around the world; among them, the clarithromycin content in a basin of the Danube River exceeds the safe limit by 4 times; and the metronidazole concentration in the river water of Bangladesh is 300 times higher than the safe limit.
The Bramaputra River in Bangladesh
摄影：JONAS BENDIKSEN, NAT GEO IMAGE COLLECTION
So how much can humans take medicine?
The following set of photos is visually presented,
Whether rich or poor, medicine can't be stopped—
Photo by GABRIELE GALIMBERTI
In France, the two people in the picture often use drugs, mainly anti-anxiety drugs and antibiotics.
Switzerland, a family of art collectors, owns a large number of drugs. A variety of eye lotions, common cold medicines, vitamin products, etc., aimed at improving the quality of life.
Haitian, the family believes in Haitian traditional medicine, and most of these plants come from the local market and leaf doctors, known as "medsen fey".
Columbia, a family where three generations of grandchildren live together, shares a medicine cabinet
In Lithuania, the family in the picture believes in all-natural healing, and they find herbs, mushrooms and berries in the woods near their home, and keep only a few artificial medicines.
In Switzerland, this yoga instructor relies only on homeopathy, as well as a variety of pure botanical extracts.
Italy, a librarian in the medicine cabinet: mainly preventive and therapeutic drugs, but also including topical disinfectant and preservatives.
In Latvia, the woman in latvia, a retired teacher, now rarely takes medication, but she still retains the medicine she left from her last illness.
In India, most of the drugs are for the man sitting on the right side of the picture to treat stroke.
In Japan, the two people in the picture need to take frequent medication to cure heart disease and osteoporosis.
In the United States, the woman had suffered from bulimia and anorexia, and she was confronted with the relevant treatment drugs she had used.
In Switzerland, the man suffered from a strange disease that resulted in weight loss no matter how many calories he consumed. On the table were the various medicines he prescribed to treat the disease.
Do not flush any medication directly into the sewers.
In order not to pollute the environment with unused drugs, unwanted drugs can be taken to pharmacies or expired drug recycling points; drugs can also be taken out, mixed with unpleasant, adsorbent things, such as coffee grounds, and thrown into the trash; or placed in paper or plastic bags and put into harmful trash cans. If you throw it away, it is very harmful to the environment, and the toxic side effects of drugs will go around in a big circle in nature and eventually return to ourselves.
Meanwhile, Trevor Hamilton, a researcher at McCowan University in Edmonton, Canada, said: "In the United States during the pandemic, the number of people experiencing depressive symptoms is 3 times higher than in the past. Antidepressants could pollute water resources at the highest level ever. ”
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