With the slogan of "green agriculture, green food", biological control has attracted wide attention at home and abroad. Biological control is the use of beneficial organisms or their metabolites to control pests, its advantages are safe for humans and animals, no residual poison, no pollution of the environment and fruits, no resistance to harmful organisms, no destruction of ecological balance, cost-effective. Whether grapes are eaten fresh or processed, green and pollution-free is very necessary, so it is important to do a good job of biological control in the vineyard.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the main form of biological control</h1>
1.1 Insect repellent
Of the many pests that occur in the vineyards, only a few species cause perennial damage and must be controlled by other complementary measures; Most species are in a state of natural inhibition for a long time, and cannot form a major harm, mainly because natural enemies play an important natural control role. There are many natural enemies of grape pests, mainly two categories: predatory and parasitic. Common predatory predators such as grasshoppers, ladybirds, spiders, praying mantises, etc., can kill various pests and even various insect states. Parasitic natural enemies mainly include a variety of parasitic bee insects, etc., which can parasitize the body or in vitro of pests.
Therefore, the occurrence of pests has an important inhibitory effect on the occurrence of pests. For example, star caterpillars have natural enemies parasitic bees and parasitizing parasitisms during the pupal stage, scarab beetle larvae have natural enemies white-haired long-bellied earth bees and large black-rumped hook earth bees parasitize in the body, and grape short-whiskered flies and powder clams also have a comprehensive unit price form. The completely comprehensive unit price (including all costs) is the package price, which is generally used in special projects, such as piling, steel structure, etc., that is, the market price and the fixed price are very different. The comprehensive unit price is the labor cost, material cost, construction machinery use fee and enterprise management fee and profit required to complete a sub-item bill of quantity project or measure list project with a specified unit of measurement, as well as a certain range of risk costs. For example, the tree planting project includes digging tree pits, planting trees, seedling unit price, seedling maintenance, tree support, cold protection and other related quota sub-items to form a comprehensive unit price.
1.2 Treat bacteria with bacteria
1.2. MH5 bacterial agent for the prevention and treatment of grape root cancer
MH5 strains produce agrobacterin, inhibiting the growth of root cancer bacteria and preventing cancer. After the propagators such as grape seedlings are treated with fungal agents, the strains quickly occupy the wound and produce agrobacteriocin, which can effectively protect the plants from pathogenic infection. The site competition mechanism of biocontrol strains also plays a certain role in disease prevention. MH5 strains survive and colonize in the soil, providing long-lasting protection for grapes and benefiting from a single treatment for many years. MH5 strains mainly protect grape root cancer from pathogenic invasion. If the bacteria have invaded the disease to form a tumor, with biocontrol agents for treatment, the effect is relatively poor medicinal bacteria for treatment, must be mild, the tumor must be completely removed, and part of the healthy tissue around the tumor is removed, and then in the patient part of the timely application of biocontrol 2 times, the middle of the 1 day, it is best to apply in the evening or morning, the prevention and control effect is better.
1.2.2 Bacillus subtilis control
Grapevine blight and gray mold. Bacillus subtilis is a warm-loving aerobic sporangio-producing G+ rod-shaped bacteria that are widely present in nature, non-toxic and harmless to humans and animals, and do not pollute the environment. Its physiological characteristics are rich and diverse, can produce a variety of antibiotics and enzymes, with spectral antibacterial activity and strong stress resistance, its most prominent features are fast growth, simple nutrition, can produce heat resistance and stress program has a comprehensive understanding.
1.2.3 Other biological agents
The application of 5406 anti-bacterial fertilizer in the soil can effectively control grape white silk disease. The application of chemicals such as carbon disulfide, sodium azide, methyl desertide, etc. in the soil can stimulate the proliferation of Trichoderma bacteria and kill or inhibit the pathogens of grape root decay.
1.3 Treat insects with bacteria
Parasitics such as emysomycetes and ovary white zombies have been used in production, and a green zombie in the soil (long-hugged type) has a strong transformative nature for the larvae of the white star flower scarab. The virus of grape cart moth was used to control grape cart moth. Because the larvae are susceptible to viral diseases, the dead insects with viruses can be retrieved from the field to make 200 times venom, sprayed on the grape plants, and when the larvae eat the poisonous leaves, they will get sick and die, and the control effect is good. Fungal control of nematodes. With fungi that catch nematodes, the infestation of southern root-knot nematodes can be effectively controlled. The fungus can produce a variety of suction-like trapping organs, immobilize the nematode body, then wrap the nematode body with mycelium, and finally kill the nematode. There are also viruses and bacteria that parasitize nematodes, which can also be used for biological control.
1.4 Utilization of insect hormones
The sex hormones secreted by the female moth of grape star caterpillar have a strong attraction on the male moth, and the female moth can be put into a gauze bag and hung in the field, and a basin of water can be placed under it (a small amount of washing powder can be put into the water to increase the stickiness), and a large number of male moths can be trapped.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > 2 specific measures</h1>
2.1 Protection of predators
Protect natural enemies, increase the number of natural enemies in conjunction with other control methods, and give full play to the natural control role of natural enemy insects. Coordinate the contradiction between chemical control and biological control, establish the concept of orchard ecosystem and economic value, and minimize the amount of drug used and the number of chemical control in orchards.
2.1.1 Strengthen integrated pest control during the dormancy period of grapes. Understanding the biology and ecological learning of the main local natural enemies and attaching importance to the integrated pest control during the dormant period can reduce the control pressure during the growth period and promote the recovery and establishment of the natural enemy community of pests.
2.1.2 Shelterbelt belts are planted around the vineyards. Since the shelterbelt zone reduces wind speed, it favors the activity of small predators and provides a favorable habitat for beneficial birds.
2.1.3 Grass in the vineyard. From the analysis of raw grass soil management as a whole, grass can provide a habitat for natural enemies to overwinter, yes! Class W and Class W pests are controlled. Or in autumn and winter, bundle grass in the vineyard to lure natural enemies into the winter to ensure the safety of natural enemies.
2.1.4 Planting of nectar source plants. Many parasitic predators need to be supplemented with nutrients during the adult stage, and the flowering plants in the garden can provide parasitic bees or parasitic flies with nectar to prolong their lifespan, mature sexual organs, and improve their reproductive ability. Sowing honey source plants in stages at the base of some scarab beetles can attract earth bees that prey on scarab beetles to collect honey and prey, which has a good effect on the prevention and control of scarab beetles.
2.1.5 Rational application of pesticides. First of all, it is based on an accurate grasp of the insect situation, and for each major pest, there must be a more scientific level of economic permissible damage; Secondly, it is necessary to understand the insect situation block by block, so that only after the local garden block is applied, the treatment is carried out, and the spraying is avoided in the same period; Third, for pesticide varieties, dosage forms, dosages and frequencies of application, we should consider the degree of their impact on natural enemies, select varieties and dosage forms that are efficient for pests and low toxicity to natural enemies, control the amount, frequency and scope of pesticide use, and adopt the method of pesticide application to minimize the killing of natural enemies. Pay attention to the selection of microbial insecticides and inorganic insecticides, generally aspiratory and short-term residual insecticides are ideal. Red-eyed bees can be released in the park for 3 days after using enemy insects or enemies to fear.
2.2 Introduce natural enemies from other places or artificially breed natural enemies
China has successfully introduced Western blind worms, pseudo-blunt worms, and Chilean small plants! W。 Predator insects can also be bred indoors in large numbers and released into the field when needed to replenish the number of predators needed.
2.3 Develop and utilize new biobicides
In recent years, China has developed some better biological agents, such as avermectin, white zombie, BT insecticide, 9281 and so on. Rotenone can block the normal energy metabolism of insects, camptothecin is the most effective plant insect sterilizer found so far, piperamide substances in piperine plants have neurotoxin effects, and the extracted substances of triptolide can inhibit the germination and growth of some pathogenic spores or prevent pathogens from invading plants. The use of BT insecticides to control lepidoptera pests is very effective. The use of insect growth regulators (such as extrasexual hormones) to trap or interfere with pest mating has a good control effect.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > 3 conclusion</h1>
The efficiency of biological control is generally not as high as that of chemical control, the effect is relatively slow, and it is often affected by conditions and its effect is not stable enough. Therefore, in order to improve the effect of biological control in the future, in addition to further searching for efficient beneficial organisms, it is also necessary to study and master the application conditions and technologies, and combine biological control measures with cultivation management techniques and chemical control, which will better play the role of biological control.