Author: Zhao Dan, Wang Ying, Yu Pingping, Hu Jingjing
"A red dust concubine laughed, no one knew that it was a lychee coming." Every year in June, lychees will rush to the hot search, the flesh is crystal clear, soft and crisp, thick and smooth, let the population flow.
In fact, the tropical fruits represented by lychees and longan are the backbone varieties of China's hot crop industry, regardless of planting scale, production technology, or market influence, China is among the best in the world, and it is also the traditional advantageous industry and bulk fruit in Guangxi, which plays an important role in increasing farmers' income, and contains hundreds of millions of agricultural market capacity.
The four provinces (regions) of Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Hainan are the main producing areas of Longan and Lychee in China, accounting for more than 95% of the country's output. Among them, Guangxi is the second largest lychee longan province in the country, and it was learned from the 18th China (Guangxi) Lychee Longan Production and Marketing Docking Activity Promotion Conference that as of 2020, Guangxi Lychee Longan planting area is nearly 4 million mu, with an annual output of more than 1.2 million tons.
Guangxi is the main origin of lychee, as early as 2100 years ago, cultivation is mainly concentrated in southern Guangxi, distributed in Lingshan, Qinnan, Qinbei, Pubei, Hepu, Fangcheng, Dongxing, Beiliu, Yuzhou, Xingye, Fumian, Bobai, Luchuan, Guiping, Pingnan, Gangnan, Rong County, Hengxian, Yongning, Long'an, Cangwu, Tengxian and other 22 counties and municipalities. In a nutshell, the dominant production areas are Qinzhou City, Yulin City, Guigang City and Wuzhou City. At present, Lingshan, Qinbei, Pubei, Beiliu and Guiping are the most prestigious lychee-producing counties in Guangxi.
The main varieties cover early, middle and late ripening, and there are more than a dozen varieties such as black leaf, heli, dazao, March red, white sugar poppy, concubine smile, chicken mouth lily, guiwei, Xianjinfeng, glutinous rice, Lingshan xiangli, Bobai sugar barge, Qinzhou red lily, white ash and so on. The new varieties of high-quality late-maturing lychee are mainly guiwei, Xianjinfeng, Jinggang red glutinous, Lingfeng glutinous, Guanyin green and so on.
As of 2019, the area of Guangxi Lychee Garden reached 2.44 million mu, with an annual output of 580,000 tons, and the output of lychee in Guangxi reached about 800,000 tons in 2020, which is expected to increase by about 10%.
Longan is also called Guiyuan, and lychee, banana, pineapple are the same as the four rare fruits of South China, which can be eaten fresh, processed, and can be medicated, which has great economic value. Guangxi's longan is mainly distributed in Nanning, Qinzhou, Chongzuo, Yulin, Guigang and Wuzhou 6 cities, of which Nanning's Wuming District, Chongzuo's Daxin County, Guigang's Pingnan County, yulin's Beiliu City, all belong to the longan production county (city, district). The main cultivars are Shijiao Longan, Dawuyuan, Chuliang, Linglong and so on.
In 2017, the planting area of longan in Guangxi has reached 2.05 million mu, with a total output of 590,000 tons, with an estimated output value of 4.3 billion yuan, and longan 507,400 tons in 2019.
Guangxi lychee longan planting distribution
Round, plump, smooth and sweet ripe lychees hang from the branches
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="18" > the phenomenon of large and small years is prominent, falling into the strange circle of abundant production and poor harvest</h1>
Lychee is on the market, and Baiguo gives way.
Lychee has the most competitive fruit name, this "domineering" with the overall increase in planting area and yield, is now a fruit that flies into the homes of ordinary people, no longer too expensive to eat. Because in the agricultural product market, no agricultural product can break through its own cyclical weak roots. What does that mean? That is to say, the listing of any agricultural product will be thrown to the market in a concentrated manner, and there will be a temporary oversupply, even if there is a large market sales volume, it is difficult to solve this problem. Therefore, even if the lychee, which has the reputation of "one fruit is listed, one hundred fruits give way", it is difficult to escape this fate.
The size of lychee and longan is more prominent than that of citrus and mango, which also causes fruit farmers in Guangxi to fall into the strange circle of abundant production and poor harvest.
"Guangxi lychee, longan is usually concentrated in May-July every year to get together on the market, in the time is easy to overlap with Guangdong, the stage of market supply pressure is large, Guangxi in the variety and quality is not dominant, regional, variety of lychee price gap is very large, different varieties of mu output value gap can reach more than 5,000 yuan." Lychee price trend every year basically in accordance with the high open - stable - tail walk, to this year's guiwei as an example, the regional price difference is very large, Guangdong Maoming land purchase price in 14-20 yuan / jin, Lingshan guiwei land purchase price is about 15 yuan / jin, concubine smile and other conventional varieties of the purchase price is even more so, vendors under the price, fruit farmers sell cheaply. Xie Yongrui, general manager of Qinzhou Zhenghe Agricultural Co., Ltd., told reporters.
Mr. Xie said that lychee "big and small years" have hurt farmers. The planting cost of one mu of lychee is composed of fertilizer, labor, seedlings, etc., the overall cost is 1500 yuan, and one mu of lychee can produce about 400 catties, in addition to the cost, the profit of one mu of lychee is about 2500 yuan. The yield of longan per mu has many uncertain factors, generally 350 to 400 kg per mu, and more than 1,000 catties. Based on the median market price of 8 yuan, the profit of one mu is 5600 yuan to 6400 yuan, and the cost is about 4000 yuan.
If you count the labor costs of care and picking, many lychee longan fruit farmers will lose money. Therefore, in recent years, not many farmers have really made money.
Take this year as an example, this year is the middle and large year of Lychee, the market is even worse, affected by the epidemic a few years ago, when Lychee was listed in June, it was wrapped up in the epidemic situation in Xinfadi, the sales pressure was very large, and the longan sales that will be listed in mid-July will also be affected, the buyers are scarce, and the price is seriously depressed.
The phenomenon of lychee size annuals occurs once every other year, and in the big year, lychees are everywhere, and they can't sell or eat. The reason is that the overlapping listing period, the low proportion of processing, the high logistics cost, the low level of preservation, storage and transportation, and the high proportion of non-excellent varieties are the chronic diseases that currently plague the lychee industry in Guangxi.
As the saying goes, lychees change color in one day, change taste in three days, if no preservatives are added, generally 5-7 days will all brown, and the sterilization and preservation of fresh lychees has always been a worldwide problem. Although the cold chain preservation of lychees in Guangxi has made great progress in recent years, it is still very absent. At present, the storage methods of lychee commonly used in the Market in Guangxi are low temperature storage, ice water pre-cooling, packaging processing, acid immersion treatment, chemical treatment, etc. However, because after the lychee is picked, a certain amount of time is consumed from the ground to the sorting and packaging process, and the freshness of the lychee is affected, which naturally limits the sales scope of the lychee.
Like lychees, Guangxi's more than 2 million mu of longan is also greatly affected by the size of the year, and often falls into slow sales, for the same reasons as lychees. The planting area is stable, the yield is large, the variety is single, and the quality control is difficult to control. The existence of the phenomenon of large and small years has also directly led to many growers being too lazy to manage, especially in the big year, of course, including most of the growers who will not manage. In fact, the big and small years reflect more that the Guangxi lychee longan industry urgently needs to adjust the industrial structure, so that fruit farmers will not fall into the strange circle of abundant production and no good harvest every year.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="30" > high-quality specialty lychee varieties are still selling</h1> well
Good fruit price, high-quality fruit will always have a market, do not worry about selling, lychee is still the same.
With the continuous improvement of consumption level, consumers' demand for the improvement of lychee quality is also increasing, especially late-ripening varieties such as Lingfeng glutinous, Jinggang red glutinous, jizui li, Xian Jinfeng and other high-quality varieties are in short supply, and the market is sold, and the price continues to rise.
Many fruit farmers in Guangxi have begun to change some late-ripening varieties since 2017 to reduce the planting of black leaves and other grass lychees, for example, this year's Guangxi chicken mouth lychee performed well, Pubei County's chicken mouth lychee 4-5 yuan / jin, brand-name product Xiangshan chicken mouth lychee purchase price of 50-60 yuan / kg, fruit farmers have high economic benefits. In recent years, Longan is also developing some new late-maturing varieties to seek benefits.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="34" > extensive planting management, farm manure, large fertilizer is the protagonist</h1>
In Guangxi, like mangoes, the cultivation of lychee longan is also mainly based on retail planting, ranging from more than ten mu to dozens of mu, planting management is more extensive, lack of technology, and the fertilizer structure is also very single.
Taking Longan as an example, at least half of the existing 2 million mu of Longan in Guangxi belong to wild local or aging varieties, which are poorly managed and do not have much commodity value.
In recent years, the dependence of fruit farmers on the cultivation of lychees and longan has gradually decreased, the production power is insufficient, coupled with the impact of the big and small years, the price has been turbulent, and there are external Thailand, Vietnam pinch attack, compared with lychees, Guangxi longan planting area is shrinking. Wuming, once the main longan production area, is now the world of fertile oranges, and fruit farmers cut down longan trees to plant more profitable citrus.
According to Tao Gongqing, senior agronomist of Guangxi Nongken Huashan Farm Co., Ltd., Guangxi lychee and longan are mainly planted in the mountains, and although the area of lychee and longan orchards with relatively high standardization is gradually expanding in Guangxi in recent years, the estimated area of such orchards is very low, most of them are still traditional old orchards, infrastructure is weak, specialized agricultural machinery and equipment are lacking, especially water conservancy facilities, and a large part of them lack irrigation and fertilization facilities and equipment. As a result of small-scale operations, the vast majority of smallholder farmers have neither the strength nor the need to buy large agricultural machinery separately.
Tao Gongqing said that the growth and development of lychee and longan has high requirements for ecological conditions and technical management of the whole process, and most fruit farmers are difficult to master these technologies skillfully and comprehensively. In guangxi's lychee longan production area, professional agronomists are rare, only the large orchards operated by farms will be equipped with professional agricultural technicians, old farmers are experience planting, in the big year, the application of technology is difficult to put in place, basically not managed, the output is resigned to fate.
Another point is very prominent in the Guangxi Lychee Longan Area, that is, the lack of labor, Lychee Longan belongs to the tall tree, in the pruning, circumcision (ring peeling, spiral ring peeling), especially the harvest link, still highly dependent on manual operation, high labor costs. For example, an acre of lychee is invested at about 530-970 yuan per mu per year. The expenditure of workers' wages is the largest expenditure in the one-year management process of Lychee Garden, which is generally 20-30 acres managed by each worker, and the monthly wage of each worker is 600-800 yuan.
Extensive planting management also leads to a relatively single use of fertilizer, mainly decomposed farm manure (chicken manure), urea, foliar fertilizer, compound fertilizer (high tower nitrothio) mainly, as well as a small amount of water-soluble fertilizer, special fertilizer here there is almost no big market. The turbulence of the price market makes farmers more sensitive to the price of fertilizer, and the special fertilizer at high prices is rarely purchased, and only a few large households that make money are willing to invest.
Xie Yongrui, general manager of Qinzhou Zhenghe Agricultural Co., Ltd., said that the fertilizer market capacity of lychee longan is definitely hundreds of millions, but the enthusiasm of farmers to use fertilizer in recent years is generally low, and most of them tend to choose to buy low-priced fertilizer, and some even do not use fertilizer, and special fertilizer is even more unsellable. Like in the first half of this year, the epidemic led to poor enthusiasm for farmers to use fertilizers, resulting in fertilizer sales of less than half of the same period last year.
At present, the domestic and foreign fertilizer enterprises active in the Guangxi Litchi Longan production area include Shima, Kangpu, Yaran, Kingenta, Stanley, Xinyangfeng, Hongsifang, Shenzhen Batian, Guangdong Laduomei, Beijing Century Arms, Taiwan Wuzhou, Loew, Guangxi Yiduo, etc. Foreign enterprise brands occupy the leading position, domestic fat head enterprises occupy an advantage, and special fertilizer enterprise brands are few, and the market needs to be further developed.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="44" > "two worms and two diseases" is difficult to control, and the market value of pesticides is large</h1>
Compared with the huge pesticide market capacity of citrus and mango, lychee longan, as a small crop, has a relatively lower level of medication and a relatively small capacity of agricultural materials, but it is worth paying attention to and has a large market value.
At the level of diseases and insect pests, the insect pests of longan include lychee tsubaki, brown scarab beetle, small gray butterfly, yan silk moth, scorpion cow, longan trunk borer, post-yellow leaf curling insect, longan bag moth; the disease has ghost broom disease, lichen and rubber disease, because the longan tree itself has good resistance, so the medication is not particularly much, and the cost of medication for a longan tree is about 20 yuan.
As of July 1, 2020, through the inquiry of China Pesticide Information Network, there are only 8 pesticide products registered in Longan trees in China, and the registered active ingredients include gibberelloxin, paclobutrazol, 28-epidermal brassica gibberric acid, chloryanide chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos, imamine; mainly used for longan fungicides, plant growth regulators, insecticides; there is only 1 registered fungicide product, and there is still a shortage of drugs.
Lychee is also recognized as delicious and difficult to breed, especially there are more types of diseases and insect pests than longan, the main diseases are downy mildew, anthrax, algae spot disease, leaf spot disease, soot disease, acid rot disease; the main insect pests are lychee borer, moth, gall mite, leaf gall mosquito, leaf curl moth, fruit-sucking nocturnal moth, thrips, small gray butterfly, turtle-backed tianniu and so on.
Among them, the prevention and control of "two worms and two diseases", especially with borers, bugs, downy mildew and anthrax, is the most difficult problem for fruit farmers. Farmers' self-defense program lychee uses drugs 8-10 times a year, the cost of pesticides for a lychee tree is about 70 yuan, the market potential is large, and the pesticide products currently registered on the lychee are still far from meeting the needs of fruit farmers.
As of July 1, 2020, through the inquiry of China Pesticide Information Network, there are 134 pesticide products registered on lychee in China, and the registered active ingredients include imidamine, gibberellose, zinc manganese, fluoxenamine, chlorpyrifos, 24-table brassinolide, etc., and the registered dosage forms include wettable powder, emulsion, suspension agent, water agent, water dispersible granules, soluble powders, etc., mainly used for lychee fungicides, plant growth regulators, insecticides, etc. There are 72 registered fungicide products and 43 insecticide products, which shows that the registration is mainly based on fungicides and insecticides, and plant regulators are still small.
Among them, 24-table yun gibberellosis is used for regulating the growth of lychee trees, only Zhejiang Shijia Technology Co., Ltd. and Yunnan Yunda Technology Agrochemical Co., Ltd. 2 are officially registered; insecticides are used to control lychee tree borers in China, only Shandong Yuanfeng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jixi Nonghua Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jiangyin Suli Chemical Co., Ltd. 3 registered; quinoline copper for the prevention and control of lychee tree downy mildew domestic registration is only Shandong Province Qingdao Dongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qingdao Hengfeng Crop Science Co., Ltd., Shandong United Pesticide Industry Co., Ltd. 3.
These registration data also reflect from the other hand that the market for special pesticides for lychee longan is extremely blank and has great potential for development.
Meng Xiangrong, provincial manager of Shaanxi Nongshim Crop Technology Co., Ltd., said that compared with the bulk crops planted on the scale of tens of millions of mu, lychee longan belongs to small specialty crops, with general planting benefits, limited pesticide use, pesticide production enterprises from the perspective of operating profits, unwilling to spend time and money on field tests and pesticide registration. At present, many pesticide companies have invested the main manpower, products and programs on the hot citrus in Guangxi, and the team and products for lychee longan betting are relatively small, but the drug prospects of the two are very broad and will be focused.
At present, the domestic and foreign pharmaceutical companies active in Lizhi Longan District mainly include Bayer, Syngenta, BASF, Kedihua, Sichuan Guoguang, Jiangsu Huifeng, Jiangsu Longdeng, Hailier, Zhongnong Lihua, Green Nonghua, Jiangmen Plant Protection, Xiamen Yizhi, Shanghai Shenglian, Shanghai Yuelian, Qingdao Otis, Xi'an Thompson, Shaanxi Nongshim, Zhejiang Longwan Chemical, Anhui Huaxing, Guangxi Tianyuan, etc. Foreign companies are still dominant, among them, Bayer's more litchi listed this year has a strong momentum of development.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="56" > the "optical drive avoidance" method has gradually become a new trend of green prevention and control of lychee</h1>
In the acquisition of lychees, the buyer requires that the fruit rate of lychee moths must be less than 5%, so in the lychee production areas of Guangxi, "optical drive avoidance" has gradually become a new trend of green prevention and control of lychees.
This innovative control method is currently mainly suitable for the control of lychee moths, which is jointly developed by the Guangxi Lychee Longan Innovation Team of the National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System and the Institute of Plant Protection of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, which can effectively control the pest of moths.
From February to the end of the lychee harvest, growers generally need to spray insecticides 5-8 times on lychee borers, but the tree shape is too high, which will affect the insecticidal effect and the fruit will also be affected. Adult borers lie out at night, mating activities occur only at night, the plant protection research institute team of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences has found through years of research by the scientific research team that moths have the characteristics of photophobia, using this property, after repeated experiments, after repeated experiments, in the lychee fruit expansion period to harvest period at night by hanging lights to illuminate the orchard, simulating the light environment during the day, by high brightness "tricking" the tedious moth to stop activity, can achieve the purpose of interfering with or repelling moths, to achieve the use of chemical pesticides to prevent and control lychee borers.
As of July 1, 2020, some pesticide registration products on lychees in China
The "optical repellent" method has become a fashion for green prevention and control of moths in the lychee producing areas of Guangxi
Since 2015, it has been promoted in the main lychee producing areas such as Pubei County and Lingshan County in Qinzhou, which has a good prevention and control effect, and the operation method is simple and easy to be accepted by the majority of fruit farmers, and the price of lychees in orchards using this technology is higher. At present, Lingshan County has expanded the pilot promotion area to 20,000 mu, and now as long as the light goes, it can avoid the emergence of moths and achieve a breakthrough of zero insect fruit rate.
Of course, this green prevention and control method is long-term for the overall improvement of lychee fruits, but it still needs time to precipitate and more orchard verification for large-scale promotion.
As a traditional advantageous industry in Guangxi, the market competitiveness of lychee longan is gradually becoming prominent, but on the whole, it is large but not strong, and it is urgent to transform and upgrade from quantity to quality.
In order to buffer the impact of imported fruits from Southeast Asia, in the long run, it is still necessary to focus on solving the bottleneck problem of sustainable development of the industry, starting from the cooperation of varieties, agronomic planting systems and agricultural machinery, and improving the overall level of automation, mechanization and modernization of orchard management.
The key is to focus on market planting, focusing on the selection and breeding of varieties, so that early maturing varieties are earlier, and late-maturing varieties are later ripening to extend the market period; starting from the aspects of preservation technology and improving quality to delay the shelf life of lychee longan; at the same time extending the industrial chain, so that the comprehensive benefits of the lychee longan industry can be further improved. Only in this way can the anti-risk ability be further increased, and these two industries can be rejuvenated.
The growth and development of lychee and longan require high ecological conditions and technical management of the whole process, and most fruit farmers are difficult to master these technologies skillfully and comprehensively.
Source: Marketing 2020, (27), 72-79