Top 10 musicians in Austria
1. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791), born in Salzburg during the Holy Roman Empire, was a European composer of classical music. In 1760, Mozart began to study composition. From 1763 to 1773, Mozart accompanied his father, Leopold Mozart, on a tour of European countries. In 1781, Mozart went to Vienna to begin a 10-year career. At 00:55 on December 5, 1791, Mozart died at the age of 35, the cause of death unknown.
In 1760, at the age of 4, Mozart studied piano with his father, Leopold Mozart, and began composing. In 1762, at the age of 6, Mozart, under the leadership of his father, made an experimental tour of Munich, Vienna, and Presberg. From June 1763 to March 1773, Mozart and his father went on a ten-year tour of Germany, France, England, the Netherlands, Italy and other countries. This performance allowed Mozart to understand the most advanced Italian opera, French opera, German instrumental music and other genres at that time, and also met and learned about composers such as J.C Bach, G.B Martini, G.B. Samatini, etc. At this time, mozart's works have shown the breadth of Mozart's creative genre and his interest in opera creation.
At the end of 1773, Mozart returned to Salzburg with his father. At this time, Mozart was dissatisfied with his humble status as a slave musician, and after fierce struggle for the freedom of his body and creation, he finally obtained the consent of the archbishop in September 1777 and performed with his mother for two years. In order to find another position in order to leave Salzburg forever, he taught and performed in Munich and Mannheim, further deepening his understanding and understanding of the system of inequality. While in Mannheim, he received help and sympathy from some civic musicians, and came into contact with the important Mannheim school of music in Europe at that time, hearing the first orchestras playing. In May 1778, Mozart arrived in Paris, and returned to Salzburg in January 1779 due to the death of his mother and the failure to obtain a position. During this period, Mozart composed 2 flute concertos, 1 oboe concerto, 7 piano violin sonatas and 3 piano sonatas in Mannheim, which reflect the influence of the Mannheim School. In 1780, Mozart completed the opera Idomeniu. Mozart's works of this period were rigorous, reflecting the influence of the frenzied movement at that time in terms of content, and new elements appeared in form, such as the presentation part of the first movement of the sonata style, the emergence of the second (or more) theme relative to the first theme In the reproduction department, the order of the theme was often changed, and sometimes the theme material was also treated differently from the presentation department, and between the first and second movements, there was a strong contrast in strength, and these techniques enhanced the drama of his musical works, making the "classical sonata style" Further formed.
Vienna In June 1781, Mozart could no longer bear the humiliation of the archbishop, and resolutely offered his resignation to the archbishop, becoming the first musician in European history to publicly break free from the shackles of the court and go to Vienna to make a living. After that, although he was nominally a free composer, he was still unable to resist the oppression of feudal society. The ordeals of life had a profound impact on his thinking and creation, and the 10 years in Vienna became the most important 10 years of his creation. In July 1782, Mozart's "Harem Escape" premiered at the Burg theater in Vienna. In 1784, he joined the Freemasonry and resonated strongly with the ideas of freedom, equality, and fraternity that it preached, and created new works inspired by this idea. In 1785, the once-defunct Vienna Folk Opera began to be restored, and Mozart had the opportunity to engage in opera writing, creating a comedic opera "Theater Manager". In 1786, he composed the opera The Wedding of Figaro. In 1787, Mozart completed the opera Don Juan. In January 1790, Mozart's opera The Woman's Heart was staged. In 1791, Mozart composed the opera The Mercy of Tito, but without success. In September, he completed his last opera, The Magic Flute. Mozart then began to compose a large-scale religious musical work "Requiem", and at 00:55 on December 5, Mozart died mysteriously before he was finished, at the age of 35, and was buried in Vienna.
Mozart's last words
Although this is difficult to verify as Mozart's last words, it is said that he died after saying this sentence: "The taste of death is on my lips, and I feel something that does not exist in this world." ”
2. Franz Schubert
Franz Schubert (born 31 January 1797 in Vienna, died 19 November 1828 at the age of 31), also known as Franz Peter Schubert, Austrian Germanen (Germanic), composer. Schubert was a representative of early Romantic music and is considered the last master of classical music.
Composed on October 19, 1814, for Goethe's poem "Griffin by the Spinning Wheel", Schubert's first masterpiece of song opened the floodgates of inspiration for his creation. In 1815 alone, Schubert wrote 144 songs, including 8 on a single day in October. In addition to the songs, he composed 1 symphony, 2 Masses and other works. In 1816, he resigned as a teacher and devoted himself to composing music. Because he had no fixed income and lived in poverty, he often reflected bitterness and repression in some of his works, and despite this, he enthusiastically created a large number of excellent works praising the national liberation struggle. On November 19, 1828, at the age of thirty-one, Schubert died in Vienna, and was buried next to the tomb of Beethoven, whom he had always admired quite during his lifetime but had only met several times.
Schubert was born on 31 January 1797 in Richtensteiner, a suburb of Vienna. His father, Franz Theodor Florian, was the son of a Moravian farmer and the principal of a parish school. His mother, Elizabeth Vietz, was a maid before marriage. Schubert had 15 brothers and sisters, but 10 of those 15 died of illness shortly after birth. Their father, a well-known teacher and amateur musician, passed on his musical knowledge to his son.
At the end of 1813 he left boarding school and went to his father's school as a teacher in the lower class to avoid military service. At this time his father was also remarried to Anna Kleyenboeck, the daughter of a silk merchant from the suburb of Gumpendorf. For the next two years, the young Schubert endured a lot of work, and he was able to maneuver with ease. In particular, Salieri has been teaching him composition alone. It can be said that Salieri was the teacher who taught him the longest and the most influential to him. Since Saliery was the first composer to incorporate the Biedermeier (1815-1848) style into Viennese church music, it is not surprising that Schubert's early works had the characteristics of his teacher's church music. In addition, Salieri wrote a large number of songs in many languages, which also explains Schubert's early large number of songs. His first operas– Des Teufels Lustschloss – and the first Mass in F major – were composed in 1814, the same year he also wrote three string quartets, the first symphony no.2 in B-flat major and 17 songs, including the classics Der Taucher and Gretchen am Spinnrade. But these are inferior to the number of works in 1815.
In 823 Schubert completed the first collection of songs for the poetry of Wilhelm Müller, Die schöne Müllerin . This work, and later Winterreise, is widely regarded as the pinnacle of Schubert's songwriting. In 1824 Schubert wrote the magnificent Octet in F, "A Sketch for a Grand Symphony"; He returned that summer? Eliezovce, where he was fascinated by the local language characteristics of Hungary, wrote The Divelissement a l'Hongroise and String Quartet in A minor. Schubert was hopelessly in love with the Countess, his then-student Caroline Esterhazy. No matter how future generations evaluate this romance, it is impossible to verify it in history. The low tide of career in previous years finally took a turn in 1825. Schubert's work continued to be published, and financial pressure eased. Schubert spent a pleasant summer in Upper Austria and was enthusiastically sought after by locals. It was on this trip that Schubert composed the song collection "Songs from Sir Walter Scott", which contains the famous "Ellens dritter Gesang", also known today as "Ave Maria".
From 1826 to 1828 Schubert stayed in Vienna except once in Graz in 1827. Looking back on these three years, it seems that there are few stories to tell except for the composition. In 1826 he was paid for a symphony to the Society of Friends of Musicians. In the spring of 1828 he gave his first and only concert of his life, which received rave reviews. But his works are like an autobiography. "Death and the Maiden" was written in the winter of 1825-1826 and premiered on January 25, 1826. Later that year the "Rondeau brilliant" was introduced. In 1827 Schubert completed the song collection "Winter Journey", as well as two piano trios.
Schubert's last words
"This, that's my end." Before this delirious remark, Schubert shouted, "It's not Beethoven lying here!" ”
Also a big fan of Beethoven, Schubert stood by his hospital bed before his idol died. After Beethoven's death, Schubert's only wish was that he could be buried next to Beethoven's tomb in the future.
3. Carl Cherny
Carl Czerny (German: 21 February 1791 – 15 July 1857), born in Vienna, Austria, was an Austrian composer, pianist, and music educator who died on 15 July 1857. Representative works include "Preliminary Piano Tutorial", "Piano Fluency Etude" and so on. Karl Cherny was Beethoven's proudest student, and Beethoven taught him to play the piano for free for three years, from 1801 to 1803. He actively promoted Beethoven's works, and in the second and third chapters of the fourth volume of his work No. 500, Piano Theory and Performance, discussed how to correctly play Beethoven's works.
Karl Cherny was born in Vienna, where his father (Wenzel Czerny) was also a pianist. Cherny studied piano from his fathers Johann Nepomuk Hummel (1778-1837) and Antonio Salieri (1750-1825), he was able to play the piano at the age of 3, record his music at the age of 7, play Mozart's piano concerto in C minor at the age of 9, and play all the piano works of Mozart and Clementi clearly and fluently at the age of 10. And has an extraordinary musical memory. He began his career as a piano teacher at the age of 15.
In 1801, at the age of 10, Cherny went to see Beethoven (1770-1827), and Beethoven was impressed by Cherny's wonderful performance and accepted the student. Cherny studied piano with Beethoven and was influenced by Hummel and Muzio Clementi (1752-1832) to study their teaching methods, and Cherny participated in Clementi's lectures in Vienna. Beethoven taught him to play the piano for free for three years, from 1801 to 1803. Cherny premiered Beethoven's piano concerto "The Emperor" in 1812, and he actively promoted Beethoven's works, and in the second and third chapters of the fourth volume of his work No. 500, Piano Theory and Performance, he discussed how to play Beethoven's works correctly. He was able to recite all of Beethoven's piano works. Cherny soon became the most famous piano teacher in Vienna, and his students included Franz Liszt (1811-1886), Kullak, Leschetizky, Theodor Döhler (1814-1843), Sigismond Thalberg (1812-1871), Stephen Heller (1813-1888), etc., all of whom later became famous pianists. He taught Liszt to play the piano for free, and Liszt also said, "Everything I have taught Me" and dedicated the etudes he wrote to Cherny. Cherny published his autobiography, "Memery of My Life", in 1842. Cherny died in Vienna, and with no family, his estate was left to the Vienna University of Music and Performing Arts and other charities.
Cherny, the founder of the Vienna Piano School in the first half of the 19th century, summed up the finger-focused piano techniques of the Romantics before, while at the same time pointing out the importance of arm weight, he pointed out in the Piano Theory and Performance Encyclopedia: "When playing, the movements of the hands should be hidden, and the fingers should not be raised higher than necessary." In order to do it correctly, it is necessary to strengthen the inner tension of the muscles, to the extent that they do not destroy the soft movement of the fingers, adding the weight of the arms", he built a bridge between classical and romantic piano performances.
Cherny quotes
1. Practice is the truth of thought.
2, ah, how happy are cultivated people! He will be satisfied and happy even if others think it is sacrifice and pain; his heart is always rejoicing, and he has endless joy.
3) If the whole personality of a man, all his life, is devoted to a moral pursuit, if he has such power, and all other people seem insignificant in this respect to this person, then we see in this person a noble goodness.
(4) Only under the new social conditions can labor be transformed from a heavy burden into a relaxed and pleasant satisfaction of physiological demands.
(5) A person's activity, if not encouraged by noble thoughts, is useless and small.
6, the future is bright and beautiful, love it, rush to it, work for it, meet it, make it as much as possible!
7) Only the lives of mediocre people are empty and tasteless.
8, the more mature a man is in spirit, the more he appreciates a woman's beauty and worships her beauty.
9. Life, if associated with the noble responsibility of the times, you will feel immortal.
10. Talent can always grow through independent activities.
11. The first purpose of art is to reproduce reality.
12 The struggle for happiness, however difficult it may be, is not a pain, but a pleasure, not a tragedy, but only a drama.
13. Beautiful things are always connected with the happiness and joy of life.
14. If human activity is not encouraged by ideals, it will become empty and small.
4. Franz Joseph Haydn
Franz Joseph Haydn (31 March 1732 – 31 May 1809), also known as Hayden, Hayden, Kaiding, the founder of the Viennese classical school and the father of the symphony, was born in the scenic village of Rollau in southern Austria near the Hungarian border. Haydn was an influential composer in the history of world music. He was the first representative of the Viennese Classical School, a composer with a creative spirit. Haydn, along with Mozart and Beethoven, was an outstanding representative of the Viennese Classical School, nicknamed "Papa Haydn".
In 1761, Haydn was appointed deputy head of the court by the most powerful prince in Hungary, Paul Anton Estehazi, where he spent 30 years as a musical servant. The taste of being employed is poignant: you must wear an embroidered gold vest, white long tights, a wig or braid on your head, and a face covered with powder. Every day around lunch, wait in the living room and wait for the host's instructions on the arrangement of the day's musical activities. In terms of creation, it must be written into a musical work on time according to the proposition or requirements of the master within the prescribed date. In addition, it is necessary to supervise the discipline of the band, take care of each instrument, give lessons to new singers, improve the level of the band, and so on. Haydn once wrote sadly: "I sit in my wilderness, almost no humans are with me, I am very miserable... In recent days I don't know if I'm a music director or a theater ticket inspector... It is very sad to know that it is very sad to be a slave frequently...". Despite the constraints sometimes imposed on him by court life that angered him, he lived in such a world. The world doubted neither the supremacy of the princes nor the genius of the great artists in uniform. With regard to his position in the Estehazi family, his own final assessment concluded that favorable conditions outweighed unfavorable conditions. "The Prince is always satisfied with my work. Not only am I often encouraged, but as an orchestra conductor I can experiment, see what produces and what diminishes, I can improve, replace, add or delete, I can boldly do what I like, I am isolated from the world, no one disturbs or torments me, I am forced to become an 'original talent'. ”
As a courtmaster in uniform and with official titles around 1770, Haydn lived with the family in three places: the Hermitage of Eisenstadt-Vienna, about 50 kilometers from Vienna, and a new castle called Eszterháza. The castle was built in 1760 on the Hungarian border. Haydn's duties at that time were mainly composing, leading choirs, playing chamber music for members of the court, and organizing opera compositions. Despite the many responsibilities on his shoulders, Haydn felt fulfilled and happy. The princes of Esterházy (first Paul II Paul Antonio, then Nicholas I NikolausI.) were well versed in music, admired Haydn's work and created the necessary conditions for him to bring his talents to play. They go to hear the choir every day. In 1780, after having a stable job as a musician, Haydn married Maria Anna Keller, but the relationship was not good after the marriage. Maria Anna was childless, much to Haydn's disappointment. He is rumored to have had an affair with Luigia Polzelli, a singer who is also the Esterházy Orchestra, and is the biological father of her son Anton. During his more than thirty years as musician at Esterházy, Haydn not only produced a large number of musical works, but also constantly innovated in style, and became famous. Gradually, I began to write not only for employers but also for the public. In 1781, Haydn and Mozart became good friends and from then on had a deep influence on his later works. The two often enjoy playing string quartets together. Haydn was known to have stopped composing operas and symphonies by that time, and that was Mozart's forte. Mozart wrote a quartet to match Haydn's just-completed Op.33 series. Mozart dedicated the work to Haydn. On 11 February 1785, Haydn joined the Masonic house Zurwahren Eintracht. Mozart was unable to attend his initiation ceremony because he had to attend a concert by his father, Leopold Mozart, that day. Mozart is also a member of the organization. It was this relationship that deepened the deep friendship between Haydn and Mozart.
In 1790, Archduke Nikolaus died, and his heirs had no musical taste, so they disbanded the court band and allowed Haydn to retire. Haydn then accepted an invitation from German music manager Johann Peter Salomon to travel to London to join his newly formed symphony orchestra and choir. These two trips (1791-1792 and 1794-1795, respectively) were extremely successful. The audience flocked to see Haydn's performance, making Haydn famous and prosperous. During his time in London, Haydn also completed some important works such as Symphonic Drums, Army, London, the Knight Quartet and the Gypsy Trio. In 1791, Haydn went to London and wrote one opera, six symphonies and 20 other works in a year, and his music was very popular. He attended the Handel Festival in Westminster and became an Honorary Doctor of Music from Oxford University. Haydn had considered becoming a British citizen and living there for a long time, but had not been able to do so. He returned to Vienna, built a new house, and changed his composition style, beginning to write imposing choruses and symphonic works. He completed the oratorios Genesis and The Seasons and wrote six church pieces for the Esterházy family. The prince of the Esterházy family at that time loved music. Haydn also completed the last nine pieces of his string quartet series, such as the Emperor Quartet, the Quartet of Five degrees, and Sunrise. Although Haydn is not young, he is still full of hope for the future. In a letter he wrote: "There is so much more to be done in this wonderful art! ”。 In 1802, Haydn felt a disease that had plagued him for so many years that it began to worsen, so much so that he was physically unable to continue composing. This was undoubtedly a blow to Haydn: as he himself said, there was so much fresh musical idea, like a tidal wave, waiting for him to finish. Although Haydn was carefully cared for by servants in his final years, frequently visited, and received many honors, this was by no means his happiest time. During his illness, he often found spiritual comfort by playing the ode to the King of Austria. The piece was composed in 1797 with the enthusiasm of a patriot.
Haydn's last words
His last sentence is still controversial according to the record, but most of them are said in one sentence.
Before dying, when the cannons were all at his home, Haydn's father tried to keep his composure and reassure the servants around him, saying, "Go and comfort the children and say I'm fine." ”
5. Johann Strauss Jr
Johann Strauss (25 October 1825 – 3 June 1899) was a famous Austrian composer, conductor, violinist and pianist. He has loved music since childhood, and began to compose round dance music at the age of 7, writing more than 400 pieces of music in his lifetime, including round dances, marches and other musical genres, of which "Blue Danube", "Vienna Woods Narrative", "Sound of Spring" and other songs are the most famous. These works are beautiful and full of life, reflecting the people's love for life, optimistic and upward ideological feelings, deeply loved by the people, he is known as the "king of the round dance music".
Johann Strauss was an Austrian composer born in Vienna on 25 October 1825. Strauss loved music since childhood and dreamed of becoming a professional musician. He gave a series of concerts at the age of 19 and toured various places, and the achievements he achieved quickly made him on a par with his father. In 1848, he visited Romania and gave concerts, during which time he overthrew the Austrian consul at the instigation of the local population. During the revolutionary days in Vienna, he was the captain of the National Army Band, conducting the Marseilles and his own revolutionary marches and revolutionary round dances. His reputation grew after the revolution. In 1851 began the first accomplished tour abroad. From 1853 strauss was music conductor at court balls, and from 1863 to 1870 he was the captain of the court balls of the Austro-Hungarian royal family and royal family. In 1870, Strauss, who was at the height of his honor as a composer of round dances and dance music (he had already written about 340 round dances and other dance pieces at that time), turned to the creation of stage music. He wrote 17 operes, an opera, and a ballet, the vast majority of which failed because of his inferior opera script, or soon vanished with semi-failure. In 1872, Strauss's trip to the United States was a sensation. At a celebration in 1894 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Strauss's artistic activities, he received congratulations from all over the world and certificates conferring him the title of honorary member, all of which showed that this was a truly triumphant event. He died in Vienna on 3 June 1899 after a short period of illness. Strauss's creative activity can be roughly divided into three periods.
In October 1844, at the age of nineteen, Johann Strauss led his band to a premiere at a premier hotel in Vienna, which caused a great sensation. A round dance "father-son war" began. John Sr. used his connections to prevent entertainment venues from hiring his son's band to perform, but the clever John began to gradually cultivate an audience different from his father's, turning his attention to young people and nationalists, and composing early musical works such as "The Young Man of Vienna", "Serbian March", and "Plucked Strings Polka". At the 1873 World Exposition in Vienna, Austria, Johann Strauss Jr. played the blue Danube Round Dance (Op. 314), which was popular all over the world. His works include 168 round dances, 117 polkas, 73 Cadreir dances, 43 marches and 16 operettas. Strauss's creative activity can be roughly divided into three periods. The first period was before 1863. During this period, he basically followed the Viennese round dance pattern, but had increased the expressiveness of music in his works. The second period was from 1864 to 1870. At this time, his creations had matured, and he composed a large number of famous round dances that are still widely circulated today, such as "Blue Danube" and "The Story of the Vienna Woods". The third period was from 1871 to 1899. Although Strauss wrote the famous "Southern Rose Round Dance", "Spring Sound Round Dance", "Emperor Round Dance", etc., he was mainly engaged in operetta creation. In the nearly 30 years since 1871, he has written 16 operas. In J. Offenbach and F. Under the influence of von Supe, he made full use of the Viennese round dance and other dance genres to make The Viennese operetta unique. Among them, "The Bat" (1874) and "The Gypsy Baron" (1885) are particularly prominent.
The last words of Johann Strauss Jr
When told on his sickbed to sleep a little longer, Johann Strauss Jr. replied with his last words: "I will, whatever happens." ”
Then he closed his eyes and left quietly, though somewhat reluctantly.
6. Herbert von Karajan
Herbert von Karajan, born in Salzburg, is an Austrian conductor, keyboardist and director. Karajan has been active on the conductor's stage for more than 60 years. He has led many of Europe's leading orchestras and has worked with the Berliner Philharmoniker for 34 years. He was passionate about recording and directing, leaving behind a large number of audiovisual materials for posterity, including numerous orchestral, opera recordings and opera films, ranging from Baroque to works by post-Romantic European composers. Some of these works, such as Beethoven's Symphony, have also been recorded several times. Karajan is well known in the music world and is even known as the "Emperor of Conducting" in the Chinese world.
As a teenager, Herbert von Karajan was born in 1908 in Salzburg, Austria, where the world's greatest talented composer Mozart was born. Karajan's family origin is Greek. Since his ancestors moved to Austria, this family has continued to appear famous figures, because of the ancestral masterpieces, two members have been made barons by the Austrian Emperor at that time, so his family has always belonged to the noble family, Karajan's full name "von" is a symbol of nobility. Karajan's father was a doctor, but he was also a brilliant amateur musician, often playing clarinets in the orchestra of the Mozart School of Music. Influenced by his father and influenced by the family's musical environment, Karajan showed great musical talent from an early age. He began to learn piano at the age of four, held public concerts at the age of eight, and was recognized by the public opinion of the time as the most promising piano player of the future because of his talent and skill. In his early years, Karajan studied at the Mozart Music School in his hometown, where he received special care from the principal of the school, who was the first genius to discover Karajan, who cared for Karajan like a loving father at every turn, and also introduced him to the famous Italian art museum to study painting and sculpture. Karajan's later performances of the rich color changes and sculptural musical art of conducting presumably benefited from this. When he was a teenager, Karajan left his hometown and came to Vienna, where he studied piano, conducting and musicology at both the Vienna State Conservatory and the University of Vienna. During this time, he listened attentively to the entire opera works of Richard Strauss and Puccini performed at the Vienna Opera, as well as many modernist operas by Hendmidt, Kschenek and Stravinsky, as well as to observe the rehearsals and performances of masters such as Furtwängler, Klaus, Tuscanini and Walter, from which he learned a lot of what he longed to learn.
Karajan first appeared on stage in 1928, when he performed for the first time in a student concert sponsored by his teacher von der Leyen, this time he conducted the school's student orchestra to play Rossini's "William Retreat" overture, the success of this performance, which was well received by many people here, and the 20-year-old Karajan finally tasted the unique taste of being a conductor for the first time. After graduating from university, Karajan immediately encountered the problem of choosing and finding a career, because he felt that there was no hope in the talented Vienna, so he returned to his hometown of Salzburg, where he had the support of his parents, friends and people who knew him well, as well as the influence and imprint he left as a child prodigy pianist, he realized that his artistic career should start from here, so when he returned to Salzburg, he began to carefully plan a more influential concert. After all the efforts, the concert was confirmed, and Karajan will conduct the student orchestra of the Mozart Conservatory here, and on his programme of performances are impressively printed such repertoire: Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 5 in E minor, Mozart's Piano Concerto in A major and Richard Strauss's symphonic poem Don Juan. The concert was a success, and people applauded the young conductor. However, the most important significance of this concert is not this, no one thought that in the audience of the concert sat the director of the Um City Opera House, who, after listening to the concert conducted by Karajan, immediately ran backstage to find the young man, and announced to him that he would be hired as the permanent conductor of the Um City Opera House, and in this way, Karajan had a formal career as a conductor for the first time in his life.
The cooperation between Karajan and the um City Opera House showed the difficulties of entrepreneurship from the beginning, um City, unlike Vienna and Salzburg, which is a small city that is not very developed in culture and other aspects, and the Um City Opera House is a band with only a dozen people and a troupe of more than two dozen singers, but all this did not stop Karajan's genius, and after his unremitting efforts and hard work, mozart's opera "Mozart" was staged in March 1929. Figaro's Wedding", which indeed cannot but be said to be a miracle created by Karajan.
Since then, Karajan has painstakingly managed the theater with his tenacity and hard work, and has greatly developed it in all aspects of his tenure. During the five years he led the theater, about six operas were staged each year, including painstaking and large-scale works such as Wagner's The Famous Singers of Nuremberg and Richard Strauss's Salome. In addition, he conducted numerous concerts for the orchestra of the academy, thus enriching the musical life of the city of um. However, five years later he was suddenly dismissed from his post by the um City Opera House, and it is said that the dismissal was due to the fact that the theater manager saw his genius and was unwilling to bury him in the small city of um, so he was kindly pushed into a desperate situation where he could only move forward and could not retreat, forcing him to compete in a wider world. However, real gold is not afraid of fire after all, and perhaps for the reason that the rumor is said, Karajan was finally hired as a music director at the Aachen Opera House after many extremely arduous runs and competitions. The Aachen Opera House is much better in every way than the um City Opera House, with a large band and choir, a good theater and a cultured audience, Karajan was able to put his talents to good use here, and during his tenure at the Aachen Opera House, he had the opportunity to conduct Wagner's huge quadrulogue "The Ring of the Nibelungen", and he also began to be invited to Berlin as a young conductor of a small reputation and influence. Vienna and some other european cities went to serve as guest conductors.
In 1937, at the invitation of the famous Jewish conductor Bruno Walter, Karajan went to Vienna to conduct Wagner's opera Tristan and Isolde at the Vienna Opera, and although it was a successful performance, Karajan himself was very unhappy about the trip, because in fact when he arrived in Vienna, he learned that his rehearsal plan with the orchestra had been canceled, which forced him to perform with basically no rehearsal, and what made him even more dissatisfied. The singers who play the leading role come when they rehearse, and they don't come when they don't want to, which brings great difficulties to rehearsals and performances. After the performance, the Vienna Opera invited Karajan to be a permanent conductor, but Karajan refused, preferring to work at the Aachen Opera After comparison. He drew an experience from this vienna exercise, saying in his autobiography: "Through this performance, I have come to the conclusion that in the future I will come to Vienna to conduct only when the time is ripe for me. However, this performance was indeed a successful performance, and Karajan himself has gained more and more understanding through this performance. Just the year after he went to Vienna, the Berlin State Opera was vacated as a permanent conductor due to the dismissal of Furtwinger due to the "Hendmit Incident", and the theater manager Titkin thought of Karajan, so he invited him to conduct the performance of the Pairin Opera, and after some artistic and power bargaining, Karajan finally came to the Berlin State Opera, where he first staged Beethoven's "Fidelio", Wagner's "Tristan and Isolde" and "Trystan and Isolde" and " Operas such as "The Famous Singers of Nuremberg" were suddenly astonishing successes, but Karajan still did not give up his position in Aachen until 1941, when he officially resigned from the Aachen Opera House and concentrated on working in Berlin.
Karajan has been active on the conductor stage for 70 years. He has led many of Europe's leading orchestras and has worked with the Berliner Philharmoniker for 34 years. He was passionate about recording and directing, leaving behind a large number of audiovisual materials for posterity (by 1988 he had released more than 100 million records and about 700 recordings), including numerous orchestral, opera recordings and opera films, including works by European composers from Baroque to post-Romanticism. Some of these works, such as Beethoven's Symphony, have also been recorded several times. Karajan is well known in the music world and is even known as the "Emperor of Conducting" in the Chinese world.
Bow your head slightly, close your eyes, hold the baton in your hand, raise your hands, hold your breath, and the air is also condensed at that moment... Every time I stood on the podium and began to command, I always saw Karajan's silent look. In an instant, the whole piece of music formed in the mind, and everything was in Karajan's hands. Like an emperor, Karajan steered the entire orchestra, and when he waved his baton, the music began to play. In March 1988, a year before Karajan's death, biographer Richard Osborne had the following set of conversations with conductor Karajan:
O: "People say that when you stand on the podium and start conducting a performance..." Card: "Yes, I know. It makes me feel incredibly happy. As the "Emperor of Command", Karajan can be said to face a lot of pressure, and the criticism of Karajan by the ignorant and jealous is also endless. The number of recordings he made during his lifetime is still unmatched, and the sales of records are also outstanding. Karajan has found a good balance between art and business. Watch karajan's conductor video, behind a serious expression, full of enjoyment of music. He was also moved to tears by the music he conducted, and Karajan was a great lover of music, no less than William Fordwengler, who had once been very jealous of him. He has spent his life searching for the most perfect music, and no one has been as loyal to the same orchestra as he has been for 30 years, and he has never been able to integrate with his own orchestra like never before.
The last century master conductor Herbert von Karajan
Being able to work in an innovative professional orchestra is like a privilege. It is our duty to work to bring joy and contentment to those who are not as fortunate as we are. Herbert von Karajan Herbert von Karajan was the first and perhaps the last conductor of the twentieth century to be worthy of the title of "giant on the podium". And those masters who came before them, such as Furtwängler or Toscanini, were all nineteenth-century figures, not only because of the time of their birth, but also because their overall style continued late Romanticism
7. Arnold Schoenberg
Arnold Schönberg (1874–1951) was an Austrian-American composer, music educator and music theorist, a representative of Western modernist music. Born in Vienna on September 13, 1874, he died in Los Angeles on July 13, 1951. He learned violin and cello from an early age and began composing music at the age of 12. As a composer, Schoenberg became famous mainly by self-taught.
Biography
Born in Vienna on September 13, 1874, he died in Los Angeles on July 13, 1951. He learned violin and cello from an early age and began composing music at the age of 12. As a composer, Schoenberg became famous mainly by self-taught. In 1901 he went to Berlin and conducted a pub band and later taught at the Stern Conservatory. Since then, he has traveled back and forth between Vienna and Berlin, with little interruption in teaching activities. The most famous of his students were the Austrian composers A. Berger and A. von Webern (the trio is often referred to as the New Viennese School). From 1915 to 1917 Schoenberg served in the Austro-Hungarian army. In 1918, the Vienna Private Music Performance Association was organized to perform new music of the 20th century. In 1933, the Nazis came to power and moved to the United States. He taught at the University of Southern California from 1935 to 1944 and the University of California, Los Angeles, and became a U.S. citizen in 1940. Schoenberg died in Los Angeles in 1951 at the age of 77.
Main experience
Born in Vienna on September 13, 1874, the Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg was one of the most famous composers of modern music of the twentieth century and a major exponent of the "Expressionist school".
Schoenberg was a self-taught composer who came from a poor family and died when he was sixteen. These unfavorable circumstances did not stop him from loving music and his determination to learn it. He began learning violin at the age of eight, and later taught himself cello, joined amateur bands, and tried composition on his own. He often went to concerts and operas eagerly, from which he learned and educated.
After his father's death, due to the increasingly poor family situation, he went to a bank to work as a clerk to increase some of the family's income. It was at this time that he came to know the composer Alexander Zemlinsky by chance and studied the counterpoint with him for several months, which was the only formal musical education that Schoenberg, who would later become a brilliant composer of modern music, received. From then on, he began a career in music composition.
In 1897, his debut novel String Quartet in D major was released.
In 1901 he came to Berlin to teach at the Ston Conservatory. He later returned to Vienna and in 1910 became a harmony teacher at the Conservatory. After the start of world war I, Schoenberg joined the Austrian army. After the war, he taught at the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin. In 1933, Schoenberg left for the United States to become a professor of music at the University of California. He acquired U.S. citizenship in 1941 and settled there until his death.
Schoenberg was a composer with a bold and innovative spirit, and his work once caused a lot of controversy. He pioneered the atonal music of the "twelve-tone system" and trained many composers of the "twelve-tone system". He and his students Berger and Wyburn were collectively known as the "New Viennese School", the "Expressionist" musical genre. His major and epoch-making reforms in music influenced a large number of young composers, such as Dara Pikola, Hinnek, and Shostakovich, to varying degrees.
Schoenberg's musical composition is generally divided into three periods: the first period is about 1897 to 1908. His work of this period was characterized by late Romanticism and was heavily influenced by Wagner, when his work had not yet completely abandoned its tonality.
The second period lasted approximately from 1908 to 1912. The works of this period are already works characterized by the "Schoenberg style", but they are still free and atonal.
The third period lasted around 1920 until his death. His works of this period make extensive use of the twelve-tone technique he invented. Born in Vienna in 1874, he studied violin and cello from an early age, mainly self-taught theory, and in 1894 he studied with Zemlinsky. He began composing music as a young man, and his string quartets and songs were performed in 1897. In 1901 he was directed at the "Hotel des Arts" in Wolzoggen. In 1899, he composed "The Night of Sublimation"; in 1900, he began to compose "Song of Gulei", both of which belonged to the late Romantic musical style after Wagner. For the achievement of the first part of the Song of Gulay, the manager Char Strauss was recommended to receive the Chair of the Stern Conservatory and received a scholarship, during which time he composed the musical poem "Pelias and Melissander". In 1903, the premiere of "Sublimation Night" was a great success. In his works from 1903 to 1907, he played changing tones and harmonies to the fullest, and the tonal structure became increasingly elusive, until his atonality began in the 1908 Piano Trilogy and the vocal suite "The Hanging Garden". Both works were violently attacked by opponents and cheered by their advocates as strongly as their supporters. In 1911, he published his famous book "Harmony And Acoustics". At the same time, he also managed painting, and the "expressionist" style jumped on the paper. In 1912, he composed Pierrot in the Moonlight for actress Albertine Zimmer, a work of recitation and chamber music ensemble, which aroused deeper hostility at the premiere in Vienna, but the early style of "Song of Gurey" was very successful in Vienna. In 1912, Five Orchestral Pieces was premiered in London. In 1918, the "Closed Music Performance Society" was established in Vienna, which refused to be attended by critics, did not publish the program in advance, and prohibited applause. Very few were created between 1913 and 1921.
In 1921, he introduced the "method of composing music with 12 notes", which was the technique he used to organize atonal music. The Piano Suite was the first piece written entirely in 12 tones. In 1933, he re-converted to Judaism in Paris and moved to the United States, where he taught at the University of California. Over the next 18 years, the faithful were astonished at the 12-tone composition, sometimes in a tonal style, but he himself was calm, saying that each composer changed the style to suit his creative needs and purpose. Schoenberg died in Los Angeles in 1951 at the age of 77.
Schoenberg's last words
On his deathbed, Schoenberg said goodbye in a very strange word: "Harmony." "to prophesy the death of oneself( of the annulment."
In the early 1920s, after A free and atonal stage of music creation (from 1908 onwards), Schoenberg gradually developed a "12-tone system of music".
8. Gustav Mahler
Gustav Mahler (July 7, 1860 – 18 May 1911), born in Karist, Bohemia, graduated from the Vienna Conservatory and was a distinguished Austrian composer and conductor. In 1885 he conducted Mendelsohn's oratorio St. Paul's great success in Leipzig and was later hired as conductor of the Prague Opera House. He also served as a conductor at the opera houses in Leipzig, Budapest, Vienna and other places, becoming one of the greatest conductors of our time and the founder of the modern concert performance model.
Gustav Mahler (German: 7 July 1860 – 18 May 1911) was a prominent Austrian composer and conductor. Born in Karisht (now Part Czech) in Bohemia, the Austrian Empire, to an Ashkenazi Jewish family, he showed musical genius at an early age, participated in piano competitions at the age of six, was able to teach other children at the age of eight, and entered the Vienna Conservatory at the age of fifteen, where he later studied composition and conducting.
In 1875 he was admitted to the Vienna Conservatory to study piano with Julius Epstein, and then to the University of Vienna to take courses taught by Bruckner. His first attempt at composing music was to write a lament for an opera competition (Mahler later changed the work to a chorus). However, he did not succeed, so he turned his attention to command.
He received his first directing job at the Bad Hall Summer Theatre in 1880, and since then he has been conductor of several major opera houses – in 1881 at the Leibach City Theatre, in 1882 at Olomouc, in 1883 at the Royal Court Opera in Kassel, Germany, in 1885 at the German Opera in Prague, in 1886 at the Leipzig City Opera, in 1888 as director of the Royal Opera House in Budapest, Hungary, and in 1891 as director of the Hamburg Opera. He served for six years, and in 1897 became president and chief conductor of the Vienna Opera. During his tenure at the Hamburg Opera, he spent summers and music compositions in Steinbach, during which time Mahler completed Symphony No. 1 and the "Young Magic Horn".
In 1897, in order to retain the prestigious position of artistic director of the Vienna State Opera, Mahler, a former Jews, converted to Catholicism (a position that Jews were not allowed to hold at the time), and for ten years he remained in Vienna, known for his almost demanding perfectionism. He spent nine months of the year managing the opera house, with the remaining three months spending mostly composing music in Meyanisch; he has a small house on the shores of Lake Water, where Mahler composed Symphonies Nos. 2 to 8. In 1902, he married Elma Schindler and had two daughters; the eldest daughter died in 1907, the same year he was diagnosed with heart disease and lost his position at the Vienna Opera House, where Mahler tried to perform his unpopular works in Vienna, only to be attacked by most anti-Semitic media. Although Symphony No. 4 received some rave reviews, it was not until the premiere of the Eighth Symphony in 1910 that Mahler was truly musically recognized, and none of his subsequent works were publicly performed during his lifetime.
Mahler endured increasingly harsh anti-Semitic attacks until 1907, when he took over the post of conductor of the Metropolitan Opera in New York and conducted a season in 1908, but was suspended for supporting Tuscanini. The following year he returned to New York as conductor of the newly formed New York Philharmonic Orchestra, around which time he completed Song of the Earth and his last complete work, Symphony No. 9. On his last trip to the United States in February 1911, Mahler was seriously ill and was sent back to Vienna at his request. Mahler died of streptococcal infection in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, on 18 May 1911, leaving behind an unfinished Symphony No. 10. He was buried in the Grünchen Cemetery in Vienna.
Mahler's last words
Despite the fact that his wife was sitting next to him, mahler said with his last breath that the name of the same composer as him was called out. - Mozart! Mozart! ”
9. Anton Bruckner
Anton Bruckner (German: Anton Bruckner) Bruckner (September 4, 1824 – October 11, 1896) was a famous composer, organist, and music educator in Ansfelden, Austria. He was a devout Catholic, and his works were mostly philosophical and contemplative; his religious music works were hailed as exemplars of Austrian church music, and the three Mass pieces inherited the tradition of Beethoven's Solemn Mass, which achieved excellent results in a very concise manner.
Anton Bruckner Bruckner (1824–1896) was a famous Austrian composer and organist; born on 4 September 1824 in Ansfelden, near Linz. Bruckner attended the choir of St. Florian Abbey at the age of 13 and studied organ; in 1856 he became an organist at the Cathedral of Linz, in 1868 he taught at the Vienna Conservatory, and the following year he traveled to France, England, and Switzerland; in 1875 he became a harmony and counter-lecturer at the University of Vienna, and in 1891 he received an honorary doctorate in philosophy. He was a devout Catholic, and his works were mostly philosophical and contemplative; his religious music works were hailed as exemplars of Austrian church music, and the three Mass pieces inherited the tradition of Beethoven's Solemn Mass, which achieved excellent results in a very concise manner. His musical works are symphonies in all but a prelude and a string quintet, a total of 10 symphonies; these symphonies are imposing and colorful, combining the traditional techniques of classical Beethoven and the Romantic Schubert, as well as the ancient hymns and the tone of the late Romantics, most of which depict the spiritual world; Bruckner admires Wagner, the 3 Masses and the First Symphony are deeply influenced by Wagner in terms of harmony and instrumentation, and the 3rd Symphony is titled Wagner. The lamentation at the end of symphony No. 7 is a tribute to Wagner's work; his work was often treated coldly during his lifetime, and he only became increasingly valued many years after his death. He died in Vienna on 11 October 1896 at the age of 72.
Born on September 4, 1824 in the Austrian town of Ansfelden into a family of teachers, Bruckner studied violin and piano at an early age, but mostly the organ, and at the age of 10 he would occasionally work as an organist in church to help his family. In 1837 he went to the St. Florian Charity as a choral boy, where he received an in-depth musical education and was trained as a teacher; his first job was (1841-1843) as a school teacher in the small town of Windhag; during this period Bruckner wrote a Mass (composed for mezzo-soprano, two horns and organs).
The St. Florian Charity later offered Bruckner a teaching position, and after this period of Klangsdorf's teaching life (in which he also wrote a number of works), In 1845 Bruckner returned to the St. Florian Charity, where he worked as a "temporary organist", and until 1855 he had composed a series of works, including a mass in B major, composed for choruses, soloists and orchestras.
Bruckner wasn't content to be a teacher at st. Florian's charity. He went to Vienna to take classes, where his teacher was the ultra-conservative professor of co-bass and counterpoint law, Simon Sichett. In Linz from 1855 to 1868, he became conductor of the Choral Society of Male Voices, and Bruckner wrote a number of choral pieces. During this period, he came into contact with the work of Richard Wagner, which had a profound influence on him.
Bruckner gave up a grade in vienna as a harmony and counterpoint teacher qualification exam, although he passed by an absolute margin. He wanted a court organist or a professorship. Later he went to the Linz Theatre orchestra leader Otto Kiziler to take lessons in instrumentation and composition. Between 1863 and 1868, Bruckner wrote three large Masses, namely Symphony No. 1 in D, E and F minor and C minor, of which Mass in D minor was very successful (1864 in Linz, 1867 in Vienna). In 1868, Bruckner succeeded in teaching at the Vienna Conservatory as professor of tongal bass and counterpoint law. In 1869 he embarked on a concert tour to Nancy and Paris, during which he performed a number of impromptu performances on the organ, and in the following years Bruckner did everything in his power to obtain a position as a court organist and a university professor; in 1875 he eventually became an "unpaid teacher" at the University of Vienna.
His Third Symphony plunged him into a new crisis in Vienna: the first draft was dedicated to Wagner, which quoted a great deal of Wagner's stuff, but soon he made major changes to the draft. A second draft, which was performed in 1877 without Wagner's influence, yielded disastrous results. The audience left in droves until Symphony No. 4 was staged in 1881 and Bruckner won some applause in the opposing camp. The war between the "Brahms" (Hanslik term) and the "Wagner and Bruckners" has finally ceased.
Bruckner's Seventh Symphony was a success, premiering in Leipzig in 1884; Bruckner wrote his eighth symphony after writing thanksgiving, the first edition of which was heavily criticized by the premiere conductor Hermann Levy; the second edition in Vienna in 1892; the third edition of the 8th Symphony was staged in 1890; in the 1890s Bruckner was honored, and the honorary doctorate of 1892 was probably the most precious to him; Bruckner did not stop writing. But his 9th symphony consisted of only the first 3 movements. The 4th movement has only fragments. The Linz Municipal Symphony and Theatre Orchestra is named after Bruckner and is named after Bruckner; an art school in Straubing is named after Bruckner.
Later influences
Modernity in Bruckner's music influenced a large number of composers of the 20th century. First, his bold harmonic counterpoint sound pioneered the theory and practice of twelve-tone sequences in the 20th century. His unique approach to instrumentation and orchestral music was practiced and popularized by Carl Nelson and Jean Sibelius. His influence is also seen in mahler's works, neoclassical composers Paul Hendmet and John Nibbem David. Another of his exploits was to infuse religious musical works such as Mass and Thanksgiving with elements of romantic techniques, making them concert-like and adding new elements to popular music culture.
10 John Nebomke Hummel
Johann Nepomnk Hummel (1778-1837) was born in Presburg, Bohemia, and showed excellent musical talent from an early age, surpassing beethoven in his lifetime. Because his musical activities of his life were mainly centered in Vienna, he was classified as an Austrian musician.
Johann Nepomnk Hummel (1778–1837), born in Presburg, Bohemia in 1778, died in 1837. Bohemia is known as the "Music Academy of Europe", and Hummel has benefited from its local customs and has shown musical talent since childhood. Hummel's musical activities were mainly centered in Vienna, so he was classified as an Austrian musician.
Hummel was taught by Mozart in the early days, lived in Mozart's house, and was Mozart's disciple. Hummel began touring Germany, the Netherlands and England at a very young age, studied with the famous pianist Clementi for a year in England, and returned to Vienna at the age of 15. After returning, he studied under Albrechtsberg, Haydn and Salieri, all three of whom were Beethoven's teachers, and from the perspective of the relationship between teachers and students, Hummel should be Beethoven's classmates. Although he was eight years younger than Beethoven, he became famous earlier than Beethoven because of his early wisdom.
Hummel studied with Haydn as a teenager, and in his youth took over Haydn's mantle as conductor of Estehazi's orchestra. However, at this time, the Estehazi band was not as regular as before, and after the death of its old owner, the heir dismissed the band and only retained the church choir, and the old musician Haydn still retained the title and a lifetime pension. During Hummel's tenure as conductor, the performance tasks were not heavy, so he had time to create a large number of works and go out to perform.
Born on 14 November 1778 in Presburg (present-day Bratislava), he died on 17 October 1837 while studying piano with W.A. Mozart in his early years in Weimar. In 1787, he traveled and performed in Germany, Denmark, Scotland and other places. He studied under M. Clementi in London. After arriving in Vienna in 1793, he studied under J. Haydn and A. Salieri. From 1804 to 1811, he acted as head of the court of Estelhazi. After 1811 he taught in Vienna. From 1819 he was the musician of the Weimar court. During this period, he toured Russia, France, Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland and other countries, gaining a high reputation and being considered a great master of piano performance at that time. His compositions are numerous, involving a variety of genres besides opera, the most important of which is piano music. Popular at the time were 3 piano concertos (A minor, 1816; B minor, 1819; A major, 1827), variations, whirlings, 2 volumes of preludes, and etudes. His piano textbook has long been used by people. Hummel's musical style is exquisite and elegant, rich in decoration, with a variety of semitones, and the tunes are relatively rich, which have influenced the Romantic musicians F.F. Chopin, F. Lister and others.
Awards
Hummel's reputation during his lifetime even surpassed that of beethoven at the same time as him, because he was very active as a pianist and performed in a wide area, and his performance footprints were almost all over Europe, from Russia to Britain, and people listened to the wonderful performances of this piano master. His creations were also popular at the time, he inherited from Mozart exquisite and beautiful, and the joyful youthful budding was carefully modified to represent the Viennese classical music school. Hummel's musical tunes are rich, the melodies and instruments are perfectly skilled, the music is smooth, the texture is clear, the musical characteristics of the Viennese classical period are fully displayed here, and the skills passed to him by Haydn, Mozart and Salieri are skillfully used by him. If classical music techniques are to be studied, Hummel's work can provide a very typical example. The piano textbooks he wrote have long been adopted. However, with the change of the times, his intimate and touching music has gradually been forgotten, and Hummel's name will often appear in some historical music documents, but only talk about his musical activities, performances and teaching, but rarely talk about his works. The reason is that critics believe that his carefully modified music lacks depth of thought, and he does not develop the theme of music like Mozart and Beethoven, which is not easy to penetrate the hearts of the people, so it is easy to be eliminated by time.
Hummel was in an era when classical music was moving toward Romanticism, and although he was not a trendsetter of the times, his large melodic development and ingenious use of changing tones also influenced future generations of Romantic musicians. Chopin and Liszt are recognized as having learned a lot from him, and the young Mendelssohn benefited greatly from his interactions.
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