Author: Wan Qingtao Wang Hongjie
Sha, hui yi character, pronounced shā, shà. The pronunciation comes from the sound that its particles make when they rub against each other. The original meaning of the very fine stone grains. Variant sand.
Sand characters from Zhou Dynasty Jinwen to Kaishu (Guoxue Master Network)
First, the origin of the sand character
Before exploring the sand word, let's talk about the cause of sand. There are three reasons why sand forms:
The first is the formation of weathering. In places where the Earth's rocks are exposed, precipitation is low and in the Earth's monsoon zone, thermal expansion and contraction due to the long hours of sunshine cause the rocks to continue to crack. After hundreds of millions of years of weathering, the rocks have changed from large to small, gradually forming smaller and smaller particles. This situation usually forms a desert.
Sahara Desert (from the network)
The second is the formation of river water impact. The headwaters of the river are between alpine rocks, and under the dual action of water flow and weathering, the rocks break and fall into the river, collide with each other under the impact of the water flow, and move downstream. As we have seen, the upper reaches of the river are large boulders, the middle reaches of the river are cobblestones, and the lower reaches of the river are small sands. Sand downstream forms either at the bottom of the river, or at the riverside, or even in the middle of the river.
Orange Island (from the network)
The third is the formation of sea tide impact. The sand by the sea, the ebb and flow of the tide for hundreds of millions of years, knocks the rocks of the sea into tiny rock particles.
Hainan Lingao Golden Beach (from the network)
Second, the evolution of glyphs
Sand characters, composed of water + less. Oracle glyphs have not yet been found. The gold glyphs are all Zhou Dynasty bronze inscriptions, and they are all left and right structures. Among them: "訇 [hōng] 簋" gold glyph, left for water, right for less; "佴伯簋" gold glyph, left for water, right for the upper, middle and lower three small; "Hugh Pan" gold glyph, left for less, right for water; "no 叀 [zhuān] Ding" gold glyph, water and less mixed together, left for water province, right for six dots. During the Warring States period, the pottery glyphs were close to modern glyphs. The Qin Jian "Yunmeng Rijia" glyph writes few characters as 尐 [jié]. The seal text is neat, the lishu undertakes the pottery glyph, and the calligraphy is written in sand.
Shazijin glyph (Western Zhou Dynasty) (Guoxue Master)
The small and small in the oracle bone both indicate very fine stone particles. The oracle glyph with few characters is four dots, and the small oracle glyph is three dots. At that time, it was found that very small stone grains often appeared in large quantities at the bottom of the river and on the banks of the river, so they added argon (water) on the basis of few characters as a symbol for recording a large number of very small stone grains.
The Shuowen Jiezi believes that "sand, water scatters stones also." From water, from less. Water is less sandy. ”
With the original meaning. "Pipe And Groundman": Plagiarized [piāo] soil times, known as five sands. In the shape of five sands, millet is like dust (the next grade of the plagiarized soil is five kinds of sand. The properties of the five sandy soils, broken like dust flying). For example, sand, wind sand, sand dust, gravel (sand and gravel blocks), deserts, sand dunes, sand beaches, sandbars (land silted up in rivers), sand dates, sand gulls.
3. The extended meaning of the sand character
The extended meaning of the sand character is pronounced as two sounds, shā, shà.
(i) shā
1. Something as small as sand. Such as, sugar, bean paste, iron sand, golden sand.
2. Sandy land composed mainly of sand. The water's edge is called the beach; the water's is called the sandbar, such as the orange island; the waterless is called the desert. Zizhi Tongjian Volume 29: Desert North Flat, Less Grass and Trees, How Much Sand. For example, the Sahara Desert, the Taklamakan Desert.
3. Islands and reefs with loose clastic material such as gravel and shells on the surface of the ocean. For example, Xisha, Nansha, Dongsha, Zhongsha, Zengmu Dark Sand.
4. Describe the loose texture. (1) This land is very sandy. (2) This watermelon is sandy.
5. Describe the sound as broken and hoarse. The eye sockets sank in, and the throat was sandy. For example, hoarseness.
6. Unpolished, rough. Such as: sand shell (poor texture of small copper banknotes), sand mold copper coins (that is, sand money, poor texture of small copper coins), sand astringent (rough).
7. There is no civilized, rough, vulgar. Song Jiang Xiufu "Jiang Lin Ji Magazine": 廛 [chán] commonly called wild people as sand blocks, the meaning of which is not detailed, and the scholars are also quite righteous (secular people call wild people sand blocks, do not know the specific meaning, and the scholars say so).
8. Where there is river sand. Such as, Changsha, Shaxian, Shashi, Shahe City. In addition, Sansha City, Hainan Province (composed of multiple coral islands such as Xisha Islands, Zhongsha Islands, Nansha Islands, etc., with Xisha District and Nansha District).
9. In ancient Texts, yarn is sometimes worn, referring to light and thin silk. "Zhou Li Tianguan Tsukasa Tsukasa Inner Servo": Distinguish the clothes of the outer and inner women, the bow clothes, the exhibition clothes, the edge clothes, and the susha (to distinguish the following kinds of clothing worn by the foreign women and the inner life women, that is, the Lady Qing wears the bow clothes, the Lady of the Doctor wears the exhibition clothes, and the lady of the scholar wears the edge clothes, but the inside is all white veil).
10. The Sichuan and Chongqing dialects call female livestock sand. For example, sand cattle (cows). From the shè of the mare. Later, it was referred to as a female animal. For example, sand cattle.
11. Transliteration of words. From Sanskrit, shramana is written in English, transliterated as shamen.
(ii) shà
11. Shake in a dustpan and other tools to concentrate the debris in the grain and then remove it. Put the sand in the rice [shà] a sand [shà].
Fourth, the identification of sand and sand
The sand character is a post-character, the vulgar character of sand, the original meaning of the granular small gravel, emphasizing the texture of rock. Bai Juyi's "Ten Ancient Poems": He Yi holds jade in his palm and turns into sand in his eyes. Such as, sandpaper, cinnabar, mineral sand, mortar, grinding wheel.
The extended meaning of sand refers to a substance that is shaped like a small gravel. For example, white sugar.
Fifth, the derivative word of sand
Derivatives of sand are associated with sand and its derivation. Pronounced shā, suō, sa.
1. Shark, shā. (1) Small fish that can blow sand. "Shijing Xiaoya Lu MingShi": Fish Li Yu [liǔ], mullet [cháng] shark (fish drilled into the bamboo basket to swim together, there are yellow-cheeked fish and small blowing sand fish). (2) A kind of fish with sand-like skin in the sea. As people moved from land to sea, sand-skinned fish, also known as sharks, were discovered. Southern Song Dynasty Dai Dong 'Six Books': Sharks, produced in the sea, are named for their skins like sand. Modern research has shown that the sand of shark skin is actually a special structure, the shark is covered with 0.2 mm long bristles, this unique structure is also known as the scale shield, with the dual function of reducing water flow resistance and antibacterial. Therefore, there is a feeling of sand grain when touched by the hand. Since Shark's English writing shark is shark, it feels like it is transliterated into English, but it is not.
Scale shield on shark skin (from the web)
2. 鯋, shā. Variant of the shark.
3. Sha, shā. Sedge, i.e. incense stick. Most of them grow in sandy or sandy loam soils, hence the name sedge.
4. 挲, polysyllabic characters. （1）shā。 Spread your hands to the sides. For example, the zigzag (hands, hair, branches, etc. open and stretch out. Also made of zama). (2) suō, by extension, fu mo. (3) sa, extended to move gently with the hand.
5. 挱, polysyllabic characters. （1）shā。 Untie and make loose. (2) suō, tongzi.
6. Sha, shā. (1) Commonly known as measles, there are red mound-like dots on the skin when the rash occurs. (2) A method of traditional Chinese medicine to treat diseases. A special scraper is used to scrape the capillaries on the surface of the skin in the relevant parts of the body, forming red dots (bleeding spots) that are used to treat certain diseases called gua sha.
7. 桬, shā. An ancient book says that a fruit tree has red flowers, seedless fruit, and tastes like plums. It is also said that it is a sand begonia, the flowers are red, and the fruit resembles a small apple, which can be eaten with the seeds. Sand begonias generally grow in sandy fields.
8. 猀, shā. One of the ethnic minorities in ancient China's Guangxi, they probably lived in desert areas.
9. Skull, suō. Hair sagging and disheveled. Such as, hip [máo] hips.
10. 硰, shā. Sandstone, a sedimentary clastic rock composed of more than 50% of the clastic components such as quartz and feldspar. Sandstone is formed by the accumulation of rocks in the source area through weathering, erosion and transport in the basin. Rock consists of two parts: clastic and filler.
11. 閯, shā. Open the door.
12. 桫, suō. The only woody fern, also known as alder. Perhaps the leaves of this plant rub against each other in the wind and make a rustling sound.
13. Shā. Shā. Mood auxiliaries, some dialects use at the end of a sentence, to indicate the tone of speculation, pause or imperative, roughly equivalent to "bar" and "well". You eat meat, we still have to drink soup.
14. 裟, shā. Transliteration of words. 袈裟, from Sanskrit, written in English as Kasāka, is a garment worn by Buddhist monks. The robes worn by the monks are relatively loose.
15. 逤, suò. Transliteration of words. Luoluo, also known as Luosha, Luosha, Luoshu, and Luo, was the Tang Dynasty's name for Lhasa( transliteration).
6. Origin of the Sha surname
The surname Sha is associated with places where there is sand. "Zuo Chuan Lu Ding Gong Seven Years": Qi Hou, Wei Hou Meng Yu Sha. This Shayi, also known as "Shalu", is historically known as "Heshang Zhiyi" (present-day Daming County, Hebei Province), which is actually a sandbar. In the seventh year of King Xiang of Zhou, the sixth year of the Song Xianggong, and in the eighth month of the lunar calendar in 645 BC, Shalu collapsed due to the perennial erosion of the Zhanghe River and the north and south of the Wei River, forming a Daze, and the history books renamed it "Shaze".
According to literature, the origin of the Sha surname is:
1. Derived from the surname Jiang. Among the descendants of Emperor Yan's courtiers, the Su Sha clan, some of them changed the name of their ancestors to a single surname of Sha.
2. Derived from the sub-surname. At the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Zhou royal family enfeoffed The Younger Brother of King Yin and established the State of Song. Among the descendants of Wei Zi Qi, some of them were sealed in Sha'e, because they were called Shabo. Among the descendants and citizens of Shabo, many of them have the name of the place, called shashi.
3. Derived from the name of the country. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a Shahou State, also known as the Shihou State and the Xiangguo (in the area of present-day Xiangxian County, Handan City, Hebei Province). From the end of the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States period, the land involved in the country belonged to the Zhao State. During the Western Han Dynasty, it was changed to Sha County, and the people who lived there had people who took Sha as their clan.
4. Originating from ethnic minorities. Among the Hui, Manchu, Mongolian, Dai, Yi, Li, Dong, Tujia, Yugur, Miao, Wa, Hezhe, Evenk and other ethnic minorities, there are Sha clans.
The Sha surname now has a population of about 520,000, ranking 220th by population.
Poetry:
Sand fingers very fine stone grains,
Rock weathering is formed.
Mud and sand under the fish and dragon miscellaneous,
The sand pans for gold.
bibliography:
1. Gu Yankui,Dictionary of Chinese Character Sources, Chinese Language Publishing House, 2008.
2. Li Xueqin, editor-in-chief of "Ziyuan", Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House, 2013 edition.
3. Kangxi Dictionary (Punctuation Collation), Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 2017 edition.
4. "Ciyuan", The Commercial Press, 1978 edition.
5. "Ci Hai", Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 2000 edition.
6. "Practical Oracle Bone Dictionary", edited by Chen Nianfu, Sichuan Dictionary Publishing House, 2019 edition.
7. "Explanation of Characters in Shuowen" (the latest compilation of the full annotated translation), edited by Sun Yongqing, China Bookstore, 2011 edition.
8. "Master of Sinology" (online version).