History is the best mirror of mankind, and only through history can we clearly see every bit of human civilization. As long as you don't forget the path you've traveled, you can fall a few times less.
China has had its glory and its decline, but China has always existed. Chinese history is the history of a country, the history of a nation, and the history of every Chinese. Chinese civilization is an important part of human civilization, there was us at the beginning, there is us now, and there will be us in the future. Looking back at history, we can clearly see the past, and we can warn the future.
China is one of the four ancient civilizations, and Chinese civilization has a long history, spanning 5,000 years. Chinese history is like a long story that needs to be told from the beginning.
People call the era before the production of writing "prehistoric era", when human beings were still living in primitive societies. China's primitive society began about 1.7 million years ago with the Yuanmou people, who were also the earliest humans in China. Primitive society has gone through two periods: primitive population and clan communes, of which the clan commune period is divided into two different stages: matrilineal clan communes dominated by women and patrilineal clan communes dominated by men.
After the production of writing, mankind entered the era of recorded history. Chinese civilization has two sources: one is the Yellow River civilization; the other is the Yangtze River civilization. Legend has it that about 4,000 years ago, there were many primitive tribes living in the Yellow River Valley, and the Yellow Emperor was the leader of the primitive tribal alliance. The Yellow Emperor personally led the tribe to defeat the Yandi tribe in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, and since then, the Yellow Emperor tribe and the Yandi tribe have formed an alliance, and together they have multiplied in the Yellow River Valley for a long time, thus forming the backbone of the Huaxia tribe. Later, the Yellow Emperor was named the ancestor of the Huaxia people, which is the origin of the term "descendants of Yanhuang".
The Xia Dynasty (2070 BC to 1600 BC) was the first dynasty in China, which lasted nearly 500 years. The beginning of the Xia Dynasty marked the end of China's million-year primitive society, and the gradual beginning of thousands of years of class society. The Xia Dynasty lasted for fourteen generations and seventeen kings. The more famous emperor of the Xia Dynasty was Yu, and Dayu was praised by posterity for his merits in controlling water.
Dayu
Kong Jia, the fifteenth emperor of the Xia Dynasty, was not only superstitious, but also addicted to wine, and under his leadership, the Xia Dynasty gradually declined. The last emperor of the Xia Dynasty was Xia Jie [jié], who was a famous tyrant in history. Xia Jie was unscrupulous, killed countless people, and used soldiers everywhere to injure the people, causing the people to rise up and resist. Xia Jie eventually rebelled and was destroyed by Shang Tang, which opened the Shang Dynasty era.
The Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC – 1046 BC) lasted more than 500 years. There is not much difference between the Shang Dynasty and the Xia Dynasty in terms of social form, but the Shang Dynasty has perfected the mechanism of ancient class society. The first nine tianzi of the Shang Dynasty consolidated and developed the Shang Dynasty, but from the tenth Tianzi Zhongding onwards, there was chaos in the Shang royal family. During the reign of the Nine Heavenly Sons after Zhongding, the Shang royal family became more and more chaotic due to the struggle for power and profit, known in history as the "Rebellion of the Ninth Dynasty".
The Rebellion of the Ninth Dynasty caused serious social problems, and the Shang Dynasty began to gradually decline. Later, the 20th king of the Shang Dynasty, Pan Geng, moved the capital from Jiyi [yì] to Yin, and the economy and culture were fully developed, and the situation gradually stabilized. The 22nd generation of Shang King Wu Ding was born in a cold and bitter background, he not only understood the suffering of the people, but also knew the truth of the pro-xian subjects, and under his leadership, the Shang Dynasty developed to its peak.
Wu Ding
Since the 24th generation of Shang kings Zujia, the social contradictions of the Shang Dynasty have gradually intensified, and by the time of the 30th generation of Shang [zhòu] kings, the royal power struggle has reached its peak. King Huan was also a tyrant, and he not only wantonly killed the princes and nobles, but also tortured them indiscriminately, forcing the people to rebel. In the face of multiple crises, the King of Sui still sent troops to the outside world for many years, consuming a lot of manpower and material resources, and the national strength of the Shang Dynasty was greatly weakened. At the same time, the Western Zhou people took the opportunity to develop, and eventually the Zhou people destroyed the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty.
The Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC to 256 BC) was divided into two periods, the Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou, which lasted for more than 700 years. The Western Zhou Dynasty was the heyday of classical Chinese civilization and had an important impact on future generations. The reign of the three emperors Wu Wang, Cheng Wang and Kang Wang was the golden age of the Western Zhou Dynasty, especially during the reign of King Kang, who inherited the cause of King Cheng, was diligent in the government, approachable to the people, and the punishment was not used for decades, so the society became more and more stable.
From the beginning of King Zhao of Zhou, there was a crisis in the Zhou Dynasty. In the following four generations of Gongwang, Yiwang, Xiaowang and Yiwang, the Zhou Dynasty was plunged into a long-term war, the national strength was hugely consumed, the imperial court had to increase the exploitation of the people, and domestic contradictions became increasingly acute. After King Li of Zhou succeeded to the throne, he intensified his exploitation of the people. By the time of King You of Zhou, the crisis of the Western Zhou Dynasty was already very serious.
King Zhou You was extravagant and corrupt, killing innocents indiscriminately, and deposing Queen Shen. For this reason, Shen's father, Shen Hou, joined forces with western tribes to kill King You of Zhou. After the death of King You of Zhou, his son Yi Su [jiù] ascended the throne as King Ping of Zhou. After years of war, the Guanzhong region was in tatters, and foreign tribes came to invade from time to time, so the King of Zhou Ping had to move the capital to Luoyi, and from then on The Eastern Zhou Began.
The Eastern Zhou Dynasty was divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC to 476 BC), the power of the King of Zhou weakened, and the princes began to compete for hegemony, and the Dukes of Qi Huan, Jin Wen, Xiang, Qin Mu and Chu Zhuang successively dominated, known in history as the "Spring and Autumn Five Hegemons". The Spring and Autumn Period was followed by the Warring States Period (475 BC to 221 BC), and in the Warring States period of 255 years, there were 230 large and small wars. In the late Warring States period, the State of Qin unified the six princely states of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, thus establishing the Qin Dynasty.
The Qin Dynasty (221 BC to 207 BC) added up to less than 16 years. Although the Qin Dynasty was short-lived, it was very famous. Qin Shi Huang not only unified China, but also built the Great Wall on a large scale, which had a huge impact on future generations. The tyranny of the Qin rulers led to the outbreak of peasant wars, and eventually the Qin Dynasty was destroyed by Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao. After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu established the Western Chu Dynasty (206 BC – 202 BC). From 206 BC to 202 BC, a war broke out between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu for the world, known in history as the "Chu-Han War". In the end, Liu Bang won, and China entered the Han Dynasty era.
Terracotta Warriors
The Han Dynasty was divided into two periods, the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, of which the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC to 9 AD) was founded by Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, and the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 AD to 220 AD) was founded by Liu Xiu, the Emperor of Han Guangwu. Between the two Han Dynasties, Wang Mang usurped the power of the Han dynasty and established a new dynasty (9 AD ~ 23 AD). From February 23 to September 25, Liu Xuan also briefly established the Xuan Han Dynasty. From the Han Gaozu period to the Han Dynasty during the Han Wenjing period, its economic strength soared, becoming the First Empire in the East, and was called the "Two Empires" together with the Western Roman Empire at that time. At that time, the great powers of Central Asia and the West were terrified of the Han Dynasty, and by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Han Empire had become the most powerful empire in the world.
The Han Empire once defeated the Xiongnu Empire in the west, and after the defeat of the Xiongnu Empire, it fled north. Zhang Qian [qiān] of the Han Dynasty sent envoys to the Western Regions and opened up the famous "Silk Road", which made China the center of the world trading system. It is precisely because of the prestige of the Han Dynasty that foreign people began to call Chinese Han, and more than 90% of the population of China today is still Han. The Han Dynasty was the second unified dynasty in China after the Qin Dynasty, and the capital of Chang'an in the early period was called the Western Han Dynasty, and the later capital Luoyang was called the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The Western Han Dynasty was a golden period in the history of the development of the Chinese nation, when China stood tall as a superpower. After the Han Dynasty, although the names of the dynasties have changed, the status of the Han nationality as the main ethnic group in China has never changed. During the Pingdi period of the Western Han Dynasty, by the time of 1 AD, the total population of the Western Han Dynasty had reached 60 million, accounting for about one-third of the world's total population at that time. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the "dispute between the eunuchs [qī huàn]" occurred, and the government became darker and darker. In 184 AD, the "Yellow Turban Rebellion" broke out in the Eastern Han Dynasty, after which the Eastern Han government existed in name only, and princes from all over the world rushed to occupy the territory and dominate the territory. In 220 AD, Cao Pi destroyed the Eastern Han Dynasty and established the State of Wei, thus beginning the Three Kingdoms and two Jin Dynasties.
Cao Cao
The history of the Three Kingdoms period (220 AD ~ 280 AD) is more familiar to people, Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Sima Yi, Sun Quan and other historical celebrities are all figures of the Three Kingdoms period. Following Cao Pi's establishment of the State of Wei, Liu Bei established the State of Shu in 221 AD, and Sun Quan established the State of Wu in 229 AD, thus forming a situation in which the Three Kingdoms were established. In the late Three Kingdoms period, the strength of the State of Wei grew day by day. In 263, the State of Wei destroyed the State of Shu. In 265, Sima Yan seized power in the State of Wei and established the Jin Dynasty, known in history as the Western Jin Dynasty. In 280 AD, the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed the State of Wu, ending the three kingdoms.
The unification of the Western Jin Dynasty (266 AD ~ 316 AD) was very short-lived, and as class contradictions and ethnic contradictions became more and more acute, ethnic minorities and some displaced people in various places continued to revolt, eventually leading to the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty. After the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, the imperial sima rui established a political power in Jiangnan, known in history as the "Eastern Jin Dynasty" (317 AD ~ 420 AD). At the same time, the rulers of various ethnic groups in the north also established sixteen small states, namely Chenghan, Former Zhao, Later Zhao, Former Liang, Former Yan, Former Qin, Later Yan, Later Qin, Western Qin, HouLiang, Southern Liang, Western Liang, Northern Liang, Southern Yan, Northern Yan, and Hu Xia, known in history as the "Sixteen Kingdoms".
In 383 AD, the "Battle of Shuishui" broke out between Former Qin and Eastern Jin, and finally the Eastern Jin Dynasty won the victory, thus forming a situation of confrontation between the north and the south. Since then, in the south, after the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it has experienced four dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, known in history as the "Southern Dynasty". In the north, it experienced five dynasties of Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou, known in history as the "Northern Dynasty". During the Three Kingdoms, Two Jin Dynasties, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to the great integration of various ethnic groups, both economy and science developed to a certain extent. In 581, emperor Zen [shàn] of the Northern Zhou Dynasty gave way to Yang Jian, who established the Sui Dynasty after ascending the throne.
After Emperor Wen of Sui of the Sui Dynasty (581-618 AD) went south to destroy Chen, China, which had been in turmoil for more than 400 years, once again entered a period of unification. During the Sui Dynasty, the imperial examination system was established, and officials were selected by examination, breaking the long-standing hereditary system. The Sui Dynasty had many new achievements in art, and the arts of architecture, sculpture, painting, music, and dance were all developed. However, the Sui Dynasty was short-lived, lasting only 38 years, and in 618 Li Yuan destroyed the Sui Dynasty and established the Tang Dynasty.
The Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) was one of the most powerful dynasties in China, with its capital chang'an. At the height of the Tang Dynasty, the total population of the country exceeded 80 million, and the land area reached 10.76 million square kilometers. In the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, great achievements were made in culture, politics, economy, diplomacy and other aspects, and neighboring countries were deeply influenced by the Tang Dynasty. Tang Taizong Li Shimin not only attached importance to the peasants and paid attention to the administration of officials, but also was very good at selecting and appointing talents. Under the leadership of Tang Taizong, the Tang Dynasty appeared a prosperous era of political clarity, economic prosperity, and social stability, which was called "the rule of Zhenguan" in history.
During the Tang Dynasty, from 690 AD to 705 AD, Wu Zetian established the Wuzhou Dynasty, and after Wu Zetian's death, the Tang Dynasty was restored. Wu Zetian was the only universally recognized female emperor in Chinese history, who held power for 23 years. The Wuzhou Dynasty still used the Tang system, and Wu Zetian was the biological mother of two Tang emperors, so it was generally not regarded as a separate dynasty, but was included in the Tang Dynasty imperial lineage.
In 713, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang ascended the throne. In the early stages of his reign, the Tang Dynasty entered a heyday, known in history as the "Kaiyuan Prosperous Era". The Kaiyuan boom was the second heyday in Chinese history, when Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, was the largest city in the world and the first city in the world with a population of more than one million. In the later period of Tang Xuanzong's reign, he was satisfied and began to indulge his own pleasures, ignoring state affairs. After obtaining Yang Yuhuan (Yang Guifei), Tang Xuanzong became more addicted to wine, and he could not distinguish between loyal and traitorous subjects, making the government more and more corrupt.
In 755, An Lushan, who had a heavy army, took advantage of the Tang Dynasty's political corruption and military emptiness to unite with Shi Siming to launch a rebellion, and soon captured the capital Chang'an, known in history as the "Anshi Rebellion". Tang Xuanzong was so frightened that he fled to Chengdu. It took eight years for the rebellion to be put down. The Tang Dynasty was seriously injured by the Anshi Rebellion, and since then it has turned from prosperity to decline. In the late Tang Dynasty, wars continued, and both economic and political declines occurred. Emperor Yizong of Tang and Emperor Yizong of Tang were famously incompetent, and the Tang Dynasty continued to decline.
In 907, Zhu Quanzhong forced the Tang Emperor Li Li [chù] to make it zen, change the name of the country to Liang, and set the capital at Kaifeng, and the Tang Dynasty fell. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, many small dynasties arose in the land of China, collectively known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period.
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907 AD ~ 979 AD), which lasted 73 years. The first dynasty of the Five Dynasties was the Liang Dynasty founded by Zhu Quanzhong, the grandfather of Liang. After the Liang Dynasty, many small dynasties appeared in the land of China, among which the Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, Later Zhou and Later Liang were collectively known as the "Five Dynasties". At the same time, there were many small dynasties in southern China, including ten dynasties such as Wu, Chu, Min, Wuyue, Former Shu, Later Shu, Southern Han, Southern Tang, Jingnan, and Northern Han, collectively known as the "Ten Kingdoms". In the late Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the Later Zhou gradually became stronger. In 960, the Later Zhou general Zhao Kuangyin [yìn] destroyed several small dynasties and established the Song Dynasty.
The Song Dynasty (960-1279) was divided into two periods: the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, printing appeared in China. At that time, China's economy was developed, maritime trade was very prosperous, and China's total economic output at that time accounted for about half of the world. The population of the capital, Kaifeng, reached 1 million, and the population of Hangzhou reached 1.2 million. During the Northern Song Dynasty, there were also many excellent lyricists, such as Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu, Xin Zhiyi, Wen Tianxiang, Li Qingzhao, etc.
Li Qingzhao
In 1127, the Jin army invaded the south, causing the "shame of Jingkang", and the Northern Song Dynasty fell. In the same year, Emperor Gaozong of Song moved south to establish the Southern Song Dynasty. In the late Southern Song Dynasty, the Mongols came to invade many times. In 1276, the Yuan Dynasty attacked Lin'an. In 1279, the 8-year-old young emperor Zhao Fu [bǐng] was killed by the chancellor Lu Xiufu who jumped into the sea on his back. After the Battle of Yá Mountain, the Song Dynasty was completely destroyed.
During the Song Dynasty, there were also Liao, Jin, Western Xia and other dynasties in the land of China. The Liao Dynasty (916–1125), known as the Great Liao, was a dynasty established by the Khitan chief Yelü Abaoji. The Jin Dynasty (1115–1234) was a dynasty founded by the Jurchen leader Guanyan Akuta, who destroyed the Great Liao in 1125 and the Northern Song Dynasty in 1127. In 1234, the Jin Dynasty collapsed under the attack of the Mongols and the Southern Song Dynasty. The Western Xia (1038–1227) was a dynasty founded by Li Yuanhao in northwestern China and later destroyed by the Mongols.
In 1271, Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). In 1279, the Yuan Dynasty unified China, ending more than 520 years of division in China since the Tang Dynasty's Anshi Rebellion. The rule of the early and middle Yuan dynasties was very chaotic, and in the late Yuan dynasty, droughts, plagues and floods occurred frequently, and the flooding in the Yellow River region was particularly severe. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the government was very corrupt, the officials were seriously corrupt, in order to eliminate the deficit, the imperial court not only increased taxes, but also indiscriminately printed a large number of new banknotes "Zhizheng bao banknotes", so that there was serious inflation, coupled with natural disasters, making the people unhappy. Since then, the people in the depths of the water have begun to revolt continuously, and since then, the prelude to the demise of the Yuan Dynasty has begun.
Kublai Khan
In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang led troops to occupy Jiqing. In the following years, Zhu Yuanzhang's military and economic strength grew rapidly, and he even conquered many strong enemies. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing, establishing the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). After The Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne, through reducing the burden on the peasants, restoring social and economic production, reforming the bad government left by the Yuan Dynasty, and punishing corrupt officials and corrupt officials, the social economy was gradually restored and developed, which is known in history as the "rule of Hongwu". During the reign of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He went to the West seven times, and his fleet traveled throughout Southeast Asia and South Asia. During the reign of Ming Chengzu Zhu Di [dì], there was also a brief "Yongle flourishing".
In the late Ming Dynasty, the eunuch Wei Zhongxian and his eunuchs controlled the government, during which time the government became increasingly corrupt. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Jurchens living in the northeast region began to flourish, and they could already compete with the Ming Dynasty. After 1630, the Jurchens broke through the Great Wall five times to attack Beijing. In 1644, the Jurchens attacked Beijing, the Ming Dynasty fell, and China entered the Qing Dynasty era.
In 1636, Emperor Taiji was proclaimed emperor, the name of the country was Daqing, and the Qing Dynasty (1636-1912) has since entered the stage of history. In 1643, Emperor Taiji died of illness and was succeeded by his ninth son, Fu Lin, as the Shunzhi Emperor. After the Shunzhi Emperor's death in 1661, his son Kangxi, 8, took the throne. The Kangxi Emperor was generous and benevolent, paying attention to the sufferings of the people, and under his rule, the Qing Dynasty entered the "Kangyongqian Prosperous Era". In 1722, on his deathbed, the Kangxi Emperor was passed on to Yin Chan [zhēn] and was called the Yongzheng Emperor. During the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, remedial measures were taken against the shortcomings of the Kangxi period, so that the "Prosperous Era of Kang Yongqian" could be continued. In 1735, the Yongzheng Emperor died while at work, and his son Hongli succeeded him as the Qianlong Emperor.
Qianlong
The reign of the Qianlong Emperor was the heyday of the Qing Dynasty. During this period, the population of the whole country continued to increase, and the national population in the last years of Qianlong had exceeded the mark of 300 million, accounting for about one-third of the total population of the world at that time. The silk and cotton weaving industries in Jiangnan and Guangdong are very developed, and the porcelain in Jingdezhen has reached the peak of history. The Qing dynasty covered an area of more than 13 million square kilometers, and the Korean and Ryukyu states in the east were both vassal states of the Qing Dynasty. At the end of the Qianlong Period, large and small wars continued, coupled with rampant corruption, which caused the Qing Dynasty's national strength to decline.
In 1795, the Qianlong Emperor was seated at the Jiaqing Emperor, and Qianlong continued to control the imperial government as Emperor Taishang. In 1799, Qianlong died, and the Jiaqing Emperor came to power and punished Ju Tuo and Yan, but he failed to reverse the decline of the Qing Dynasty. In the early 19th century, the Qing Dynasty was already in a clear decline, and several uprisings broke out during the Jiaqing period. At the same time, maritime powers Britain, the Netherlands, and Portugal began to force trade with China. In 1787, British merchants began to import opium into China, resulting in China's international trade from a surplus to a huge deficit. The Qing Dynasty issued a charter for the search of opium on foreign ships in 1815, but British merchants ignored the ban and continued to smuggle opium to China in large quantities.
In June 1839, Lin Zexu destroyed more than 2.37 million kilograms of opium at Humen, and the British government launched the Opium War against China in June 1840. In 1842, the British army invaded the Yangtze River, and the Qing Dynasty was forced to seek peace, and was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanking with the British. To this end, the Qing Dynasty not only opened five treaty ports, but also ceded Hong Kong Island. At the same time, the struggle against the Qing Dynasty in China also resurfaced, and between 1851 and 1864, the "Worship god Society" founded by Hong Xiuquan launched several uprisings and established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
In the late 19th century, Britain, France, Russia, Japan and other countries invaded China many times and forced China to sign a number of unequal treaties with it. In 1860, the British and French forces burned down the world's first royal garden, the Yuanmingyuan, in the Second Opium War. Russia, on the other hand, ceded more than 1.4 million square kilometers of China's territory through unequal treaties such as the Treaty of Yaohun, the Treaty of Beijing, and the Treaty on the Survey and Division of the Northwest Boundary between China and Russia. In 1895, China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War and subsequently signed the Treaty of Maguan with Japan. To this end, China not only compensated Japan with 200 million taels of silver, but also ceded Taiwan and the Penghu Archipelago.
In order to strengthen the national strength, the Qing Dynasty began to implement the Foreign Affairs Movement in the 1860s, and the national strength was restored, and for a time there was a situation of Tongzhi Zhongxing. In 1877, the Qing army recaptured Xinjiang. In 1881, through the Treaty of Ili, the Qing army recaptured Ili, which had been occupied by Tsarist Russia for many years. In 1899, the Boxer Rebellion broke out. In 1900, the eight-nation alliance of Britain, France, the United States, Germany, Russia, Austria, Italy, and Japan began to invade China, and Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor fled to Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. The Eight-Power Alliance burned and plundered all the way in China, snatching away countless rare treasures in China, and the barbaric plunder of Eastern civilization by Western civilization deeply hurt ancient China.
In 1905, after the founding of the Chinese League, the revolutionary party began to rise, and through many revolutions, the revolutionary party achieved success. On January 1, 1912, the First Republic of China in Asia was proclaimed in Nanjing, and Sun Wen was officially inaugurated as the first provisional president. On February 12, 1912, the late Qing Dynasty Emperor Pu [pǔ] Yi announced his abdication, and the Qing Dynasty officially collapsed, and China's two-thousand-year-old absolute monarchy basically ended. On April 1, 1912, Sun Wen resigned from the provisional presidency in Nanjing, and Yuan Shikai took over as the capital in Beijing. In 1916, Yuan Shikai declared the restoration of the imperial system. Subsequently, Sun Yat-sen began to organize the Chinese Revolutionary Party to fight against Yuan Shikai. Yuan Shikai died in the same year, and the Republic of China entered a period in which various factions of the Beiyang warlords controlled the central government.
In 1924, with the help of the Red Army, Outer Mongolia became independent from China, and China lost more than 1.5 million square kilometers of territory. From 1931 to 1945, China fought in the War of Resistance Against Japan for 14 years, and although it paid a heavy price, it won the final victory. On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was founded.
Thousands of years of history, thousands of years of wind and rain. After reading the history of successive dynasties, I found that history will always have striking similarities, similar prosperity, similar demise. The rise and fall of a dynasty is closely related to the emperor, the emperor is bright, then the dynasty rises; the emperor is dim, the dynasty declines. Rejuvenate the country in a clean and honest manner, and destroy the country through corruption. Every dynasty, its greatest enemy is itself, and when it itself is corrupt, the whole dynasty is bound to decline. It is not easy to cultivate an official, it is even more difficult to cultivate the people's hearts, and for the prosperity of the dynasty, it is better to discard the official than to discard the people's will.
History is all truth, history cannot be fabricated, and the history that we cannot say today is likely to become the beginning of a dynasty error. In 100 years, we will all be history. Some people have been living for hundreds of years, some people have been stinking for thousands of years, and what a person has done, history will certainly restore him fairly. Although history represents the past, it can affect the future in the long run, and if you want to create history, you must first correct the mistakes that have always existed in history. Those who forget history are the most likely to repeat historical tragedies.
What cannot be changed is history, what can be changed is the future, do not use mistakes to eat away at your future little by little.