As we all know, the development and prosperity of Chinese literature in the two periods had a far-reaching impact on future generations. First, during the "May Fourth" Movement, lu Xunjun published his first vernacular novel, "Diary of a Madman," represented by the magazine "New Youth" founded by Chen Duxiujun. Since then, the "vernacular" has been replaced by the "literary" formula, and the long-lost "Mr. De [Democracy]" and "Mr. Sai [Science]" have been overthrown. During the May Fourth Movement, China's enthusiastic young people held high the two banners of "democracy" and "science" and violently attacked feudal etiquette and feudal autocratic ideas, and thus moved toward the road of integration with workers and peasants. On January 15, 1919, Chen Duxiu published an article in the magazine "New Youth" entitled "Reply to the > Crimes of the New Youth <", saying: Those who oppose the "New Youth" are nothing more than because we destroy Confucianism, destroy the etiquette law, destroy the national essence, destroy chastity, destroy the old ethics, destroy the old art, destroy the old religion, destroy the old literature, and destroy the old politics. Since then, many people who have become known to everyone have expressed their solidarity, and everyone knows that there is a "left-wing" alliance led by Mr. Lu Xun, of which Mr. Jian Xianai, a Zunyi person, is one of them. When he was in Beijing, he and Ba Jin were classmates and friends; in the 1930s, he served as the principal of Zunyi Normal College (now Zunyi Normal College), and there was a painting of a "local writer" written by Mr. Guo Moruo, who was praised by Mr. Lu Xun; and there were also such people as Xu Zhimo, Zheng Zhenduo, Yu Dafu, Ba Jin, Bing xin, etc. They "stayed in the west" and returned to China, and they were more or less influenced by "foreign literature", and through their efforts, they were gradually accepted by the Chinese people; people were no longer satisfied with "saying that it was too late, then fast", "wanting to know what happened later, and listening to the next time to decompose." And so on to the traditional Chinese "unit" of the world. The "May Fourth" new cultural movement and the "May Fourth" period of Chinese literature were an important historical turning point in China's modern and contemporary history, and played a pivotal role in the entire social change. At the same time, it has also had a profound and far-reaching impact on China's literature.
Another period was that after the end of the "Cultural Revolution", Mr. Liu Xinwu published the short story "Class Teacher" in "People's Literature" in 1977, which was unanimously approved by everyone and had a far-reaching impact. "Class Teacher" won the first place in the first National Outstanding Short Story Award in 1978. It was later recognized that 1978 was the beginning of contemporary Chinese literature – the spring of art. "The time has finally come when literary creation can be done as a career!" (Chen Zhongzhong read the afterword of "Class Teacher").
"Lin Biao, the 'Gang of Four' and their minions did make me very 'messed up', but I survived, and I lived a relatively healthy life, my brain was not confused, and sometimes I could write one or two articles..." (Ba Jin, "Remembering Xiao Shan"). Indeed, the imprint left by Lin Biao and the people of the whole country in the past ten years of the "Cultural Revolution" is really too profound. Many people were sent to the "May 7 Cadre School" to study in the ten years of catastrophe, locked up in a cowshed to be with the calves, and experienced all kinds of torture. For example, Ba Lao was once listed as a "parade in the streets", opened a batch of fights, wrote a "thought report", and he had to pretend to be "crazy" and follow the crowd to raise his right hand and shout "Down with Ba Jin"! His wife, Xiao Shan, died of a serious illness in this environment without being well treated. Mr. Lao She committed suicide by throwing himself into Taiping Lake, missed the Nobel Prize in Literature that year, and more than a month after his death, the good news that he won the Nobel Prize in Literature spread from Beijing to his family, and poor Mr. Lao She has passed away! Taiping Lake is not peaceful! After the 1966 Nobel Literature Committee re-evaluated, it was given to the Japanese writer Yasunari Kawabata, the author of "Snow Country", "Ancient Capital" and "Thousand Paper Cranes". Li Changzhi (Ji Xianlin's companion and friend when he was studying) was forced to die during "torture" and so on. There are too many such examples (one of my family's relatives was driven crazy in that environment, he was a soldier in Beijing at the time, he was mistakenly beaten into a minion of the "Gang of Four", and was "rehabilitated" after being sent home)!
In any case, the "spring" of art has come, and everyone has stepped out of the "cowshed" and returned to the old business. For a time, the new and old people in China's literary circles have sung and appeared on the stage. It was they, after being suppressed by "scar literature", who rose up to open up a new world for Chinese literature. It is they who enable backward and embarrassing Chinese literature to get out of the quagmire and move toward the temple of truth that belongs to the pursuit of literature and the flourishing literary world. For example, the obscure school represented by Shu Ting, Beidao, and Gu Cheng, the vernacular literature represented by Lu Yao, Tie Ning, Chen Zhongzhong, etc., which has the theme of "vernacular (novel)", and the new poems of Haizi, Xichuan, and Luo Yihe (the three swordsmen of Peking University) ..."Each leads the way for half a year", which is the true description of the Chinese literary circle at that time.
In the contemporary Chinese literary world, articles on various topics and genres emerge in an endless stream. More than 30 years since the end of the "Cultural Revolution", there have been three landmark collections of essays recognized by everyone in the prose circles, namely: Mr. Yang Dai (Mrs. Qian Zhongshu, one of the few ladies in China known as "Mr.") essay collection "Six Records of the Cadre School", the prose collection of Ba Lao, a giant in China's literary world and 101 years old since participating in the "May Fourth" new cultural movement, "Caprice", which died in Shanghai on October 17, 2005. In the early 1990s, he was newly named "Cultural Prose" by his prose, a professor of the Shanghai Theater Academy, who was the vice president, dean, honorary dean of the Shanghai Theater Academy, and an internationally renowned scholar and writer, whose prose collection Mr. Yu Qiuyu wrote "Cultural Journey". Their contribution to our contemporary literary scene can be imagined!
For example, Ba Lao's "Remembering Xiao Shan", Ji Lao's "Qingtang Lotus Rhyme", Chen Zhongzhong's "The Day Under the Plains", etc., have undoubtedly added a new and heavy page to China's contemporary literature library. The "Prose Era", edited by Mr. Wang Jianbing, can help us understand the various events of the literary circle in modern and contemporary China. He believes that the language style of today's prose can be roughly divided into three types: "The first need is the subjective psychological state of the painter, and there must be the arrogance and indulgence of the Prancing Horse and the rush of the heavenly shore; there must be the power of moving mountains in vientiane and created in hand; there must be the power of hungry eagles and thirsty eagles, and the arrows of lightning and thunder." At this time, undressed, the eyes are empty, the pen is put at the bottom of the pen, and the shape is like in the present. The vertical pen is like the hanging of the waterfall, and the closing pen is like the broken Hengpu of the sound. Hong is extremely wanton, does not lose his manners, and is introverted in the end. This is not the most difficult part of splash ink painting, splash ink figure painting is even more difficult in this instant, the painter must also make a promise with the characters expressed, and the gods meet and trace, what a wonderful and noble realm! Splashed ink figure painting and indecent, hesitant, cowardly, prudent and other situations have no connection, the desire to splash ink may be everyone, in the fantasy is also very magical, but fang qi qi pen, that is, encounter obstruction; At this time, irritability is born and clear, and the qi is exhausted and the emotions are decadent, but the ink is broken, and the pen is torn. Therefore, splashed ink figure painting needs more for learning, for skill, for insight, for cultivation, for talent. (Fan Zeng, "Off-Screen Words: Splash Ink Bell Kui"). This kind of painting is represented by Fan Zeng, a famous painter in China, a master of traditional Chinese studies, and a professor at Nankai University. The style of writing is mixed, and it makes people feel refreshed when reading; and this style requires the author's profound literary skills, ability to control words and accumulation. This is one also! "It was seven or eight o'clock in the morning of July 24, 1995, and there was a great silence that I had never had before, and I woke up feeling a panic, and I wanted to make some noises, but × was still asleep, and should not be disturbed, and quietly went to the shower room to wash my face, and the water was so cold that I could not get my face, and I stood on the side of the window glass wrapped in felt." (Jia Pingwa, "Morning in the Summer River"). This category is represented by the famous writer jia Pingwa, chairman of the Shaanxi Writers Association. The style language is simple, more use of colloquial language, ordinary things, no strange, boring, tasteless, no profound thoughts, Luo Zhijin prose, can be explained; but elegant and natural, pay attention to the rhyme, leave blank count white, gentle and subtle. Seemingly bland rather than bland! This is two also! "Women are flowers that can be played, need to be caressed, and need to be listened to. There are not only smiling peach blossoms, but also some dead leaves and branches, and the hidden wind secretly sends, I don't know whether it is a little heart incense or a little heartache..." (Chen Yan, "The Tapping sound of the other ear"); "Great poets will always be the wealth of society." The madness of the poet is both the misfortune of the poet and the tragedy of society. If a society really doesn't know how to worship poets, let them write more prose. That way, at least they won't go crazy. (Liu Yingyu, "Poets Who Write Prose Are Not Easy to Go Crazy.") This kind of prose written by poets, poetry-like mood, poetic sentences, fresh, beautiful, the article is not verbose, just right, concise can not be more concise. Such articles are represented by the afterglow medium. This is three also! In addition, like Zhou Guoping's philosophy, Jiang Zilong's humor, Wang Meng's nature, Zhou Tao's atmosphere... They are all loved by everyone.
Although our country's literature has reached a prosperous level today, since the 1990s, our country has set off a "book writing fever", "book fever", and all kinds of literature (such as online literature, grassroots literature, etc.) are overwhelming. Many so-called writers have become famous, and I am afraid that in addition to having a few spare money in their pockets, the ink in their hearts is worrying and doubtful.
It is precisely because of this that the literature of our country began to decline, and it is still today.
As a backward southern country, Guizhou's cultural development cannot be compared with shandong and Shaanxi, but it is also relatively prosperous and has a long history. For example, the magazine "Mountain Flower" sponsored by the Provincial Federation of Literary and Literary Associations has a greater influence in the country. In fact, as early as ancient times, the "Han Sanxian" of Zunyi in Guizhou, Sheng Lan, Yin Zhen, and the "Qing Sanru" Zheng Zhen, Mo Youzhi, and Li Shuchang, their names and achievements were recognized and well known by everyone. The Sheren lived around the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and were the first to spread the culture of Guizhou to the outside world. Yin Zhen was on a par with Sima Shi of Chengdu during the Western Han Dynasty. Daozhen County was independent of Zheng'an County in the 30th year of the Republic of China (1941) by Yin Zhen (Zi Daozhen). In fact, in the poetry world at that time, the best poets were our Zunyi people, whose reputation was above Gong Zizhen and so on. Zheng Zhen, as the chief representative of "beach culture", his poems were later promoted as "Zongzu" by the "Tongguang Body" poetry school, which had the greatest influence in the country; Wu Minshu, a guest of Zeng Guofan, called "Zi Yin's poetry brushes across a generation and seemed to be absent from the people of this dynasty", and Zeng Guofan also agreed to this statement; Liang Qichao praised "Shi Liu Xian said that Zi Yin's poetry can open its own portal, and there are Qing authors who can't reach it"; the famous professor Qian Zhonglian believes that "Zi Yin's talent qi power is not under the eastern slope" ("Mengyuan Poetry"), "Three hundred years of Qing poetry, wang qi in yelang" ("Three hundred years of Qing poetry, Wang Qi is in Yelang" ("The Poetry of The Qing Dynasty") On the Forty Schools of Modern Poetry"); Liu Yazi rated Zheng Zhen's poems as "the first class in three hundred years". Modern masters such as Miao Yu, Qian Mu, Qian Zhongshu, and Bai Dunren have a high evaluation of beach poets and their poems. The "Chao Jing Chao Poetry Collection" is highly respected by all families, and Zheng Ziyin is the crown of the Qing Dynasty poets, comparable to Li Dusu Huang. Mo Youzhi is well known, not just in poetry. In 1847, when he went to Beijing to take the examination, he met Zeng Guofan in a bookstore and talked about his thesis, and he was shocked that "I did not expect to have this study in Qian". In the twenty-first year of Daoguang (1841), Mo and Zheng Zhen compiled the "Zunyi Fu Zhi" in 48 volumes, 33 items, 14 appendages, a total of more than 800,000 words. Liang Qichao called it "the first house under heaven". Mo and Zheng Zhen were also known as the "Southwest Erru". In the ninth year of Tongzhi (1870), Mo Youzhi was appointed as the chief school journal of Yangzhou Bookstore, and Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong invited him to be the main lecturer of Wuchang Academy. The following year, he went to Yangzhou and Xinghua to look for the books that had been lost after the two pavilions of Wenzong and Wenhui were burned, and suddenly felt the wind and cold, the fever did not recede, and he died of illness in the ship and was buried in Qingtian Mountain, Xinzhou, Zunyi. Zeng Guofan led his staff to the shore of Mochou Lake to pay tribute, and personally wrote to Lian Lian: Jinghua fell in love at first sight, when the Tiger City Bridge, bookstores were engaged, early Qin Suxue; Jiangbiao often gathered for ten years, and today on Mochou Lake, wine bottles and tears, to hang the soul of poetry. Li Shuchang had the honor of joining the Zengguo curtain, intersecting with Zhang Yuzhao, Wu Rulun, and Xue Fucheng in writing, and was called the "Four Disciples of Zengmen". During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Zunyi New Zhi compiled by the Institute of History and Geography of Zhejiang University collectively referred to the fruitful cultural achievements and humanistic spirit embodied by the three families of Li, Zheng and Mo as "beach culture". The beach is a village inhabited by the Lai family, facing the nearby Zheng Wangshan Hall and Mo's Qingtian Mountain Lu Hengyu. The three families of Li, Zheng and Mo are each other's mentors and friends, and they are married. The beach has given birth to outstanding figures represented by Zheng Zhen, Mo Youzhi and Li Shuchang, and has become a well-known cultural celebrity at home and abroad, occupying a considerable position in the history of Chinese literature and scholarship. In addition, like Zhou Qiwei (a native of Guiyang) in the early Qing Dynasty, he was a teacher of the Kangxi Emperor, and later a Hanlin scholar, and so on. They are the pride of Guizhou!
During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Under the leadership of President Zhu Kezhen, Zhejiang University moved west to Zunyi, Meitan, Yongxing and other places in 1939 to open schools. At the beginning of 1942, after teaching in Meitan, organized by Professors Su Buqing and Qian Baoqun, the Meijiang Yin Society was established in the Catholic Church, and a total of nine juns joined: Su Buqing, director of the Department of Mathematics of Zhejiang University Of Science; Jiang Hengyuan, director of the Chinese Vocational Education Society, senator; Wang Zhen, dean of Zhejiang University Normal College; Zhu Wenbai, director of the Chinese Department of Zhejiang University College of Literature; Hu Zheshi, director of the Chinese Department of Zhejiang University College of Literature; Zhang Hongmo, assistant teacher of Zhejiang University Agricultural College, who was also the director of Meitan Tea Farm; Qian Baoqing, professor of the Department of Mathematics of Zhejiang University Of Science; Liu Ganzhi, Ph.D. of the University of California, famous entomologist, the first director of Meitan Tea Farm, professor of Zhejiang University Agricultural College; Zheng Zonghai, director of the Department of Education of Zhejiang Master College. However, only a year later, due to various reasons such as leaving Mei, it had to be dissolved, and the creation of 258 poems (all ancient) in existence undoubtedly added a brilliant color to the long river of guizhou's cultural history. At the same time, it is also a gift from Zhejiang University to Guizhou culture!
I wandered along the Xiang River, strolling, and remembering these pasts of Chinese literature and local culture.
To be continued
Zunyi beach culture | Qing poetry for three hundred years, the king is in the night lang! How to regain beach culture?
Lantern Festival! Lantern Festival you didn't know! Learn about and taste Chinese culture in a fun way
The prose | "Into xijiang Miao Village" takes you to appreciate the world's largest Miao village
Novella "The Horse Without a Clan" (Excerpt 4) | Good reading! Reading is what makes people progress
After all the world's love | how do the world's top ten famous artists write love letters? Step into the other side of everyone
Text/Crazy Book Flowing Clouds
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Ø Disclaimer: This article is selected from one of the chapters of my narrative prose, written in July 2012; some of the pictures and articles in this article come from the Internet, do not represent my views, the copyright belongs to the original author, if there is any infringement, please contact to delete.