The official system of the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC – 9 AD) mostly followed the Qin Dynasty and was slightly different. The biggest change in the central government was the formation of the inner dynasty, and the most notable feature of the magistrate was the coexistence of feudal kingdoms and counties.
(1) Central officer
The highest position in the central government is still the third duke. Western Han Dynasty Minister, also known as Xiang Guo. During the reign of emperor of the Han Dynasty, he changed his name to Grand Situ. Most of the ministers in the early Han Dynasty were from meritorious backgrounds, and their positions were very high, and they had some requests, and the emperor did not allow them to obey. The great politics of the DPRK and China are also mostly out of the prime minister. There is a master planner under the prime minister, a counting minister, who is responsible for the county and the country. The Shangji was a system in which local officials and declared one-year rulings to the imperial court. The statute includes a one-year lease, a prison sentence, and an election. The imperial court evaluated local officials according to the statute, and those who had meritorious service were rewarded and those who had passed were punished. Xiangfu is a subordinate of Changshi, Sizhi, and Zhu Cao (朱曹掾[yuanyuan]). Changshi is the chief of the subordinates. Si Zhi is responsible for picketing illegal officials. Zhu Cao was a separate administrative department according to various administrative functions. There are Xi Cao, Dong Cao, Song Cao, Hui Cao, Cang Cao, etc., in charge of the appointment and dismissal of officials, county affairs, Zhang Song deliberations, collection of rent and grain and other matters. The genus is the official of each Cao, and the genus is higher than the genus. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the power of the Chancellor declined, and the real exercise of the Xiang Power was the Great General Sima LingShang Shushi.
Taiwei was not often set up in the early Han Dynasty, and emperor Wu of Han made it a province during the time of Emperor Wu of Han. The general was originally a military attaché and was responsible for leading the conquest. In the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty (119 BC), because of Wei Qing and Huo's meritorious conquest of the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of han made Wei Qing a great general of the Great Sima and Huo went ill as the general of the Great Sima Biao [piao ticket]. After Emperor Wu's death, his cousin Huo Guang led Shangshu as the Grand Sima General. Since then, Sima Da has become the de facto ruler. By the time of emperor Ai of Han, Sima Dai was even more prominent, and Wang Mang seized power in the Western Han Dynasty with this position. The title of General of the Great Sima Belt has a part. The subordinate is a military establishment, that is, the general battalion has five parts, each with a lieutenant; the subordinate is a song, and each song has a military waiting. Sima Dai also opened the government to appoint subordinate officials. The subordinate officials include Changshi, Sizhi, Shu, Shi, Gongcao, Huicao, Menxia, Master, Lingshi, etc.
Yushi Dafu did not change much in the early Han Dynasty, and was renamed Dasikong during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han. Under the Imperial Master, there were still Cheng and Zhongcheng, and the positions were the same as those of the Qin Dynasty. Yushi Zhongcheng was also known as Zhongyi in the Han Dynasty. After The Imperial Master changed his name to Grand Sikong, Yushi Zhongcheng also changed his name to Imperial History Changshi for a time, and became the chief official of Lantai, and the Great Sikong no longer had the responsibility of supervising the hundred officials. Yushi zhongzhong served 15 people in the imperial history, responsible for law enforcement in the palace and in the palace, and impeaching the illegal and illegal acts of hundreds of officials. There are also imperial histories entrusted by the emperor with special tasks, such as the imperial history of the superintendent sent to the army, the imperial history of the embroidered clothes or the emissaries of the embroidered clothes who go out to govern major prisons, and the imperial history of the emperor who holds a book and serves when he fasts. This kind of imperial history is set up according to events and is not customized. The subordinate officials of The Imperial History Doctor include Yushi Tuan, Xi Cao Tuan, Master Book, Shaoshi, YuShi Genus, and Pillar Order.
There are three main aspects to the change in Lieqing.
First, the official names of some of the secretaries of state have changed, and the number of subordinate officials has increased or decreased. The details are as follows:
Feng Chang changed his name to Tai Chang during the Reign of emperor Jing of Han. In addition to being in charge of the ceremonies of the temple, Tai Chang also had the function of managing school education. In the early Han Dynasty, there were doctors along the Qin system, which was too common, but the number was not large. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he advocated Confucianism and issued a decree to the Doctor of the Five Classics. At the same time, Taixue was established in Chang'an. Taixue was the highest institution of learning in the Han Dynasty, the chief officer was a servant, the teacher was called the Doctor of the Five Classics, and the students were called doctoral disciples, also known as tai students. The Taixue of the Han Dynasty continued to expand, and the number of Tai students increased repeatedly, becoming the reserve army of the bureaucracy of the Han Dynasty.
Lang Zhongling, who changed his name to Guanglu Xun during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was mainly responsible for guarding the palace portal. In addition to the servants, there are still doctors, langs, and gurus. Among them, the doctor and lang have changed. Zhongdafu changed his name to Guanglu Dafu, and his status was the most prominent. Dr. Taizhong and Dr. Zhi are still the same. In addition to Zhonglang and Lang Zhonglang, Lang Zhonglang was added. Unlike other lang officials, the position of the speaker is similar to that of the doctor. Zhonglang has five facial features, left and right generals, and has a very high status. There are three generals in Lang, namely the car, the household, and the rider. Zhonglang San will be divided into commanders and officials, who are responsible for carrying out the guards. In the Han Dynasty, there were also Tiger Ben and Yulin Zhonglang Generals. Tiger Ben, formerly known as Period Gate, was set up during the time of Emperor Wu, and was renamed Tiger Ben Lang during the Ping Emperor's time, adding Zhonglang General. Yulin, originally named Jianzhang Camp Riding, later changed to Yulin Riding. He also adopted the descendants of the fallen soldiers in Yulin and called Yulin orphans. Emperor Xuan placed Zhonglang as a general. Tiger Ben and Yulin were responsible for sending troops and sometimes transferring to distant places to fight. Gurudwara are officials who convey edicts.
Wei Wei (衛尉), who was once renamed Zhongdafu Ling (中大夫令) during the reign of Emperor Jing of Han, was responsible for defending the imperial palace. The sergeant was called the Confederate Army. Although Wei Wei and Guang Luxun guarded the palace portal with the same division, there was a difference. The lieutenant led the sergeant to the guard, and Guanglu Xun led the lang officer to the lang guard. The guards patrolled the police day and night, checking the door books, and making contact with the Northern Army, which was responsible for guarding the capital. Lang Wei is su wei and yi wei.
Ting Wei, Emperor Jing, and Emperor Lai once changed their name to Dali. Presided over judicial prison breaks. Subordinate officers are Ting Wei Zheng, left and right supervisors, left and right ping. Dianke, Emperor Jing changed his name to Daxing Ling, and Emperor Wu changed his name to DaHongxu [Lu Lu]. The Great Hongqi is the messenger official, in charge of receiving foreign ethnic minority envoys. Subordinate officials have three orders such as pedestrians and beggars. The difference between Dahongqi and the Qin Dynastydians is that in the Han Dynasty, "the emperor jian princes and the princes of Bin belonged to the Great Hongqi" (Tongdian Volume 26 Notes quoted Ying Shao Yue), the Qin Dynasty did not have princes, of course, it is impossible to have this function. During the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, the vassal states were incorporated into the Great Hongxu. The vassal states of all frontier tribes submitted to the Han Dynasty and retained their state names. The officials sent by the central government to the subordinate countries were du wei, cheng, hou, and a thousand people.
Zong Zheng , who changed his name to Zong Bo during the ping emperor' reign, was in charge of the affairs of the clan office, usually filled by those with higher reputations in the clan room. There is a beggar under it. Subordinate officials were Du Sikong Ling (都司空令) and Cheng (丞), who were in charge of the sinners of the clan chamber; internal officials (internal officials) and cheng (丞), who were in charge of internal officials (i.e., bodyguards); and princess family orders and doormen, who were in charge of the family affairs of the emperor's daughter. In addition to managing the emperor's carriage and horses, he was also in charge of the state's horse administration. In the Han Dynasty, the horses were raised in various prisons and stables. All prisons and stables have orders, servants, and lieutenants. In the history of Su Nei, emperor Jing changed his name to Da Nong Ling, and when Emperor Wu of Han changed his name to DaSi Nong. In charge of the national financial economy. There is a cheng under it, also known as a middle beggar. Sang Hongyang, a famous wealth manager in the Han Dynasty, once held this position.
Lieutenant, Emperor Wu changed his name to Zhi Jingo. There are four orders such as the middle base and the beggar. He was responsible for defending the jingshi Chang'an (present-day Xi'an). The sergeant was called the Northern Army.
It will be made a shaofu, and when Emperor Jing changed his name, he will be a master. There is a beggar under it. Subordinate officials have left and right middle waiters, responsible for building construction.
Shuiheng Duwei (水恒都尉), who was established during the reign of Emperor Wu, was in charge of the Shanglin Garden (Royal Garden), and was also in charge of imperial property and coinage.
The biggest change in Shaofu was the improvement of Shangshu's status. Emperor Wu used the eunuch Shang Shu during his reign. When he became emperor, he still used scholars. In the future, both scholars and eunuchs were used. The Western Han Dynasty scholars served as Shangshu Ling (尚書令) and eunuchs as Zhongshu Gurudwara Orders(sūrāns). The main duties of Shangshu are "to play Shangshu under the subordinates, and the Shangshu enters the Tianzi, which is the lower Chancellor; there are political affairs, and the Tianzi often discusses with them" (Han Guan's Answers to Questions). Divided into four Cao affairs: Chang Shu Cao Guan Cheng Xiang and Yu Shi Dafu, Two Thousand Stones Cao Guan Thorn History, Two Thousand Stones Cao Guan Shu Shi, Hu Cao Guan Shu Min Shu Later, three Gong Cao were added to be in charge of prison affairs. The second is the increase in the number of eunuchs. There are yellow door orders and beggars, who are eunuchs in charge of the prohibition (the emperor's residence is called forbidden); give things to the yellow door and the small yellow door, serve the emperor left and right, hand over the Shang Shu song book, and close the forbidden inside and outside the province.
Second, there are nine secretaries among the secretaries of state. Jiuqing later referred to Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Taibu, Tingwei, Dahongxu, Zongzheng, Dasi Nong, and Shaofu, and their status was generally higher than that of other Secretaries.
Third, the formation of the inner dynasty. Nei Dynasty is also known as China North Korea. In the early Han Dynasty, with the development of the power of the chancellor, contradictions arose between the imperial power and the power of the chancellor. In order to strengthen the imperial power, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty weakened the power of the chancellor on the one hand, and on the other hand, raised the status of his close associates and vassals. These people were generals, attendants, zhongchang waiters, left and right Cao, various officials, scattered horses, etc., and the main ones were the high-ranking grand generals sima and general. They were around the emperor every day, directly advising the emperor, and gradually formed a decision-making system in the palace, called "Inner Dynasty". The Inner Dynasty corresponded to the bureaucratic system of "Outer Dynasty" composed of the Chancellor, the Imperial Master, and the Nine Secretaries. The Outer Dynasty gradually evolved into an execution system. The emperor relied on the inner dynasty to restrain the outer dynasty, and the inner dynasty put the emperor's weight above the outer dynasty. Since the context book was in the hands of Shangshu, Emperor Wu took the lead of Shangshu after his death as the great general Sima Da. Since then, the great general Sima Da has become the leader of the inner dynasty who holds real power, and although the chancellor still has a certain position, his actual authority has weakened. Adding officials is also a means of expanding the power of the inner dprk. Among the officials of the Inner Dynasty, the Scattered Horsemen, the Zhongchang Attendants, the Attendants, the Left and Right Cao, and the Various Officials can all become additional officials, and there are also those who give things in the addition of officials. Regarding the addition of officials, it is recorded in the Book of Han and the List of Hundred Officials and Secretaries of State: "ShiZhong, Left and Right Cao, Zhu Officials, Scattered Horsemen, and Zhongchang Attendants, all added officials, and the added or liehou, general, qing, doctor, general, lieutenant, Shangshu, Taiyi, And Taiguan Lingzhi Langzhong, the number of dead, up to dozens." Servants and zhongchang servants were allowed to enter the forbidden place, Zhu Cao was subjected to Shang Shushi, and the officials were given the Dharma, scattered and ridden and ridden by public opinion. He also added officials to the matter, and the addition or doctor, doctor, and speaker, the head of the consultant to deal with, the rank of the constant attendant. That is to say, foreign court officials do not distinguish between civil and military, regardless of the level of the position, as long as the emperor's close associates, they can be added to the service and give the middle official, so that they can enter the forbidden middle and play things, and have both internal and external identities.
The Western Han Dynasty palace officials also followed the Qin system. It was only when Emperor Jing changed his behavior to the Great Changqiu, or used scholars, or eunuchs, and there was also the Middle and Long Autumn, all of whom were empress palace officials. Zhan Shi's status rose compared to the Qin Dynasty. The officials of the imperial palace added the prince's wife and young fu to be responsible for counseling the prince. The highest level of military attaché is called general, including generals, hussar generals, car riding generals, Wei generals, front and rear left and right generals, and column generals. The various generals before the generals were "heavy generals", the most honorable of which were the generals and the generals of the Hussars, who could increase Sima (司馬). Column general refers to dozens of different titles such as general, guerrilla general, and protector general. The shoguns had their own subordinates and shogunate. The shogunate was the office of the shogun, and the subordinate officials were set up by the shogun himself. Below the general is the lieutenant. "The schooler, the name of the camp, is therefore called a school of one of the troops" (Hanshu Wei Qing Biography, Yan Shigu Note). The Division consisted of the Eight Lieutenants of Zhongba, Yue Horse, Infantry, Changshui, Shooting Sound, Tun Riding, Hu Riding, and Tiger Ben, which were founded during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and were subordinate to Jingo.
(2) Magistrates
Local organizations in the Han Dynasty were divided into two categories, one was the county, and the other was the princely kingdom. The Gyeonggi area is different from the county. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the Internal History was established, and emperor Jing placed the left and right Internal Histories separately, and ruled Chang'an City with the lieutenant of the lord (later changed to the main lord of the capital) to govern the land of Gyeonggi. During emperor Wu's reign, he changed the name of Right Inner History to Jing Zhaoyin, The History of Left Inner History to Zuo Feng Yi (平yi平義), and the Lord Duke Du (右扶風), collectively known as Sanfu (三助). Sanfu is both an official name and a regional name. The three assistants also have Kyoto lieutenants and left and right lieutenants, who are in charge of the three auxiliary security. Emperor Wu also set up a lieutenant colonel. In the first year of Zhenghe (92 BC), someone reported to Emperor Wu that the crown prince Liu Zhu had buried wood in the palace and cursed the emperor. Liu was rumored to be furious and sent troops to kill the false accuser Jiang Chong. Emperor Wu of Han sent troops to suppress it, and Liu Zhu committed suicide. History calls it "the scourge of the witches [gugu]". In this incident, Emperor Wu invoked the apprentices who were serving sentences in the palace, and Si Li was the official who led these disciples. Afterwards, The Priest remained. Soon after, the division was formally established as a lieutenant colonel, whose duties were to supervise the seven counties of Sanfu, Sanhe (Henan, Hanoi, and Hedong), and Hongnong, and to correct the officials of the DPRK, including the three dukes, and to supervise the important officials of the county, and to be a very prominent inspector.
At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the organization of the county set up guards and lieutenants, and did not supervise the imperial history. During the reign of Emperor Jing, he changed his name to Taishou (太守), and Wei (尉) was made a lieutenant. Taishou (太守) was the head of a county, and The Governor Sasuke Taishou (太守) managed the military ranks. The Taishou subordinate officials are Cheng (丞), Wuguan (五官掾), Master Bookkeeper (主書), Inspector of Postal Service (督掾), and Zhu Cao (朱曹掾史). Cheng is Taishou's assistant. The five senses are called Taishou "gu gong [gong gong]". Master bookkeeper. The main task of the postmaster is to supervise the counties. The inspector in the second story of "Zhang Fei's Anger whipping the post" in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is this official. Zhu Cao was in charge of specific affairs. The subordinate officers of the capital also have the history of Cheng and Zhu Cao. County-level organizations still set up orders (large counties), long counties (small counties), cheng and wei, which were no different from the Qin Dynasty. The establishment of subordinate officials is roughly similar to the history of the county. Ethnic minority areas still have roads, equivalent to counties. The grass-roots organizations under the county are townships, pavilions and villages. The three elders of the countryside, the rank of the village, the shifu, and the wanderer. The pavilion is the chief of the pavilion, which is a public security and post-transmission organization. Li Li Kui. The establishment of township officials continued until the Wei and Jin dynasties. Although his name still existed after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, in fact it was already extinct. Northern Qi became the three chiefs of the neighborhood, the village, and the party, and became a military officer, no longer belonging to the category of officials.
Alongside the counties were the princely kingdoms. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, seven kingdoms with different surnames were sealed, and later they were destroyed. At the same time as eliminating the king with different surnames, Han Gaozu also made his own sons kings, which he used to protect the Han Dynasty. The Book of Han and the Table of Hundred Officials and Secretaries of State record: "The princes and kings ... There were Taifu Fu Wang, NeiShi zhi guoguo, lieutenants in charge of military duties, ministers in charge of all officials, and Qunqing dafu officials such as the Han Dynasty. "It's almost no different from the setup of the central office. After the Han Jing Emperor quelled the Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms of Wu and Chu (154 BC), he stipulated that the princes would no longer rule the country, change the minister to xiang, and omit the officials of Yushi Dafu, Ting Wei, Shaofu, Zong Zheng, and Doctor. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he ordered the princes to divide their sons into marquises, and the kingdom was divided into marquisates, equivalent to counties. Emperor Hancheng also dismissed neishi, ordering Xiang zhimin to be like Taishou and lieutenants to be lieutenants like jundu. By the time of emperor Yuan of Han, Xiang Geng was under the sheriff. At this point, the princes no longer had the right to the people of the kingdom, but only took the food, clothing, taxation and taxes from their own country. In the early Han Dynasty, 143 people were enfeoffed as marquises. Liehou Shi County, also known as the state, but the resident state is subject to the supervision of the Taishou and the county lieutenant.
During the reign of Emperor Wu, in order to strengthen the supervision of counties (states), the country was divided into 13 supervision areas, called the Thirteen Prefectures. Each state consists of a number of counties, with one assassin. The rank of the Assassin Shi official was not high, only 600 stones, but he patrolled the counties and counties, and could represent the central supervisor Taishou, Wang Guoxiang, and Qiangzong Haoyou. However, Heshi was not a magistrate and did not directly handle local affairs. Because the history of thorns is "humble and dignified, and the officials are small and the power is heavy", it can play the role of "size phase system, internal and external dimension" ("Rizhilu Thorn History"). When He became emperor, he changed his name to State Pastor, and his rank was raised to 2,000 stones. During the Western Han Dynasty, the connection between the central government and the western region was constantly strengthened, and Emperor Wu began to garrison troops in this area and set up officials. In the second year of Shenjue (60 BC), Emperor Xuan of Han established the capital in the Western Regions, and the seat of government was wuleicheng (northeast of present-day Luntai County, Xinjiang), which protected 36 countries in the western region, and later increased to more than 50 countries. Subordinate officers are lieutenants, lieutenants, lieutenants, simas, hou, and thousands of people. Later, Emperor Yuan of Han set up a lieutenant in the Cheshi area. Subordinate officials are Cheng ( 丞 , 司馬 , and Hou . Lieutenant Peng Ji was an official in charge of tun tian affairs under the protection of the Western Regions. It shows that the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions are already the subordinate relations between the central and local governments.
(3) Knight rank
After the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, three types of titles were gradually formed. The first is the clan lord, there are kings, marquises and so on. The second is the Meritorious Lord, who follows the title of the twentieth rank of the Qin Dynasty, but the twentieth rank of the Marquis of Chu, because of the avoidance of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, changed his name to Tonghou, and was jointly known as the Marquis of Guannei with the Nineteenth Rank Guannei Marquis. The third is the Martial Arts Lord, who has eleven ranks such as the Creator, and only practices in the Dynasty of Emperor Wu. The Western Han Dynasty was awarded a knighthood that was wider than that of the Qin Dynasty, and not only rewarded military merit, but was often given grace. The scope of knighthood was also extended from marquises, generals, military officials, and soldiers to the people. Even the officials could lose millet and pay money to buy knighthoods. With a knighthood, there are certain political and economic privileges. High titles may be granted, general titles may be exempted from taxation and military service, and sentences may be commuted in accordance with regulations. Officials may also be given priority in appointing officials. Since the middle period of Emperor Wu, there have been many people who have received low titles, and the privileges cannot be honored, becoming empty titles, so the titles are gradually not valued by people.
Official rank is related to official position and feng lu, and is more important. Ranks are still measured in stone. There are seventeen grades, in order of ten thousand stones, two thousand stones, two thousand stones, two thousand stones, two thousand stones, more than one thousand stones, eight hundred stones, more than eight hundred stones, six hundred stones, more than six hundred stones, four hundred stones, four hundred stones, more than four hundred stones, three hundred stones, more than three hundred stones, two hundred stones, more than two hundred stones, one hundred stones. When the Han Dynasty emperor was in addition to eight hundred stones, than eight hundred stones, there were fifteen and so on. "Medium" means full. "Than" means class. Ancient stones were often used with huhu (huhu), with husses indicating capacity and stones representing weight. There is a difference between the use of stone and hu for official rank, with stone indicating the rank of rank and hu denoting the number of ranks. However, the official rank of a number of stones is not equal to a number of huo, such as the minister, known as wanshi, its month of 350 huo. In fact, Huo is also an imaginary number, because the Western Han Dynasty used money as a valley, such as Yushi Dafu, ranked 2,000 stones, and the monthly salary was 40,000 yuan. Rank and rank are basically the same as the position, so the history books often mark a number of stones under an official position to indicate the level of the position. For example, the county is too shou, usually called two thousand stones. However, it is not static, and those with outstanding political achievements can be increased in rank, and those with poor political performance can be demoted.