Cultivation management technology of Junzi orchid propagation
Junzi orchid is a perennial herb of the genus Junzi orchid in the family Lycopidae, which has high ornamental value, and its flowers, leaves and fruits are beautiful. In the middle of the year, one season appreciates the flowers, three seasons look at the fruit, and the four seasons look at the leaves. Its bright red petals are large, compact, gorgeous and elegant, giving people a symbol of auspicious and festive, ruyi; its leaves, the four seasons are emerald green, the wax is bright and straight, giving people youth and vitality; its fruits, red and yellow stripes, variegated colors, give people a beautiful enjoyment.
Junzi orchid leaves have a variety of colors, there are green, yellow, white, gray lines, different shades of lines in combination, the leaf surface is colorful and pleasing to the eye! The flowers bloom in winter, orange-red or crimson as well as yellow, green, white or heavy-petaled flowers, full of spring and full of vitality. The berries are brightly colored, round, and emerald-like. It has high economic value and ornamental value!
1． A brief history of cultivation
Junzilan is native to the subtropical montane forests of South Africa, and was brought back to England by the Englishman Bovey in 1823, and gradually spread throughout Europe. Australia planted junzi orchid in 1850 and used it to beautify gardens and streets. At present, Junzilan has been planted on all continents of the world.
In 1840, Junzilan was brought to Qingdao by the Germans, and it has been less than two hundred years. Now it is cultivated all over the country, from Haikou in the south to Heilongjiang in the north, of which Jilin, Liaoning, Changchun and other provinces are important seed source bases. And in 1984, Junzilan was designated as the flower of Changchun City.
2． Growth characteristics and living conditions of Junzi orchid
Big flower Junzi Orchid, also known as Junzi Orchid, Sword Leaf Stone Garlic. Lycaenidae, genus Junzi orchid. Native to southern Africa, it is a perennial evergreen herb that is famous for its greenhouse ornamental flowers. Junzilan prefers a warm and cool environment, is not hardy, avoids high temperature and heat, and grows at a moderate temperature of 20 ~ 25 ° C. Afraid of sunlight exposure, like half shade. In the summer heat, Junzilan is in a semi-dormant state. The soil is strictly required to be loose and rich in humus
Growth characteristics: Junzi Lan prefers a cool and moist environment. In summer, the sun is afraid of the sun, and in the winter, it is afraid of the cold. When the temperature is 15 to 25 °C, it is the appropriate period for its growth; below 10 °C, it grows slowly; below 5 °C it is in a dormant state; below 0 °C the leaves are frozen, and even freeze to death when it is severe. Junzilan is also afraid of the scorching sun and high temperature, when the temperature is above 30 ° C, the leaves will wilt yellow and scorch, and the whole plant will dry up and die. Junzi Lanxi grows in loose, well-drained, acidic soils.
(l) Temperature. It is native to Junzilan in the montane forest of southern subtropical Africa, where the four seasons are warm as spring. The annual average minimum temperature is not less than 10 °C, the maximum temperature does not exceed 22 °C, and the annual precipitation is 500-1500 mm. The growth and development of the organs of Junzilan adapts to this natural environment of lukewarm, non-humid and non-drought. The optimal temperature for artificial cultivation should be controlled at 15-25 ° C. When the temperature drops below 10 °C, the growth and development of the plant is slow, when it drops to 5 °C, the growth and development will be inhibited, when the temperature drops below 0 °C, the light frostbite leaves, the heavy ones freeze to death. When the temperature exceeds 30 ° C, the leaves are elongated, and the leaves are slender and soft and thin. The size of the Junzi orchid plant has different temperature requirements for the suitability.
(2) Illumination Junzilan's requirements for light are not strict, and he likes half yin, but is afraid of direct light. Due to the high temperature and soil temperature in summer, it is easy to cause root system disorders, unbalanced absorption of nutrients, resulting in neck pulling, channeling leaves and other phenomena. In addition, due to the strong sunlight exposure, the transpiration effect is greatly increased, and if the watering is improper, the leaf color will appear old and yellow or even wilted. Therefore, the requirements for raising in the middle of summer are:
Shading It is best to place potted plants in shade or shade and avoid direct sunlight at noon.
(3) Moisture. Junzilan's pH value of water is required to be neutral, that is, the PH value is 6.5-7, the water demand of Junzilan plants in growth, and the humidity in the potting soil must be maintained at about 40%. It is necessary to flexibly control changes according to the seasons and climate. Spring should be large and transparent, summer should be diligent and small, autumn should not be dry or wet, and winter should be dry and wet.
When the pot soil is semi-dry in summer, it should be watered, but the watering is thorough, and do not let the water flow into the leaves, so as not to cause rotten heart disease.
Autumn: Avoid rain and water spraying
In autumn, the climate is getting cooler, in the autumn rainy days, the adult Junzilan cut the arrow under the seed, the opportunity to blossom on the arrow is more, at this time, if it is rained or watered too much, it will lead to rotten roots, rotten arrows, rotten hearts and other phenomena.
Therefore, when the upper arrow blossoms, do not spray water. Every half a month or so, pour the rotting cake (1:3). When watering, prevent water from soaking into the center of the leaf cluster, and do not let the rain pour into the leaf bush to avoid rotting. In severe cases, it will cause the whole plant to rot to death.
Winter: Avoid low temperature and dryness
The pot soil must be kept at a humidity of 70% left in winter, and when junzi orchid is at a low temperature below 5 ° C, it must be right, so that it will not be frostbitten due to dryness. If the moisture is less than 20%, it is susceptible to dry freeze and death.
In winter, Junzilan enters a dormant period, the amount of water evaporation is relatively reduced, and the potting soil can be kept moist, but it should be drier. Do not cut off water frequently, accumulate water or pour half-cut water. Otherwise, it will also cause burnt leaves or rotten roots.
(4) Soil Junzilan should choose a slightly acidic culture soil with good air permeability, strong drainage, fertile soil and looseness. Junzilan is the most suitable for forest humus soil, when potting, 80% humus soil plus 20% grain sand, so that it is both fertile and breathable, which is conducive to rooting. The cultivation soil of Junzilan can be "mixed soil", that is, 50% of humus soil, 20% of horse manure soil, 10% of furnace ash residue, 10% of river sand, 10% of bone meal and fried sesame seeds, and evenly mixed. In some places where such potting soil is lacking, soil can also be taken in situ, such as humus soil 70%, river sand 20%, cake fertilizer 10%; or grass charcoal soil 80%, river sand 20%; or pond mud, mountain mud 70%, broken bricks plus charcoal 30%. The gentleman orchid cultivated with the above cultivated soil has green leaves and flowers, and the effect is better.
3 Propagation techniques
Junzilan can be propagated by sowing, splitting and tissue culture, and the following is an introduction to sowing and propagation.
3.1 Sowing and propagation Junzi orchid is a cross-pollinated plant, in order to promote fruiting, it should be artificially pollinated. When the seed peel gradually changes from green to red or brownish red, it is basically ripe. The external environment directly affects the life of seeds, especially temperature and humidity. If the seeds of Junzilan are under high temperature conditions of 45 °C ~ 50 °C, as long as more than one hour has passed, most of the seeds will lose germination power. The temperature of seed storage is preferably below 20 °C, and it can be stored for a short time under the temperature conditions of up to 30 °C ~ 35 °C. Junzi orchid seeds germinate slowly, usually 40 to 45 days from sowing to growing the germ sheath. Where conditions permit, proper treatment before sowing can promote rapid seed germination. Commonly used methods, one is the soaking treatment, the seeds are immersed in 40 ° CC water for 24 to 36 hours, can be advanced to about 20 days to produce radicles; the second is to soak with 10% sodium phosphate solution for 20 minutes, take out and wash and place in the same temperature of water soaked for 24 hours, and then sown in the incubator at room temperature of 20 °C ~ 25 °C, air relative humidity 85%, as soon as 6 days can begin to germinate germinate. The substrate for sowing can be sawdust, river sand, peat, etc., pH5. 5～pH6． 5 as well. The sowing time varies with region, as long as the temperature can be maintained at 20 °C ~ 25 °C (up to 30 °C). According to the climatic characteristics of our country, spring sowing, autumn sowing and winter sowing, of which spring sowing is the most common, the best before and after the Qingming Dynasty, the south can also be early, the north should be late. Autumn sowing mainly uses early ripening fruits to be picked and sown as they please, and the best time is between summer and white dew. Winter sowing is mostly in the northern areas where heating equipment is available. After the seeds of Junzi orchid germinate, after about a month and a half, when the true leaves are exposed from the bud sheath, they can be transplanted for the first time, and when they grow to two true leaves, they can be colonized, one plant per pot.
3.2． Vegetative propagation The most commonly used vegetative propagation is to divide the plants and bulbs. The most widely used branch, extracting axillary buds from the axillary leaves of the mother plant, its asexual reproduction ability varies according to the age of the plant and the difference of the variety, and the adult plants and ordinary varieties are easy to extract axillary buds. The time of plant division varies according to the different conditions in various places, and those with heating equipment or a medium-temperature greenhouse can be carried out all year round; and in the Yangtze River Basin and its southern region, it is advisable to divide the plants in autumn before the valley rains, generally between white dew and autumn equinox. When the leaves have grown to 6-7 in the spring, remove the seedlings around the mother plant. After the separation of the mother plant and the wounds of the sub-plants, the wounds of the mother plant and the sub-plants should be coated with fine furnace ash to avoid the bleeding of the wound, so that the wounds can dry quickly and prevent decay. If the sub-plant has few roots, it can be planted with fine sand and maintained at room temperature of 20-25 °C, which is conducive to the germination and growth of the root system. Larger offspring can flower after 1-2 years of maintenance. The time of bulb propagation can be carried out regardless of the region, as long as the temperature can be stabilized at about 20 °C. 4． Cultivation techniques
(1) Junzi orchid selection
A flower in Junzilan, nine months from pollination, the fruit turns from green to yellow, from yellow to red, and the fruit begins to ripen. After the fruit is ripe, the entire fruit arrow is cut from the middle of the arrow shaft and placed in a place where the light is ventilated, after about 20 days of post-ripening process. Peel off the seeds, pick those that are full of grains, have buds, are ready to be sown, dry, and have no buds, and you can be eliminated. A fruit has at least one seed, up to 20-30 grains, Junzi orchid seeds contain large water, should not be stored for a long time, within a week after peeling, must be sown, too long the seed will dry up, bud eye shrinkage, affecting the emergence rate. If the seeds want to be stored for a longer time, it is best to drop the arrow late, or peel it out later after the arrow.
(2) Junzi Orchid Seedlings
Junzilan seedlings have a unique technology, Junzilan seedling time is generally from November to February of the following year, the key to seedlings is temperature control, the temperature of seedlings is generally between 20-30 ° C, to have a certain temperature difference. In this way, it can ensure fast germination and budding.
Before seedlings, prepare seedlings of utensils such as tile shallow pots, wooden boxes, small holes, plastic baskets, etc., which must have drainage holes or gaps. The size of the utensils is suitable for easy moving, the depth is about 8-10 cm, and there are several feasible seedling methods below.
River sand seedling method: Sift the river sand into the size of small grains, rinse with clean water, and then boil or blanch in boiling water for 3-5 minutes to eliminate harmful bacteria. Then put the treated river sand into the container, scrape it flat with a board, and arrange the buds of the seeds downwards, the spacing depends on the number of seeds, the seeds can be denser, and the seeds can be less sparse. After placing it, cover it with a layer of sand, just cover the seeds, not cover too thick, cover the sand, about 1cm from the top of the utensil. Then water through, and then once a day to float, after about 30 days to grow the germ sheath.
Sawdust seedling method: Sawdust seedlings are made of white pine, forged wood, or hardwood sawdust washed and washed, placed in the appliance, flattened, placed spacing, covering, watering and river sand seedling method is the same, the difference is that the sawdust seedling method is seedlings, about a week earlier than the river sand seedling method.
Pine needle seedling method: select the pine needle of larch, soak it to make it watery and clean, put it in the appliance, flatten, put the seed bud eye down to the inside, and the above two seedling methods are different, the overlay layer above the seed is thicker, generally covered by about 1cm, the pine needle seedling method has a high seedling rate, not easy to spoil the seed, and the pine needle seedling should keep the pine needle in a dry and wet state.
(3) Management of seedlings
Seedlings refer to the bud seedlings in the growth period of about half a year, the leaves are about 1-3 pieces, the seedlings like light, high temperature, and the temperature can be controlled at 20-30 ° C. When the seed grows the first true leaf from the germ sheath, the plant begins to develop on its own, the seedlings begin to divide the pots about 3 months after sowing, the potting should be carried out in batches in a timely manner, when the first leaf grows about 1cm, that is, the optimal potting height, the new leaves that have just grown and the seedlings that have not grown new leaves are to grow to a certain height, and then the second potting is carried out. Seedlings are transplanted in pots, choose shallow pots or wooden boxes, plastic baskets and other utensils, load the nutrient soil 1 cm from the upper end, after flattening, use bamboo chopsticks, or with pointed bamboo sticks to prick holes, appropriately open the spacing, and then carefully insert the fleshy roots of the seedlings, and then press the soil solid, but note that the front of each leaf must be in one direction to facilitate lighting.
(4) Management of annual seedlings
Junzilan seedlings refer to seedlings in the annual growth period, usually there are about 6 leaves, at this time, the characteristics of the management of the diaphragm are that the seedlings of multiple plants are raised in pots, generally with 4 inches (13cm) pots, according to the size of the place can be planted 1-3 plants. The management of the seedling stage directly affects the growth and development of plants. The temperature of the seedlings should be about 20 ° C, and attention should be paid to lighting and ventilation. The number of roots at the seedling stage is basically the same as the number of leaves. In summer, small seedlings with high temperatures plant small pots are small and easy to dry. Therefore, when the seedlings are particularly hot, they should be watered in the morning and evening to maintain the humidity of the potting soil. The seedlings can be fertilized after the potting, and the concentration of fertilization should be low, generally once every half a month.
(5) Management of the second-year Zhonglan
The seedling period of Junzi Orchid is the middle orchid stage of the second year of birth until the end of two years. At this time, it reaches about 13 leaves, and the indicators of plant shape stability have been determined.
At this time, the management is the main period of Junzi Orchid Cultivation, which has higher requirements for soil, moisture, temperature, light, fertilizer and so on. In the spring and autumn, the two seasons of the second year need to change the nutrient soil once, and replace the larger pots, generally with 5 inches -6 inch pots (16-20 cm). When changing soil, first fill the pot with 1/5 thick nutrient soil, hold the root system with your hand to fill the root core of the soil, do not let the soil fall out, put it in the pot. The surrounding area is filled with soil compaction. The plant is positioned in the middle, i.e., do not expose the rhizome and do not bury it too deeply. The correct soil is buried between the rhizome and the false bulb.
(6.) Management of Cheng Linglan
After more than two years of growth, that is, entering the reproductive growth stage, Junzi orchid can blossom and bear fruit, that is, Chengling orchid.
After Entering the reproductive growth period, Junzilan needs a large supply of nutrients. It not only has to grow and develop, but it also has to be arrowed, flowered, and bears fruit. If malnourished, the plant is weak, the flowering period is delayed, and the fruit set is less. In order for junzi orchids to thrive during the formation period, it is necessary to strengthen various management, pay special attention to the supply of fertilizer, apply potassium fertilizer regularly, and increase the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. To ensure that the plant blooms on schedule, the flowers are colorful and the fruit set rate is high.
When drawing arrows, Cheng Linglan should maintain a suitable temperature and temperature difference and sufficient moisture to prevent the occurrence of the phenomenon of pinching arrows.
(7) Management of the flowering period
Junzi orchid flowering period is mostly in winter, this period to take corresponding measures to ensure its normal flowering, pollination, fruit setting, this is a very important period.
The flower colors of Junzi orchid are orange yellow, orange red, bright red, big red and so on. Special colors such as apricot yellow, milky white, snow white, and green are also special. Light has a great influence on the color of flowers, and flowers are bright and bright with sufficient sunlight. Lack of light and light color. During the flowering period, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied to improve the fruit set rate.
Artificial pollination should be carried out during the flowering period, and the method and timing of pollination should be mastered. The flowers of junzi orchid are hermaphroditic, with six stamens and one pistil growing in the same flower, with a ball of pollen at the short tip of the stamens and three forks on the stigma of the pistils.
Pollination timing, when the stamens pollen matures one day after the flowers bloom, that is, the burst powder. At this time, the three forks of the pistil stigma have mucus secretion, which is very easy to stick to pollen, which is a suitable period for pollination.
Pollination time is 9:00-11:00 a.m. and 1:00-3:00 p.m., when the sun is full and the temperature is moderate, which can achieve a good pollination effect. After the first pollination, it can be re-ededged every 1-2 days to ensure the effect of pollination.
Pollinators such as forceps, small pill bottles, etc. should be prepared in advance. Pollination operation process, first use forceps to pick stamens, 2-3 stamens with soft paper rolls in the middle and the same size as the bottle mouth of the paper roll, roll pollen after leaving about 1cm pollen rod, pollen into the bottle to store for later use. Pollination can be directly carried out using forceps, or the pollen rolled up in a small bottle of paper can be pulled out and directly pointed to the three forks of the pistil, that is, a pollination is completed. After the pollination, some fine treasures and meaningful ties are labeled, indicating the name of the father and the time of pollination, so as to provide a basis for breeding new varieties.
5． Pest control
5.1 Diseases
Common diseases of Junzilan are soft rot, anthrax, leukoplakia, white silk disease and so on
(1) Soft rot. It generally occurs in the lower leaf tip, and at the beginning of the disease, the leaves appear water-stained dark green irregular spots, and after expansion, they are connected into a large irregularly shaped spot, which spreads to the roots; In the later stages, the brown color is soft and rotten, and the plant dies in severe cases.
Prevention and control methods: high temperature sterilization of nutrient soil, removal of rotten parts and burning, ventilation and cooling. Available 0. 5% Bordeaux liquid sprayed or sprayed 70% methyl tolb wettable powder 800 to 1000 times liquid, once a time in 7 days, 2 to 3 times continuously, or 70% daisen zinc wettable powder 500 to 700 times liquid, and irrigated roots.
(2) Anthrax. The leaves appear pale brown or dark brown spots, gradually enlarged into round, oval or round, with rotunda spots, on which there are black granules, and when wet, they gush out a pink liquid, which is a spore pile of pathogenic bacteria. In severe cases, the leaves wither and fall off. The disease occurs more often than in the wet and high temperature seasons, and it is easy to get sick if it is too wet, especially in the evening, when watering and plants are placed too densely.
Prevention and control methods Timely pruning of diseased leaves, removal and destruction of diseased residues. 50% tolbuzin wettable powder 1500 times liquid, or 200 times the same amount of Bordeaux liquid sprayed on the vegetative soil and the ground around the placed pots (3) Junzi orchid leaf spot disease
Symptoms The leaves are initially faded green macula, enlarged into a large irregular shape, the edges are slightly raised brown, the center is grayish brown, and black particles appear on the later spots.
The pathogen is the stem-point fungus Macrophom sp..
Route of infection The pathogen survives on the diseased leaves of parasitic plants and is mostly damaged by wound infection. Plants are susceptible to disease when they are weak.
Prevention and control methods Timely pruning of diseased leaves. At the beginning of the disease, spray 50% carbendazim wettable powder 600 times liquid.
5.2 Insect pests
(1) Mesenchymal insects. When insect pests occur, mesozoans often gather on young leaves to suck up leaf fluid, secrete a large number of germs, make the stems and leaves become moldy black, causing soot disease and making the leaves wither. The insect is highly fertile, and if it is not taken in time to control it, it can cause the death of the entire plant. Prevention and control methods: prevention should be the mainstay, usually pay attention to the implementation of plants, find insect pests, and eradicate as soon as possible to prevent spread. If only 1 to 2 leaf tips are found to be infested, it can be manually scraped off and the insect body is removed with a bamboo whip. If a large number of nymphs appear, spray with 25% iminothion emulsion 1000 times liquid, or can be diluted with 40% oxidized Lego emulsion 1000 to 1500 times liquid spray. Generally, it can be killed by spraying 1 to 2 times.
(2) Snails. Snails occur seriously in many provinces and cities in the south of China, and the northern regions are also endangered by them. There are four kinds of snails that are harmful to garden plants: gray snails, thin bulb snails, homogeneous snails and striped snails, and the common one is gray snails. Snails are formed, and larvae and eggs overwinter. The environment is dark and damp, and the organic matter pot soil is conducive to snails overwintering. Adult larvae inhabit the bottom of the pot during the day and climb up to the leaves at night to feed.
Pathogenesis: Gray snails occur in 1 generation per year, and their life span can reach more than 1 year. Snails inhabit the bottom of pots or bricks during the day and climb out to the leaves at night. The harm of snails to Junzi orchid is mainly to eat the flower cover, stamens, pistils and young leaves. There are sporadic missing marks on the damaged leaves, and silver marks are left everywhere they climb, which affects the normal photosynthesis of flowers and also damages ornamentation. Dormant in low temperatures in winter and high temperatures in summer, and harmful activities when environmental conditions are suitable. Females lay their eggs in grass roots, in the soil at the roots of flowers, under stones, or in soil.
Prevention method: drug control is administered with 80% snail repellent granules or 10% polyacetaldehyde granules, 1.5 g per square meter, or sprinkle some lime powder around the basin. The simple and more efficient approach is manual capture.
(3) Rat woman. Ratworts, also known as tide worms and watermelon worms, belong to the crustaceans. Widely distributed in the north and south, it mainly hurts the roots and stems of flowers, causing the stems to fester.
Pathogenesis: Rat women occur in a generation every 1 year. Prefers to live in wet conditions and is not drought tolerant. When the foreign object touches, the body curls up into a ball and pretends to be dead. During the day, it lurks at the bottom of the pot, eats young roots from the drainage hole at the bottom of the pot, and is harmful at night. Each female lays about 30 eggs and takes about 60 days to hatch. Rat women have strong regenerative ability, such as antennae, limb and foot loss, and can grow new antennae and limbs and feet through molting. This insect mainly damages the roots and stems of Junzi orchid, causing the stem to be missing and festering.
Control methods: (1) When it is serious, use 30% long-actuated phosphorus compound 3000 times liquid to spray on the pot, ground or plant. (2) Keep the greenhouse clean and remove excess bricks, weeds and all kinds of waste and miscellaneous items.
In view of the huge development prospects of Junzilan in the future, the cultivation of Junzilan is very likely to become a pillar industry of flower planting in the future, and the promotion of High-quality and efficient cultivation technology of Junzilan will provide great help to the development of the flower industry and add luster to the planting industry of the motherland.