• New gallery opens
In the oracle bones excavated from the Yin Ruins site in the late Shang Dynasty, we can find the names of more than 100 Fang states, but there is no "bad fang"; according to the "Xunzi", after the Western Zhou Dynasty combined the world, seventy-one countries were established, but looking through the history books, we can't find a record of the bad country. Posterity can know the bad country, only because the image of the bad hou was "short-lived" in the history books.
The "History of Yin Benji" says: "(纣) with Xi Bochang, Jiuhou, and Ehou as the three dukes. The Ninth Marquis has a good daughter, and the Ninth Marquis does not commit adultery, is angry, and kills the Ninth Marquis. The Marquis of Ehou is strong, the disease is discerned, and the Marquis of Ehou is preserved. ”
The Warring States Strategy, Zhao Ce III, says: "In the past, the Ghost Marquis, the Marquis of E, the King of Wen, the Three Dukes of The Ghost Hou, the Ghost Hou had sons and good, so they entered the Hou, and the Hou thought it was evil, and the Hou of the Ghost, the Marquis of E, the Marquis of E, ”
At the end of the Shang Dynasty, he was already ranked as the third duke of the dynasty along with Xi Bochang (later King Wen of Zhou) and the Ninth Marquis (or Ghost Hou), who had a strong personality and dared to anger the King of Qiu for the Ninth Marquis after being wrongfully killed. However, the admirable nightmare eventually died in vain, and the hearers all lamented... His misfortune makes people wonder, after the death of the bad hou, was his descendants implicated? Is his country still okay? Unfortunately, history has not left us with an answer, in addition, there is no longer a single word about the bad country in the history books, and the history of the bad country has not been known for a long time.
Unexpectedly, in 2007, due to the attempted excavation of criminals, archaeologists rescued and excavated a tomb of the early Western Zhou Dynasty in Yangzi Mountain, Suizhou, Hubei Province, and a period of bad country history that had been swallowed up by the long river of history for 3,000 years suddenly reappeared in front of people. The luck of our generation doesn't stop there. After that, only 5 years later, in 2012, due to the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, archaeologists discovered a tomb in the Late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period in Xiayoupu, Nanyang, Henan Province, and new clues were ushered in about the long-standing problems of the geographical location and historical development of the Country.
In order to fully present the development context of the bronze ware of the Badger Country and restore the historical features of the Bad country for the audience, the Shanghai Museum hereby holds the "Legend of Hanhuai - The Essence of the Bronze Ware of the Bad country exhibition". The exhibition will run until January 16, 2022.
The scene of the opening ceremony of the exhibition
The exhibition is mainly divided into the following three parts.
Part I • The Nightmare Family
In 2007, an early Western Zhou tomb (numbered Yangzishan M4) was found in Anju Yangzi Mountain, Suizhou, Hubei Province, and 27 bronze artifacts were excavated, of which 9 were cast with the inscription "Badhou", which was a generation of Badhou tombs.
Schematic map of the location of the Yangzishan cemetery in Suizhou
As an ancient state (clan) clan, in addition to the Badhou, there are still bad uncles, bad seasons and bad brothers. Bad brother
Ji Zun was clearly unearthed in Suizhou Yangzi Mountain and was an active family member of the same era.
With the strange pattern of animal face "human eyes" and "human nose", the bronze ware of the Nightmare Kingdom creates a unique and unique artistic style, which has achieved the peak of the early bronze craftsmanship of the Nightmare Kingdom.
Who are the brothers of Nightmare Hou?
Bo, Zhong, Shu, and Ji are the order of brothers, which are used to distinguish between the elder and the young. Generally speaking, "Bo" is the eldest, "Zhong" is the second son, the third son is called "Uncle", and "Ji" refers to the youngest child. It can be seen that the aesthetics and utensils of the brothers are very different.
Nightmare Fang Ding/Early Western Zhou
In 2007, Tomb No. 4 of Anju Yangzishan was excavated
Suizhou Museum Collection
Bad Uncle Gui/Early Western Zhou
Collection of Shanghai Museum
Bad Season Father Gui/Early Western Zhou Dynasty
Where is the nightmare "Bo"?
In ancient society, according to the patriarchal system, it was generally common for the eldest son to inherit the father's throne, so the previous generations of bad princes should theoretically be "uncles". In Tomb No. 4 of Yangzishan, on the Fang Ding, which is difficult to cast and generally symbolizes the noble status of the tomb owner, there are two lines and six characters in the inscription: "Bad (Zhong) Zha (Zuo) Bao Yi". In addition, the word "Bo" does not appear in the bronze inscription excavated from Tomb No. 4 of Yangzishan Mountain, so some scholars believe that this generation of Badhou may have been served by the second son "Nightmare Zhong", and his eldest brother "Badbo" may not have been successfully inherited due to early death or other reasons. In the first corner cabinet of this section, a series of nightmares are displayed.
In the first corner cabinet of the "Nightmare Family" section,
A series of nightmares on display
Nightmare Ding/Early Western Zhou Dynasty
Who else has social ties to the Nightmare Family?
In the second corner cabinet of this section, through the information such as the names of the artifacts and rubbings on the exhibition explanatory board, bronzes excavated from Tomb No. 4 of Yangzishan can be found, as well as bronzes from "Ran", "Ning Father", "Ge Father C" and others. These bronzes may be the spoils of war of the Nightmare, or they may be from the blessings of friends for the funeral of the Nightmare. These people, on the other hand, have more or less social ties with the Nightmare Family.
In the second corner cabinet of the "Nightmare Family" section,
Other bronzes related to the Nightmare are on display
Why are the early Western Zhou Dynasty bronzes "unique"?
The eyes on the beast's face are shining,
Eyelids, eyelids, eyeballs, pupils are clearly layered;
The eyebrows on the animal's face are bent and curved,
Like two crescent moons, the roots of the eyebrows are delicate;
The nose on the animal's face is high and bulging,
The wings of the nose are round and wide, very similar to the human nose.
The animal face pattern on the Nightmare And the Nightmare Fang
Guess at which angles of these animal faces are taken from each of the two artifacts?
The two central cabinets in this section display the unique three pieces of nightmares with the "human eye" and "human nose" animal face patterns - the nightmare hou fang and a pair of bad hou ji. So far, only four artifacts with such animal face patterns have been unearthed in Suizhou Yangzi Mountain, which is also one of the few in the country. The remaining animal face tattoo also came to the Shanghai Museum this time, and reflected these three pieces in the opposite display cabinet.
What are the highlights of the bad country bronzes unearthed in Suizhou?
Golden, earthy, dark red...
Dark green, grass green, blue green...
Lake blue, sky blue, indigo...
The rust color on the bronze of the kingdom of Nightmare is colorful,
It's dizzying and dizzying.
Suizhou unearthed the rust color on the bronze of the Nightmare Country
Swipe left or right to view
Guess which of these rust-colored artifacts are photographed in the exhibition hall?
In fact, the natural color of bronze should be gold, so ancient customs call bronze gold or jijin. The bronzes that have been passed down or unearthed so far usually show green rust on the surface of the utensils. However, due to the difference in burial conditions such as geology and moisture, some of the artifacts have formed a rare blue color, magnificent and strange, and moving due to differences in burial conditions in Suizhou, Hubei Province.
Part II • The Relationship between the Kingdom of Nightmares and the Zhou Royal Family
In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, the two states were important princely states for the Western Zhou Dynasty to guard the southern border and control the passage of the Golden Road. In the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, the Kingdom of Nightmare married the Zhou royal family, and the Marquis of Xiahou offered a pot, feasted with the King of Zhou, and shot a salute in parallel, showing the friendly and close relationship between the Marquis of Xiahou and the King of Zhou.
The good times were unusual, and in the late li dynasty, Hou Yifang led the rebellion of Dongyi and Nanhuaiyi, which shook the Zhou Dynasty, and the King of Zhou used the Western Sixth Division and the Yin Eighth Division to cut down the nightmare, and finally ended with capturing the Xiahou Yifang and extinguishing the bad country.
Who is The Nightmare Rider?
In the second part of the exhibition, the age of the focus artifacts shifts from the early Western Zhou To the late Western Zhou. From "Bad country subject Zhou, befriending the king" to "bad country rebelling against Zhou, the wind and clouds change color", the bad hou yu fang played an important role in it and played a decisive factor. Among these two important bronzes that record the history of the Nightmare Kingdom, the name of the "Driving Fang" of the Nightmare Hou appears repeatedly in the inscription.
Nightmare Fang Ding/Late Western Zhou Dynasty
Ruo Yun Xuan hidden
The inscription "噩侯驭方方" appears in the inscription of "噩侯驭方"
There have been 6 "driving parties" in this Ding, and you are welcome to find them out one by one
Yu Ding/Late Western Zhou Dynasty
Collection of the National Museum of China
Yu Ding inscription appears in the "Badhou Driving Fang"
There have been 4 "driving parties" in this Ding, and we are welcome to find them out one by one
Part III • Nightmare Recurrence
From 2012 to 2014, Xia Yupu, Xindian Township, Nanyang City, discovered the tombs of the Xiahou family from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period, and after scientific excavations, more than 80 tombs were cleared out, and a large number of bronzes were excavated, casting inscriptions such as "Badhou", "Nightmare Ginger" and "Nightmare", including four generations of Xiahou couples.
The discovery of the xiahou cemetery of Xia Yupu rewrote the traditional view that the bad country perished in the rebellion of the Yifang, and provided new clues and dawn for understanding the geographical location and historical development of the bad country.
Schematic map of the location of the Nanyang Xia Yu Pu Badguo Cemetery
Bronze artifacts have been unearthed from the tombs of the four generations of Xiahou couples, reflecting the development of bronze art from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period of the Nightmare Kingdom.
How to judge that there are four generations of tombs of the bad wife?
There are a total of 7 large tombs in the Nanyang Xia Yupu Cemetery, which live in the middle of the cemetery and are lined up from east to west. From the tomb specifications and burial utensils, it can be immediately judged that these 7 tombs belong to high-ranking nobles, which should be the tombs of the previous generations of bad luck. Of the 7 tombs, the 6 tombs in the east are lined up in pairs, while the western ones are only 1 tomb left due to theft, and the distance between each group of tombs is slightly larger.
Distribution map of tombs in the Nanyang Xia Yu Pu Badguo Cemetery
Therefore, the tombs of these two groups are the tombs of the same generation of the bad lucky couple. In this way, a total of four generations of Xiahou couples have been unearthed in the Nanyang Xia Yupu Cemetery. In the third part of the exhibition, some of the artifacts excavated from the tombs of the four generations of the Badhou couple are displayed, and the floor plan of the tomb and the excavation of the artifacts are added to the opposite side of the corresponding display cabinet.
In the first showcase of the "Badlands Reappearing" section,
Some of the artifacts excavated from the tombs of the M6 and M5 nightmare couples on display
In the second showcase of the "Nightmare Country Reappears" section,
Some of the artifacts excavated from the tombs of the M19 and M20 couples on display
In the third corner cabinet of the "Badlands Reappear" section,
Part of the excavation artifacts from the tomb of Lady Nightmare hou on display
In the fourth showcase of the "Badlands Reappearing" section,
Some of the artifacts excavated from the tombs of the M16 and M7 couples on display
How is the tomb of Lady Nightmare distinguished from the tomb of Lady Nightmare?
In the bronzes of the Zhou Dynasty, the names of aristocratic women were often not recorded. According to records, at that time, men were called surnames and women were called surnames. Therefore, they are often referred to by the national family name of the husband or father in front of their original surname.
For example, the "bad ginger" in the Nanyang Xiayupu cemetery M5 (M is the pinyin abbreviation of "tomb", M5 is tomb No. 5) should be a certain generation of bad lucky lady with the surname "Jiang", and the "bad ginger" in M20 should be another generation of bad lucky lady with the surname "Jiang". "Jiang" is a common surname in the Zhou Dynasty, and King Wu of Zhou once conferred the title of jiang ziya in Qi, so the dukes of the state of Qi were surnamed "Jiang".
Nightmare ginger mane/late Western Zhou
In 2012-2014, Tomb No. 5 of Nanyang Xia Yupu was excavated
Collection of Nanyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology
Nightmare Ginger/Early Spring and Autumn
From 2012 to 2014, Tomb No. 20 of Nanyang Xia Yupu was excavated
Where can I find the inscription?
The exhibition uses bronze as the carrier and the inscription content as the longitude and latitude, so the inscription is also one of the important highlights of the exhibition. The inscriptions of bronzes generally appear in several specific positions, such as the near edge of the inner wall of the utensil, the bottom of the inner wall of the utensil, the mouth edge of the utensil, or the underside of the handle (that is, the handle).
Inscription on the near edge of the inner wall of the Ding
Inscription at the bottom of the inner wall of the disc and the inside of the disc
Inscription on the rim of the mane and lid
Guess which artifacts of these inscriptions are photographed in the exhibition hall?
What does it mean to be a?
"Concubine" is a person or thing given by marrying or accompanying a woman in ancient times. The ceremonial vessels made for the marriage of women in bronze are collectively referred to as "concubines". In this exhibition, there is a pot, which is a vessel. On the outside of its lid there is an inscription "Nightmare Hou Zha (作) Meng ji 媵 kettle", that is, the dowry vessel made by The Nightmare Hou for his daughter Meng Ji.
Nightmare Pot/Early Spring and Autumn
In 2012-2014, Tomb No. 19 of Xia Yupu in Nanyang was excavated
What is the last name of the country?
The Nanyang XiaYupu Cemetery is the tomb of the Xiahou family from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period. According to the way the Zhou Dynasty named noble women, it can be seen from the inscription of this badhou pot that the surname of the Xiahou Marquis from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period should be the same as his daughter's surname , "Ji". "Ji" was also the surname of a member of the Zhou Dynasty royal family.
However, the National Palace Museum in Taipei has three pieces of the Early and Mid-Western Zhou Dynasty Nightmare Hou Gui, and the inscriptions on the inner sole and cover of the vessel are written with the words "Xiahou Zha Wang Jiao Jie Gui", indicating that before the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the Badhou at that time should have been surnamed "Jiao".
Nightmare Bell/Late Western Zhou Dynasty
From 2012 to 2014, Tomb No. 6 of Nanyang Xia Yupu was excavated
This bell has a three-character inscription "Bad Hou Cha (作)"
What really happened to the bad country in the late Western Zhou Dynasty?
From the perspective of excavated artifacts, the late Western Zhou to early Spring and Autumn Badhou ware excavated by Nanyang Xia Yupu has undergone tremendous changes in artistic style and production technology compared with the early Western Zhou Nightmare Ware excavated from Yangzi Mountain in Suizhou.
Judging from the inscriptions, the surname of Xiahou may have been changed in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, and the surname of Xiahou in the early and middle Western Zhou Dynasty may have been "姞", but from the late Western Zhou to the early Spring and Autumn Period, the Xiahou of Xia's Salary may have been the surname of "Ji".
From the perspective of the ground, the early Western Zhou Dynasty should be located in the Suizhou area, while the Late Western Zhou to early Spring and Autumn Period State was located in the Nanyang area, indicating that the fiefdoms of the Western Zhou Kingdom were also different.
What is the relationship between all this and the rebellion of the late Western Zhou Dynasty? Could it be that the early and late Western Zhou Dynasties were two different families? The archaeological discovery of the Xia Yupu cemetery in Nanyang did not put an end to the controversy over the history of the Nightmare Country, but the discovery triggered more discussion and once again pushed the Nightmare Country to the focus of everyone's attention...
Quick tour of the showroom
Explore the strange patterns of the bronzes of the Nightmare Country and trace the mystery fog of the history of the Nightmare Country, welcome to the third exhibition hall on the fourth floor of the Shanghai Museum from October 20, 2021 to January 16, 2022 to visit the "Legend of Hanhuai - The Essence of the Bronze Ware of the Nightmare Country". In order to hold this exhibition, the Shanghai Museum not only exhibited the collection of The Nightmare Country Bronzes, but also inherited the trust and kindness of institutions and private collectors such as the National Museum of China, Suizhou City Museum, Zhengzhou Museum, Nanyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, etc., and presented a total of 60 carefully selected Badland bronzes for the audience. This exhibition gathers for the first time the bronzes of the Kingdom of Nightmare from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period, and uses the bronze as the carrier and the content of the inscription as the longitude and latitude, which completely presents the development context of the bronze ware of the Kingdom of The Kingdom of The Kingdom of The Kingdom of The Kingdom of The Mirror and restores the historical appearance of the Kingdom of The Kingdom of The Mirror for the audience. It is believed that this exhibition can bring the audience an unforgettable ancient history experience and artistic enjoyment, so as to recognize and love the long history and splendid ancient civilization of our country.
• Legend of Hanhuai - Exhibition of Bronze Quintessence of the Nightmare Country •
Special/Exhibition/Guide/Tour
When visiting this special exhibition,