The beginning and end of the "War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea."
-- Clarifying several issues in the public opinion circles
Tomorrow, 25 October is the anniversary of the "War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea," and in order to commemorate this great war of national prestige, we will re-examine it according to the timeline and historical facts; at the same time, some doubts, prejudices, and erroneous views that have existed in the public opinion circles in recent years will be clarified and refuted.
First, the outbreak of the Korean War began on June 25, 1950, north Korea launched a military operation against South Korea in order to unify the country, and the North Korean army drove the South Korean army to the seashore, the Busan area, and the situation changed dramatically at this critical moment.
At that time, our senior staff officer Ray Yingfu accurately predicted that the United States would land at Inchon, and our country immediately alerted Kim Il Sung and Stalin, but did not attract their attention and did not take corresponding preventive measures.
The United States formed a United Nations army landing from Inchon on September 15 to interfere in the internal affairs of Korea, interrupting the process of reunification of North and South Korea. The North Korean army was cut off, the North Korean army had to withdraw from South Korea to North Korea, and the war of unification was lost.
The war of reunification waged by North Korea was not a war of Aggression against South Korea by North Korea. This battle is purely a war within a country, a nation, in the search for national unity. At that time, the two koreas repeatedly negotiated peace talks on the issue of national reunification, but the country fell into war because the Syngman Rhee government of South Korea refused reunification and there was no hope of peaceful reunification when the bilateral talks between the south and the north broke down.
This history is the same as the nature of the American Civil War led by President Lincoln in the United States, and it belongs to the same internal war of a country, and if it is insisted that North Korea is an invasion of South Korea, according to this wrong logic, the nature of the American Civil War led by President Lincoln is also a war of aggression.
Some online public opinion once held that the war waged by North Korea in those years was a war of aggression, and this logic does not make sense. The correct view is that North Korea is waging a war within the territory of a unified country, not a war of aggression within the same nation.
Second, the United States landed at Inchon and burned the flames of war to the Yalu River, should we resist the United States and aid Korea?
When the North Korean army defeated the South Korean army and the national reunification was imminent, at this time, the United Nations army led by the United States brazenly sent troops to roughly interfere in the internal affairs of other countries, landed at the port of Inchon, the North Korean army was cut off from the south of the 38th Parallel, the existence was attacked by the US army and the South Korean army in the north and south, the whole army was in danger of being destroyed, and the military situation was very dangerous.
According to documents declassified by Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union, North Korean Prime Minister Kim Il Sung visited the Soviet Union before launching the unification war and launched a military operation with Stalin's acquiescence. Before the outbreak of the Korean war of reunification, the Chinese government did not know of the outbreak of the Korean reunification war without being notified by the Korean side, when our country had gathered a large number of troops on the southeast coast and was preparing to carry out military operations to liberate Taiwan.
At that time, the international environment was complicated, Stalin of the Soviet Union did not want to have a frontal military conflict with the United States, did not want to be involved in the Korean war and thus trigger World War 3, the Soviet Union hoped that China would send troops to resist the United Nations army led by the United States and save the fate of the North Korean army being completely annihilated by the American army.
On October 5, 1950, the central high-level discussion on whether to send troops to Korea, three days later (October 8) the preliminary decision to send troops, but due to the emergency situation in the Soviet Union, their air force was not ready to enter the DPRK for combat, so on October 12, the central high-level discussion decided to suspend the admission. At this moment, the North Korean government and Kim Il Sung were in a hurry, and the North Korean army was cut off by the US army and besieged south of the Southern Eighth Line, and the North Korean government and Kim Il Sung had to ask China to send troops to rescue them.
U.S. troops landed at Inchon
At this crucial moment when it was difficult to choose, on October 19, 1950, the CPC Central Committee and Chairman Mao Zedong decided, with firm will and great courage, to send troops to Korea to resist the United States and aid Korea in the name of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army, and to defend the homeland and defend the country. At this time, the United Nations army led by MacArthur of the United States had crossed the 38th Parallel and advanced northward, burning the flames of war to the yalu River in our country. If it were not for the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, the United States would have hit millions of troops on China's northeast border, and the threat to our country would not be the same as today.
The main task of the new China, which had just been established for a year, was to liberate Taiwan, restore production, and develop the economy. Because the United States and The United Nations troops landed in Korea to participate in the war, they broke the political and military balance, directly threatened China's northeast border, and then affected China's national security. There were huge differences at the top of the central authorities in the discussion on whether to resist US aggression and aid Korea, and two people resolutely opposed it, but once the decision to send troops was formed, the thinking was quickly unified with the central authorities' decision-making and deployment. Go all out, use the strength of the whole country, resist the United States and aid Korea, and defend the family and defend the country.
History tells us that there is no doubt that we must resist us and aid Korea. Some online public opinion believes that we should stand idly by and should not send troops to North Korea.
Third, some network public opinion believes that China did not win the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, but only to draw a draw.
In the face of the US army armed to the teeth, Chairman Mao's Party Central Committee was not afraid of rape and violence, and made the difficult decision to send troops to Korea. Immediately ordered the 38th Division, the 39th Division, the 40th Division, the 42nd Division, three artillery divisions, and one anti-aircraft artillery division, a total of 8 divisions, to cross the Yalu River and secretly enter Korea.
1. The first battle of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea: It began on October 25, 1950 and ended on November 5. Lasts for 12 days.
At that time, the "United Nations Army" led by the United States in the Korean Theater and its Command had a total of 420,000 people, including 210,000 ground combat troops.
On 25 October, a battalion of the South Korean Army broke into the Onjeong area where the 40th Volunteer Division was gathering in hiding, and the battle first began in the Onjeong area, and the volunteer soldiers of the 40th Division and the thunderbolts destroyed the South Korean army of this battalion. The next day, the 7th Regiment of the 6th Division of the South Korean Army entered Chushan on the Yalu River, and was also annihilated by our army.
The U.S. 1st Cavalry Division advanced toward Unsan, 60 kilometers from the Yalu River. On the evening of November 1, the volunteer army launched an attack on Yunshan, and the American firepower could not play an advantage in close combat and night battles, and was forced to start a breakthrough under the cover of tanks. On the way through, the US 8th Cavalry Regiment was again intercepted by our army, and our army volunteers used their strengths to avoid their weaknesses, gave full play to the advantages of close combat night combat, and launched two consecutive night onslaughts on the enemy. By the night of the 3rd, the remnants of the enemy had surrendered except for a few breakthroughs. Reinforcements from the 5th Regiment of the 1st Us Cavalry Division were also repulsed. According to the statistics of the Volunteer Army, the Battle of Yunshan wiped out about 1,800 American troops, destroyed and captured 28 tanks, and 190 artillery pieces. Four aircraft were also seized, and guns and ammunition were piled up in a mountain of food.
The first battle lasted 12 days, with more than 10,000 volunteer casualties and the annihilation of the enemy 1. More than 50,000 people. The success of this first battle shattered the myth of the invincibility of the US military.
Later, October 25 was designated by the CPC Central Committee as the anniversary of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.
Since the middle of November, our army has taken the initiative to retreat, lure the enemy deeper, eliminate the enemy in the movement, and the US military has misjudged, mistakenly believing that our army has only 80,000 to 90,000 people, in fact, our army has 380,000 people. MacArthur was so arrogant that on November 23, he announced to the world that the U.S. military would achieve a total victory and that Christmas could go home for the holidays!
2. The Second (Western Front) Campaign began on November 27 and ended on December 6, lasting 10 days.
The battle was first fought on the western front, and our Thirty-eighth Army and forty-second Army detoured from the flank to the enemy's rear sansholi and Longyuanli, cutting off the enemy's rear road. Our Thirty-ninth Army, Forty Army, Fifty Army, sixty-sixth Army are attacking south to oppress the enemy. The U.S. army and the Turkish brigade were cut off by our Thirty-eighth Army and Forty Army.
A, the Battle of Cheongcheon River, the Western Front U.S. forces from offensive setbacks to retreat
The U.S. Army attacked the Western Front in three ways, led by U.S. 9th Army Commander Kurt, with jurisdiction over the U.S. 2nd Division and the 25th Division, with a total of 300 tanks, 1,000 artillery, 7,000 military vehicles, and 50,000 soldiers. After crossing the Qingchuan River, the two armies engaged in battle, and the volunteer fire fiercely hit the Americans on their backs. The U.S. military aircraft artillery indiscriminately bombarded the volunteer positions and then attacked our positions with tank heads, but there was no trace of the volunteers.
The left and right second roads of the US army, like the middle road, were lured into our ambush circle by the volunteer army, and the two armies fought fiercely for several days without seeing victory or defeat.
The 38th Army and the 42nd Army of the Volunteer Army, after capturing Tokugawa and Ningyuan, rushed to the three houses behind the enemy, and rushed to the three houses one step ahead of the enemy. The U.S. army brigade was already seen retreating from the north in cars and tanks. It turned out that the US army was afraid that the whole army would be surrounded and raped, so it ordered the Three Route Army to all retreat, because it was a mechanized car and tank, the retreat speed was very fast, and when it reached the three institutes, it was still one step slower than the two legs of the volunteer army.
B, Three Sori battles
On the night of November 27, 1950, the 38th Army conducted a detour westward from The Tokugawa. The first was the main force of the army, and the two divisions advanced from the north road to Junyu-ri; the other way, the 113th Division of the army advanced from the south road to Sansholi, about 13 kilometers south of the Price River, cutting off the retreat route of the US 9th Army to the south, and cooperating with the frontal troops of the Volunteer Army to encircle and annihilate the "United Nations Army" north of the Price River and the Cheongcheon River. The 113th Division marched south of Theogawa along Ansan-ri, Funa-ji-ri, and Ryucho-ri, enduring extreme fatigue and rushing more than 70 kilometers in 14 hours, and marched to Sansho-ri at about 8 o'clock on the 28th. Then he sent some troops to take the initiative to seize Longyuanli, west of Sanshouli. At this point, the two roads of the US 9th Army's southward retreat were cut off, and the US 25th and 2nd Divisions and the Turkish Brigade, as well as the US Cavalry L Division and the 1st Division of the South Korean Army, were in trouble. The entire campaign of the "United Nations Army" was completely shaken, and it changed from advancing from the north to retreating from the south. After the US 9th Army was forced to withdraw to the areas of Junyu-ri and Gagawa, it began to organize a breakout. At about 10:00 a.m. on the same day, the 338th Regiment of the 113th Division successfully intercepted the 5th Regiment of the 1st Cavalry Division, which was retreating from north to south, at the east and west heights of Sansoli, and blocked the attack of 1 battalion of American troops rescued from south to north. At 4:00 a.m. on the morning of the 29th, the 113th Division engaged in a fierce battle with the retreating American troops and a part of the South Korean Army in the Yongwon-ri area. The 337th Regiment of the division engaged in fierce fighting with the 2nd Division, the 25th Division, and the Turkish Brigade in Longyuanli. The "United Nations Army" rushed to the north to reinforce another unit of the US 1st Cavalry Division in the Shuncheon area and the first part of the British 29th Brigade in the Pyongyang area, and stormed the positions of the 113th Division in Sanso-ri and Yongwon-ri. The main force of the 38th Army quickly moved closer to the 113th Division. In the fierce battle, the U.S. army broke through to the south and the reinforcements to the north, only 1 kilometer apart. The 113th Division stuck the Americans in the middle, preventing them from communicating. The main force of the 38th Army has reached Songku peak north of Longyuanli and entered the battle.
C, Pine Bone Peak Battle:
Three companies of the 1st Battalion of the 335th Regiment of the 112th Division of the 38th Army were ordered to seize the unnamed heights on the north side of Songkuo Peak and intercept the enemy. With the strength of a hundred men, the officers and men of the three companies blocked several enemy divisions for more than ten hours with the strength of a hundred people and without danger to defend, thus winning precious time for the main force to surround and annihilate the enemy and win victory.
Matsukō Peak is the throat of the road from Junyu-ri to Pyongyang, and the only way for American troops to flee south.
The U.S. troops fleeing south and the U.S. troops reinforcing from the north have sometimes almost rendezvoused. An officer of the Second Division, which fled south after the war, recalled: "We even saw white stars on the Turkish tanks that came with reinforcements. However, under the obstruction of the three companies to the entire company, the American troops on the north and south sides never met. The U.S. army launched five consecutive charge, each time defeated. There were only seven chinese soldiers left on the three companies of Songbone Peak. The Songkuofeng position remained in the hands of Chinese soldiers.
At the end of the Battle of Songkuofeng, a writer named Wei Wei, who came to Korea from China, wrote the Battle of Songkuofeng into the famous newsletter titled: Who is the most lovely person.
How fierce the battle was, we can see the extent of the fierceness in the newsletter "Who is the Loveliest Man".
After a day and night of fierce fighting, the follow-up troops of our volunteer army continued to arrive. American cars and tanks could not break through our forward positions. The U.S. army had to abandon its cars and tanks and flee from a remote path in the southwest direction of Anju.
The volunteers were in hot pursuit, and the American troops rushed to abandon Pyongyang and withdrew until the 38th Line. For hundreds of miles, military supplies such as abandoned vehicles, tanks, artillery, guns, and ammunition were everywhere.
By December 1, the Volunteers had captured more than 100 tanks and more than 1,000 vehicles that the U.S. army had been forced to abandon.
In this battle, the 38th Army killed and wounded more than 8,000 prisoners of the "United Nations Army", and successfully achieved the goal of cutting off the US army's retreat route and blocking its reinforcements. In the telegram, the 38th Army was praised by Mr. Peng as, "Long live the army!"
3. The Battle of Chosin Lake (Eastern Front) of the Second Campaign November 29 to December 24, 1950:
The volunteer forces of the two sides participated in the Battle of Chosin Lake, the 9th Corps of the Volunteer Army, composed of the 20th Army, the 26th Army and the 27th Army, with nearly 150,000 people. U.S. forces involved in the war included the 1st Marine Division (the 1st Marine Division) and the 3rd and 7th Infantry Divisions, as well as the 1st Army of the Republic of Korea, with about 100,000 people.
The Ninth Corps of the Volunteer Army was rapidly transferred from the southeast coast to the Korean battlefield under a state of emergency, and due to the urgency of time, most of the officers and men did not have time to change their winter clothes, and in the absence of clothing and food and the rare cold winter situation in North Korea, our Ninth Corps separated and surrounded more than 25,000 US troops and Uncom troops in the Chosin Lake area.
On November 30, the 27th Army concentrated the strength of two divisions and 5 regiments to besiege the 31st Regiment of the US 7th Division in Xinxingli. The 31st Regiment of the historic 7th Division was formed during World War I and earned the nickname "Polar Bear Regiment" for its combat, which can be called a more effective unit in the Army. This was the only glorious example of the Volunteer Army's formation in the Korean War in which a regiment of the U.S. Army was completely annihilated.
On December 5, the commander of the U.S. 10th Army gave an order to the American troops guarding Hagaru-ri: "Retreat to the Hamhung area as soon as possible." The entire U.S. army on the eastern front began to retreat, and in order to save face, the U.S. army ordered the troops to "attack in another direction."
Before fleeing in the early morning of the 6th, the supply base in Hagaru-ri was completely destroyed, and the US military poured gasoline on the mountain of food, clothing, and ammunition and burned it. Those volunteer soldiers who had not eaten a few meals for more than 20 days on the hill a few kilometers away were heartbroken to see a large amount of supplies destroyed in this way.
On the night of December 8, the temperature suddenly dropped to minus 40 degrees, and the soldiers of our volunteer army who were ambushed in the trenches, one company, all frozen in the ice and snow, were still able to maintain a fighting posture when they were killed. The US First Marine Division took advantage of the weather to escape the disaster and fled south to escape death.
The Shuimen Bridge in Gutuli is a suspended single-lane bridge on the water diversion pipe of Chosin Lake, under the bridge is an abyss, once the Shuimen Bridge is bombed, the US troops who withdraw to Xianxing can be described as no way to the sky and no door to the ground.
The 20th Army blew up the bridge twice on December 1 and 4, but each time it was repaired by American engineers. The volunteers simply blew up the bridge foundation. The U.S. Air Force actually transferred from Japan eight sets of rutted bridge components weighing 1.1 tons each to the U.S. position, and in less than two days it erected a bridge with a load of 50 tons that could pass all the vehicles of the retreating troops. From this point, it can be seen that the logistics support capability of the US military is strong, and the well-trained troop response ability has been fully demonstrated in this retreat. Strategic contempt for the enemy, tactical emphasis on the enemy this sentence must be borne in mind, although the enemy is a paper tiger, but the tiger can also eat people. History does not have if, if the United States does not have such a strong industrial capacity, can not quickly build a repair bridge, then chosin lake this part of the enemy will be completely cut off from the retreat, eliminated by our volunteer army.
On the 12th, the US 1st Marine Division finally joined the US 3rd Infantry Division at Hamhing. The two Divisions of the American Army continued to retreat south, all the way up to the city of Hamheung on the east coast.
On December 24, 1950, the US 10th Army was loaded and withdrawn from Xingnan Port, and the next day the volunteer army occupied Xingnan, which lasted for nearly 20 days, and the Battle of Chosin Lake lasted for nearly 20 days, and the second campaign of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea was fought on the eastern front, and it was also the end of the entire second campaign.
Yang Gensi, company commander of the 58th Division of the 20th Army, is the prototype of Wang Cheng's image in "Heroes and Children".
The 80th and 81st Divisions of our 27th Army also paid a huge price, with casualties and non-combat attrition of up to 10,000 people, and frostbite of up to 22% of the whole army.
My 89th Division had the fewest frostbitten personnel, only about 400 people, so why were there so few frostbitten personnel? Wang Zhi, the political commissar of the division, cut the 3,000 blankets captured by the US troops into small strips and distributed them to every soldier in the division, wrapping their hands and feet to avoid frostbite.
The 88th Division was abolished
In order to prevent the US First Marine Division from retreating south, it was completely annihilated. The headquarters ordered the 26th Army, which was originally a reserve, to immediately march to the Chosin Lake area to block the enemy from going south, and the 26th Army gave this task to the 88th Division, which was the farthest away from Xiayuli, and the division commander Wu Dalin, believing that the wind and snow were too great, did not set off immediately but chose to set off again during the day, delaying the precious time of more than ten hours. On the way, the army marched along the main road, was found and bombed by American aircraft, causing serious casualties, and the division headquarters and headquarters lost contact for a day.
Because the 88th Division did not complete the blockade of the US First Marine Division according to the predetermined battle plan, causing the enemy to flee, the division commander and political commissar were severely punished by the headquarters, the 88th Division was cancelled, and the division commander and political commissar were dismissed.
The Watergate Bridge, blown up by our volunteers
The U.S. military processed airdropped bridge decks from Japan
At the Battle of Chosin Lake, the U.S. army also lost more than 7,300 personnel in 20 days. Walker, commander of the US 8th Army, was in a crowded road during the retreat, and the jeep he was riding overturned, resulting in the destruction of the car.
Results of the Second Campaign:
The Volunteers annihilated most of the 7th and 8th Divisions of the South Korean Army and the first part of the Turkish Brigade, dealt a serious blow to the US 2nd, 7th, and 1st Marine Divisions, inflicted heavy damage on the US 25th Division and the 1st Cavalry Division, killed and wounded more than 36,000 enemy prisoners, including more than 24,000 US troops; captured and destroyed more than 1,000 guns, more than 3,000 cars, more than 200 tanks and armored vehicles, and captured 6 aircraft. It also pushed the front line to the north and south of the "38th Line", crushing the attempt of the "United Nations Army" to quickly occupy the northern half of Korea.
Our volunteer army suffered more than 30,000 casualties, and many people were frostbitten by the Ninth Corps on the Eastern Front.
The U.S. military, through radio signals, suspected the location of our headquarters and sent aircraft to bomb
On the morning of December 25, US bombers suddenly bombed the headquarters of our volunteer army, and Mao An was heroically martyred at the age of 28.
More than a month after Mao Anying's sacrifice, after Mao Zedong learned the bad news of Mao Anying's sacrifice, he did not say a word, reached for the cigarette box to get the cigarette, but could not take it out, or the guards around him smoked out and handed it to him, Mao Zedong's eyes were moist, and he said a sentence in a hoarse voice: "Who called him my son Mao Zedong?" In war, there will always be casualties."
The U.S. military's East-West Christmas Offensive failed, and the defeats in the war made them anxious, and the Chinese volunteers, who had the most advanced weapons but could not defeat ordinary weapons.
President Truman made a nuclear threat to me on November 30, saying that the United States would use any weapons, including nuclear weapons.
Truman hoped that China would be intimidated by this and withdraw its troops from Korea, because no country wanted to follow in Japan's footsteps. But Chairman Mao was not only not afraid, but echoed: "Let him fight!" ”
Ridgway succeeded Walker as commander-in-chief of the 8th Army, previously deputy chief of staff of the Pentagon Army, and after taking office, he changed his strategy and tactics, fighting with our army and strengthening bombers to attack our supply lines.
4. The third campaign took place from 31 December 1950 to 8 January 1951:
Out of political necessity, our country has launched a relatively large-scale offensive campaign against the DEFENSIVEly prepared US military and the "United Nations Army".
In early December 1950, after the second battle, the U.S. army and the "United Nations Army" collapsed on all fronts, suffering "the greatest defeat in the history of the U.S. Army," and MacArthur exclaimed in his report to President Truman that the United States was "engaged in a completely new war with a completely new power with great military power."
In order to salvage the defeat, the US Government manipulated the United Nations into adopting the resolution on the establishment of the so-called "Korean Armistice Three-Member Committee" and played the trick of "first ceasefire and then negotiate" to induce me to make an armistice north of the 38th Parallel in order to gain respite; on the other hand, it stepped up the expansion of armaments. On December 16, Truman declared a "national emergency" and set up a National Defense Mobilization Bureau to mobilize conscripts throughout the country and increase the production capacity of aircraft and tanks by 5 and 4 times within a year. Truman also publicly declared that the use of atomic bombs on the Korean battlefield would not be ruled out, in an attempt to threaten and intimidate Chinese people with nuclear weapons.
Mao Zedong carefully studied and analyzed the changes in the international situation and the situation on the Korean battlefield, was not afraid of the US nuclear threat, and strove to fight a few more victorious battles to annihilate the enemy's living forces and further expand the results of the battle.
The headquarters of the Volunteer Army issued orders to the various departments to advance south, determined to continue to the south of the 38th Line. Peng Dehuai quickly concentrated 6 corps of the Volunteer Army to carry out the third campaign, and with the coordination of the three corps of the Korean People's Army, broke through the defensive line of the 38th line of the "United Nations Army" and sought opportunities to annihilate the enemy.
The volunteer artillery played an important role in the 3rd campaign, participating in the battle of 7 regiments with a total of 106 guns and firing 4287 shells, which was equivalent to the sum of the previous two battles, and the number of shells fired was 4 times that of the sum of the previous two battles, becoming the battle with the largest number of artillery and shells fired.
Ironically, the US artillery unit was not prepared at all, and there was an interesting scene in the history of world war: the "United Nations Army", which had 7 times the number of artillery pieces of our army, was actually beaten by the artillery unit of the Volunteer Army.
At 17:00 on December 31, the Volunteer Army and the Korean People's Army launched a full-line attack on a wide frontal area about 200 kilometers from the mouth of the Rinjin River in the west to the linhei near the 38th line, according to the predetermined plan, and quickly broke through the south Korean army's defensive positions in the 38th line area. After seven days and nights of continuous fighting, the Chinese and North Korean armies occupied Seoul and pushed the front forward by 80 to 110 kilometers.
In the process of retreating south, Ridgway ordered a large number of aircraft to be dispatched for air cover to bomb the pursuing Chinese and North Korean troops and prevent the pursuit of the volunteer army and the people's army. Ridgway recalled the scene of the "United Nations Army" retreating south after the war: South Korean soldiers in trucks are constantly rushing south. They are out of order and are completely defeated.
The battle annihilated more than 19,000 enemy troops, of which the volunteer army annihilated more than 12,000 enemies and suffered more than 5,800 casualties. The Volunteer Army and the Korean People's Army fought side by side, broke through the defensive positions of the 38th Line, captured Seoul, and forced the enemy to retreat to the north and south of the 37th Line.
The volunteer army entered Korea and fought three consecutive battles in more than two months, expelling the "United Nations Army" from the Yalu River to near the 37th Line, and achieving a major victory in the korean war. At the same time, major sacrifices have been made. Due to the continuous fighting and the impact of freezing and starvation, the total number of volunteers was reduced to 95,000. After the third campaign, the first-line troops were only 6 corps with more than 210,000 men, plus 70,000 men in 3 corps of the People's Army, for a total of more than 280,000 people. Compared with the "United Nations Army" and the more than 200,000 ground combat forces of the South Korean Army under its command, the Chinese and DPRK armies have no obvious superiority in numbers.
In the third campaign, the Chinese Volunteer Army drove the powerful American and United Nations forces south of the 37th Line. While celebrating this victory, the hearts of our senior generals were filled with worry: the terrain of Korea was a narrow terrain, and the further we advanced, the more exposed the flanks of our army would be. The United States has a strong navy and air force, and is good at amphibious landing warfare, and once the volunteers passed Seoul, there was no protection on either side of the Chinese troops. China had neither a navy nor an air force at the time, and the further it went, the more dangerous it became. If the United States were to make another Inchon landing, there was a risk of cutting off our troops head-to-tail.
After the volunteers captured Seoul, Ridgway thought they could counterattack. On January 25, 1951, ridgway launched a sudden counterattack, which caught the volunteers off guard.
5. The 4th Campaign broke out suddenly on January 25, 1951 and lasted 87 days.
Through analyzing the first three encounters with the volunteer army, Ridgway summed up the characteristics of the volunteer army's offensive operations, such as the "worship offensive" and the "moon and night offensive," and resolved to take advantage of the fatigue of the Chinese and DPRK armies, the difficulty of supply, and the lack of equipment and firepower, adopt the principles of "magnetic warfare," "offensive warfare," and "war of attrition," quickly launch a new round of offensives, go all out to the north, reoccupy Seoul, and push the Chinese and DPRK troops back to the 38th Parallel and the areas north.
It took 87 days for the enemy to travel more than 100 kilometers, advancing from the area north of the "37th Line" to the "38th Line" area.
With more than 78,000 enemy losses and more than 42,000 casualties on our side, it was not easy for the volunteers to achieve such results in annihilating the enemy under such a disparity in equipment.
On April 11, 1951, MacArthur was abruptly dismissed and replaced by Ridgway.
6. The 5th Campaign was fought from April 22 to June 10, 1951:
After the end of the fourth campaign, the Sino-Dprk coalition forces and the "United Nations Army" led by the United States maintained the front line at the 38th line. Under the command of Ridgway in the fourth campaign, for the first time cracked the interspersed and roundabout tactics of our army, because our army's supply line was too long and the enemy bombed too frequently, so our army took the initiative to abandon Seoul.
When Ridgway decided to launch a new offensive, Peng Dehuai decided to attack and attack, striving to annihilate the US troops in a systematic manner. In order to prepare for this campaign, many advanced Soviet equipment also began to arm our army, and the strength of the volunteer army became unprecedentedly strong, with a total number of 950,000 people, plus the Korean People's Army, with a total of 1.3 million troops. Moreover, four ground artillery divisions and three anti-aircraft artillery divisions were added to the sequence of our army. With the help of the Soviet Union, all divisions of our army have set up artillery regiments and anti-aircraft artillery battalions, and each regiment has added recoilless artillery companies, anti-aircraft machine gun companies, and the one-two-zero mortar company that the Americans fear the most.
Before the start of the Fifth War, Hong Xuezhi would start with a logistical perspective, suggesting that if he fought north of Jinhua and Tieyuan, and if he wanted to fight in the south, the supply line would inevitably be lengthened. Hundreds of thousands of volunteers are depleted every day, the fragile supply line cannot bear its weight, the cunning enemy will continue to retreat, and the supply line of our army will be stretched longer, which is not good for our army.
On April 22, the fifth battle officially began, and hundreds of thousands of volunteers rushed out of hiding places, under the cover of artillery fire, launched a sea of offensives against the enemy.
However, on the battlefield, logistical problems did arise. First of all, our army's logistics base in Sandengli was discovered by US warplanes, and all the military supplies of ninety wagons were destroyed.
On the battlefield, the volunteers' food, shells, and artillery were struggling on the supply line, and they suffered great losses from the bombardment exhibition of American warplanes.
In the face of our offensive, the US military slyly chose to retreat. After four days of fighting posed a serious threat to the American flank, but no, not even a single regiment, could be annihilated, and the enemy ran fast.
At the same time as our army advanced, the supply line was greatly lengthened. The warriors had finished eating the dry food they had brought with them, ran out of ammunition, and had to stop pursuing the enemy and stay where they were waiting for supplies.
At this moment, however, the old problems in our army's logistics reappeared. Food and ammunition were in short supply in all the front-line armies, the supply of troops was unsustainable, and a large number of soldiers were so hungry that they could only gnaw on the bark of trees.
Therefore, Peng Dehuai ordered the various armies to retreat in an orderly manner, but at this moment, the US army suddenly plunged into the rear of our army with mechanized troops, causing a large number of troops of our army to fall into an encirclement. The commanders of our army were not afraid of danger, and the various armies and divisions alternately covered, and most of them killed the encirclement, but the 180th Division of the 60th Army suffered great losses because of the command mistakes of division commander Wei Jie, and the 180th Division was surrounded, only more than 4,000 people ran out, and more than 7,000 casualties were captured.
The fifth battle was won first and then lost, and in Peng Dehuai's own view, the fifth battle was a defeat. After the battle, Peng Dehuai made a self-examination: "Regarding the way the fifth battle was fought, Hong Xuezhi once gave me an opinion, but I did not adopt it. Now it seems that Hong Xuezhi's opinion is correct, and I am mainly responsible for the defeat in the battle! ”
Painfully, Peng Dehuai finally gave up mobile warfare and turned to position warfare. Instead of pursuing the systematic annihilation of the enemy, he knocked the candy of the and ate his opponent in one bite.
(A) The Battle of The Iron Plains – an integral part of the Fifth Campaign
In early June 1951, a defensive operation took place in the Korean War and was part of the Fifth Campaign.
In order to take down the Iron Plains, the US military vigorously bombarded indiscriminately. The volunteers, on the other hand, were doing everything they could to tangle with the Americans, hold their positions, and stop the enemy at a huge cost of casualties.
In the early morning of June 10, Fu Chongbi, commander of the 63rd Army, ordered Xu Xin, commander of the 187th Division, to concentrate all the artillery of the whole army together, and deploy mortars, mountain artillery, and howitzers sequentially according to the range front, and the rocket artillery battalion was placed at the end. At the sound of an order, all kinds of cannons were suddenly fired, and the US troops were suddenly in a chaotic mess. The soldiers of the 187th Division then launched a counter-charge against the enemy, which seriously damaged the morale of the American army.
On 12 June, the 63rd Army finally received orders from above and withdrew from its position. Only more than 2,000 people remained in the 63rd Army, which originally had more than 24,000 people, and the commander of the army, Fu Chongbi, was also seriously wounded and carried down on a stretcher.
In the Tieyuan Blockade Battle, the 63rd Army resisted the United Nations army led by the United States for fourteen days at the cost of almost "total annihilation", and caused the American army to pay more than 15,000 casualties.
Throughout the Fifth Campaign, the Volunteers suffered 75,000 casualties and more than 10,000 korean KPA casualties.
According to U.S. sources, a total of 17,000 volunteers were captured during the Fifth Campaign.
Throughout the 5th Campaign, the number of casualties on both sides was more than 85,000.
Casualty data of both sides in the five campaigns to resist the United States and aid Korea:
In the first battle, the volunteer army annihilated more than 15,000 "United Nations troops", including 3,518 American troops, 147 British troops and other "United Nations army" troops.
In this campaign, more than 10,700 volunteers were killed, wounded and missing.
In the second campaign, the volunteers annihilated more than 36,000 enemy troops, including more than 24,000 American troops.
The Volunteers suffered more than 30,700 casualties in the battle.
In the third campaign, the Volunteer Army and the People's Army fought side by side, annihilating more than 19,000 enemy troops.
The Volunteer Army and the People's Army suffered more than 8,500 casualties in this battle (including more than 2,700 people in the People's Army).
The fourth campaign was fought under extremely difficult conditions and annihilated more than 78,000 enemy personnel, annihilating more than the number of enemies in the previous three campaigns combined.
The Volunteer Army and the People's Army suffered more than 53,000 casualties (including more than 42,000 casualties of the Volunteer Army and more than 10,500 casualties of the People's Army).
In the fifth campaign, the Volunteer Army and the People's Army annihilated more than 85,000 enemy troops.
The volunteers and KPA lost more than 85,000 men in the battle.
After the end of the 5th campaign, the enemy and we were deadlocked near the 38th Line. Realizing that it could not defeat the volunteers militarily and trying to extract benefits from the negotiating table, the United States was willing to return to the negotiating table to negotiate with the Chinese, and on July 10, 1951, in Kaesong, near the 38th Parallel, the two sides held armistice negotiations. At the same time as the negotiations, the two sides continued to fight, and the two sides fought and talked. (To be continued)
remark:
1, refer to the book "History of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea", network materials, etc.
2, your support is the original power, point attention, do not get lost, see the sequel.
3, if the text is similar, it is a coincidence, if the picture is used improperly, you can contact to delete.