Source: Overseas Network
After 1840, due to the invasion of Western powers and the corruption of feudal rule, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has become the greatest dream of the whole nation; striving for national independence, the liberation of the people, and realizing the prosperity and strength of the country and the happiness of the people have become the historical tasks of the Chinese the people. Many patriotic pioneers dedicated themselves to the cause of national progress have gone forward to succeed each other and made unremitting explorations. The Taiping Rebellion, the Western Affairs Movement, the Penghu Restoration Movement, and the Boxer Rebellion failed again and again. In October 1911, the Xinhai Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, established the Republic of China, ended the absolute monarchy system that ruled China for more than two thousand years, and created a modern national democratic revolution in the full sense, but it still did not change the social nature of the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in old China, did not change the tragic fate of the Chinese people, and did not complete the historical task of realizing national independence and people's liberation. China looks forward to new social forces opening up a new road to save the country and the people. The new cultural movement that arose in 1915 set off a trend of ideological emancipation in Chinese society. The October Revolution in Russia of 1917 gave great encouragement to the oppressed nations of the East. A group of advanced elements in China began to choose Marxism. At the same time, the Chinese working class grew rapidly with the development of the national capitalist economy. The rise of a new people's revolution is inevitable.
On May 4, 1919, due to the failure of China's diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference, more than 3,000 Beijing students gathered in front of Tiananmen Square to demonstrate and set off a patriotic revolutionary movement (May Fourth Movement) that was completely anti-imperialist and anti-feudal. Since June 5, Shanghai workers have gone on strike in solidarity with students, and subsequent strikes, school strikes, and strikes have rapidly expanded to more than 20 provinces, autonomous regions, and more than 100 cities. The Chinese working class began to take an independent stand on the political stage. Under pressure from the masses, Chinese delegates did not attend the signing ceremony of the Paris Peace Treaty on June 28. After the May Fourth Movement, a large number of articles and books spreading Marxism appeared. Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Li Da, Li Hanjun, Mao Zedong, He Shuheng, Dong Biwu, Chen Tanqiu, Deng Zhongxia, He Mengxiong, Gao Junyu, Wang Gemei, Deng Enming, and other advanced elements with rudimentary communist ideas began to propagate Marxism among the masses of workers. The May Fourth Movement was an epoch-making event in the history of the modern Chinese revolution and marked the great beginning of the new-democratic revolution. With its revolutionary nature of thoroughly opposing imperialism and feudalism, the progressive nature of pursuing the truth of saving the country and strengthening the country, and the extensiveness of the active participation of the masses of all nationalities and all walks of life, the May Fourth Movement promoted China's social progress, promoted the wide spread of Marxism in China, promoted the integration of Marxism with the Chinese workers' movement, made ideological and cadre preparations for the founding of the Communist Party of China, and was of landmark significance in the historical process of the Chinese nation's pursuit of national independence and development and progress in modern times. The May Fourth Movement gave birth to the great May Fourth spirit with patriotism, progress, democracy, and science as the main contents, and its core was the spirit of patriotism.
In March 1920, Li Dazhao organized the establishment of the Marx Theory Research Society at Peking University. In May, Chen Duxiu initiated the organization of the Marxist Research Association in Shanghai. The research in Shanghai and Beijing gradually established contacts with advanced elements in Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang, Shandong, Guangdong, Tianjin and overseas, which further promoted the spread of Marxism. In August, Chen Duxiu and others founded the early communist organization in Shanghai. This is actually the initiating organization of the Communist Party of China and the focal point for communists everywhere to carry out party building activities. In the same month, Chen Wangdao's translation of the Communist Manifesto Chinese published in its entirety. In October, Li Dazhao and others founded the early communist organization in Beijing. By the spring of 1921, early Communist Party organizations had been established in Wuhan, Changsha, Jinan, Guangzhou, and other places, as well as among the Chinese in Japan and France.
In 1921
On July 23, the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China opened at No. 106 Wangzhi Road (now No. 76 Xingye Road) in the French Concession of Shanghai. The last day of the meeting was transferred to a cruise ship in Jiaxing, Zhejiang. Present at the meeting were Li Da and Li Hanjun from Shanghai, Zhang Guotao and Liu Renjing from Beijing, Mao Zedong and He Shuheng from Changsha, Dong Biwu and Chen Tanqiu from Wuhan, Wang Gemei and Deng Enming from Jinan, Chen Gongbo from Guangzhou, and Zhou Fohai, who was in Japan, and Bao Huisheng, who was dispatched by Chen Duxiu to attend the meeting. They represent more than 50 party members across the country. Representatives of the Comintern, Marin and Nikolsky, attended the congress. Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao did not attend the conference due to busy affairs. The congress decided on the name of the party "Communist Party of China" and adopted the first program and resolution of the Communist Party of China. The congress elected the Central Bureau, and Chen Duxiu was appointed secretary of the Central Bureau. The Party Congress announced the official founding of the Communist Party of China. The founding of the Communist Party of China is an inevitable product of the historical development of modern China, an inevitable product of the tenacious quest of the Chinese people in the struggle to save the people from extinction and survive, and an inevitable product of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. As the party of the most advanced class in China, the working class, the Communist Party of China represents not only the interests of the working class, but also the interests of the entire Chinese people and the Chinese nation. From the very beginning, it has adhered to Marxism as its guide to action, and has always regarded seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation as its original intention and mission. The founding of the Communist Party of China is a groundbreaking event in the history of the development of the Chinese nation and is of great and far-reaching significance. The founding of the Communist Party of China has fully demonstrated the pioneering spirit of breaking new ground and daring to be the first, the spirit of firm ideals and indomitable struggle, and the spirit of dedication in building the party for the public good and being loyal to the people. This is the source, spiritual foundation and spiritual foundation of the Chinese revolution. In June 1941, the Instructions of the Central Committee on the 20th Anniversary of the Birth of the Communist Party of China and the Fourth Anniversary of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression designated July 1 as the anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China.
On August 11, the Secretariat of the China Labor Union was established in Shanghai. It was the first public body of the Chinese Communist Party to lead the workers' movement.
On September 27, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the Farmers' Conference of Yaqian Village in Xiaoshan, Zhejiang Province, was held, and China's first new farmer organization was announced. In July 1922, Peng Pan established the first secret peasant association in Haifeng, Guangdong. By May 1923, farmers' associations had been established in many places in Haifeng, Lufeng, and Huiyang counties, with more than 200,000 members; in September, farmers in the Baiguo area of Hengshan, Hunan Province, established the Yuebei Farmers' Union.
In 1922
In January, Hong Kong seafarers went on strike. With this as a starting point, the Strike of Beijing-Hankou Railway Workers in February 1923 ended, and the Communist Party of China led the workers' movement to set off its first climax. During this period, there were more than 100 strikes across the country, and the number of participants reached more than 300,000.
From May 5 to 10, the First National Congress of the Chinese Socialist Youth League was held in Guangzhou, and the Chinese Socialist Youth League was established.
On June 15, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Proposition of the Communist Party of China on the Current Situation", pointing out that the key to solving the current situation is to use revolutionary means to overthrow imperialism and feudal warlords and establish democratic politics. This is the first time that the Chinese Communist Party has opened its political views to all sectors of society.
July 16-23 The Second National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Shanghai. There were 12 delegates to the congress, representing 195 party members from all over the country. For the first time, the Congress put forward a clear anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program, distinguishing between the highest program and the lowest program. The Congress adopted the first Party Constitution and adopted a resolution deciding that the Communist Party of China would join the Communist International. The Central Executive Committee was elected, and the Central Executive Committee elected Chen Duxiu as its chairman.
On September 13, the weekly newspaper "Guide", the organ of the Cpc Central Committee, was launched. During the founding of the Party and the period of the Great Revolution, the CPC Central Committee also founded publications such as "New Youth", "Forward", and "Cpc Central Committee Newspaper".
From September 14 to 18, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, Li Lisan, Liu Shaoqi and other organizations, the Anyuan Road miners held a strike struggle and won victory. The Anyuan Road Miners' Club, which was established before the strike, was consolidated and developed.
In 1923
February 4-9 Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, more than 20,000 Beijing-Hankou railway workers held a general strike, which became the culmination of the first climax of the workers' movement. On the 7th, the reactionary warlords carried out a bloody suppression, resulting in the February 7 Massacre.
June 12-20 The Third National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Guangzhou. More than 30 delegates attended the congress, representing 420 party members across the country. The congress decided that Communists should join the Kuomintang in their personal capacity in order to realize cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communists. The Congress stipulates that when Communists join the Kuomintang, the Party must maintain its independence politically, ideologically and organizationally. The Central Executive Committee was elected by the Congress, which constituted the Central Bureau, with Chen Duxiu as its chairman. After the Congress, the pace of cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China has greatly accelerated. The organizations of the Communist Party at all levels mobilized Party members and revolutionary youth to join the Kuomintang and actively promoted the national revolutionary movement throughout the country.
In 1924
January 20-30 Under the auspices of Sun Yat-sen, the Kuomintang of China held its first national congress in Guangzhou, and through the declaration drafted by the Communists with the participation of the Communists, with anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism as the main content, in fact established the three major revolutionary policies of the United Russia, the United Communist Party, and the support of peasants and workers. The congress elected the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang of China, and 10 communist party members, including Li Dazhao, Tan Pingshan, and Mao Zedong, were elected as members or alternate executive members of the Central Committee. The convening of the Congress marked the formal formation of the first Kuomintang-Communist cooperation.
In May, in order to create the backbone of the revolutionary armed forces, the Kuomintang Army Officer School (Whampoa Military Academy), co-founded by the Kuomintang and the Communists, opened. On June 16, the opening ceremony of the military academy was held. Sun Yat-sen served as the premier of the military academy, Chiang Kai-shek as the principal, and Liao Zhongkai as the party representative. The Communist Party of China has sent many party members, league members and revolutionary youth from all over the country to study at military academies. In November, Zhou Enlai became the director of the political department of the military academy, improving the political work system. The Guangdong District CPC Committee presided over by Zhou Enlai selected some party and regiment members from the first batch of military academy graduates as backbones, and reorganized the ironclad convoy at the headquarters of the Grand Marshal into a revolutionary armed force actually under the command of the Communist Party.
On July 3, the Peasant Movement Training Center co-organized by the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China was officially opened in Guangzhou. By September 1926, under the successive presidencies of the communists Peng Pan and Mao Zedong, the Guangzhou Peasant Movement Training Institute held six consecutive sessions and trained more than 700 backbone peasant movement cadres.
In 1925
From January 11 to 22, the Fourth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Shanghai. There were 20 delegates to the congress, representing 994 party members from all over the country. The Congress raised the question of the leadership of the proletariat in the democratic revolution and the question of the alliance of workers and peasants, and made more complete stipulations on the content of the democratic revolution. This is a major progress in the CPC's understanding of the issue of the Chinese revolution on the basis of summing up the practical experience of the CPC since its founding, especially in the past year of cooperation between the KUOMINTANG and the CPC. The congress decided to strengthen the building of the Party's organization nationwide and stipulated that branches should be the basic organization of the Party. The central executive committee was elected by the congress, and the central executive committee elected the central bureau, with Chen Duxiu as general secretary.
From May 1 to 7, the Second National Labor Conference was held in Guangzhou, and the All-China Federation of Trade Unions was established.
May 30 The May Thirtieth Movement, led by the Communist Party of China against imperialist atrocities, broke out in Shanghai and quickly swept across the country, with about 17 million people from all walks of life directly participating in the struggle, marking the climax of the Great Revolution. From June to October 1926, a provincial strike broke out in Guangzhou and Hong Kong. This was the longest political strike in the history of the Chinese workers' movement.
On July 1, the National Government of the Republic of China was established in Guangzhou. Its subordinate units were subsequently reorganized into six corps of the National Revolutionary Army. Zhou Enlai and other Communist Party members served as deputy party representatives and directors of the political department in the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Sixth Armies, respectively.
In October, the enlarged meeting of the Central Executive Committee was held in Beijing. The meeting issued a letter to the peasants, proposing that the fundamental way to relieve the peasants' hardships is to implement "cultivated land and farming." The meeting stressed the importance of the work in the northern region and decided to strengthen the leadership of the revolution in the north. After the meeting, the CPC Northern Region Executive Committee was established, with Li Dazhao as secretary.
On December 1, Mao Zedong published "Analysis of the Classes of Chinese Society."
In 1926
March 20 Chiang Kai-shek's manufacture of the Zhongshan incident. Since then, restrictions on the activities of the Communist Party have been stepped up. In May, at the Second Plenary Session of the Second Central Committee of the Kuomintang, the "Bill on Sorting Out Party Affairs" was put forward to exclude Communists from the leading organs of the Kuomintang, thus gradually controlling the power of the Kuomintang, the Nationalist Government and the National Revolutionary Army.
On July 9, the National Revolutionary Army swore an oath to the Northern Expedition in Guangzhou. By November, the forces of the warlords Wu Peifu and Sun Chuanfang had been basically eliminated. During the Northern Expedition, the Ye Ting Independent Regiment, with Communists and Communist Youth League members as the backbone, repeatedly broke through strong enemies. With the victorious march of the Northern Expedition, the workers' and peasant movements in the provinces led by the Communist Party flourished vigorously.
On August 4, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued a circular on resolutely purging corrupt elements. This is the first document in the history of the party to punish corruption.
From October to March of the following year, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Shanghai District Committee organized three consecutive armed uprisings of Shanghai workers. On March 21, 1927, the third armed uprising was won under the direct leadership of a special committee composed of Chen Duxiu, Luo Yinong, Zhao Shiyan, and Zhou Enlai,(zhou Enlai as the commander-in-chief of the uprising). On the 22nd, the Provisional Municipal Government of Shanghai Special City was established.
In 1927
In March, Mao Zedong published the "Report on the Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan".
On April 6, Li Dazhao was arrested by the Fengzhi warlords in Beijing. On the 28th, heroism was righteous.
April 12 Chiang Kai-shek launches the April 12 counter-revolutionary coup in Shanghai. This was the turning point of the Revolution from its climax to its defeat. Before and after this, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Guangdong and other provinces successively hunted down and killed Communist Party members and revolutionary masses on a large scale in the name of "Qing Dang". Yang Mingong, Chen Yannian, Zhao Shiyan, Xiao Chunu, Xiong Xiong and other communists were killed.
From April 27 to May 9, the Fifth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Wuhan. There were 82 delegates to the congress, representing 57,967 party members across the country. The Congress elected the Central Committee and the Central Commission, the first central disciplinary inspection and supervisory body in the history of the Party. According to the requirements of the congress, after the meeting, the meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee adopted a resolution to amend the party constitution and formally put forward the organizational principle of democratic centralism within the party.
On May 10, the First Plenary Session of the Fifth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China elected the Politburo and the Standing Committee of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee, with Chen Duxiu as General Secretary of the Central Committee.
On July 15, Wang Jingwei held an enlarged meeting of the Standing Committee of the Kuomintang Central Committee, formally broke with the Communist Party in the name of "splitting the Communist Party", and carried out mass arrests and massacres of Communists and revolutionary masses. The cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party broke down in an all-round way, and the great revolution launched by the kuomintang and the communist party in cooperation was declared a failure. According to incomplete statistics, from March 1927 to the first half of 1928, more than 310,000 Communists and revolutionary masses were killed.
On August 1, under the leadership of the Committee of Former Enemies of the CPC Central Committee with Zhou Enlai as its secretary, He Long, Ye Ting, Zhu De, Liu Bocheng, and others led an army of more than 20,000 people controlled and influenced by the Party to fire the first shots of armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province. The Nanchang Uprising marked the beginning of the Chinese Communist Party's independent leadership of the revolutionary war, the creation of the people's army, and the armed seizure of power, and opened a new era of the Chinese revolution. On June 30, 1933, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission of the Chinese Soviet Republic decided to commemorate the founding of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army on August 1, the day of the Nanchang Uprising. On 11 July, the Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic approved it. Since then, August 1 has become the anniversary of the founding of the People's Army.
On August 7, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an emergency meeting in Hankou, Hubei Province (the 1987Th Session). The meeting focused on criticizing the right-leaning opportunist mistakes made by the Central Committee headed by Chen Duxiu in the later stages of the Great Revolution, and defined the general policy of the agrarian revolution and armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries. This was a historic change from the defeat of the Great Revolution to the rise of the agrarian revolutionary war. The meeting elected the Provisional Politburo of the CENTRAL Committee headed by Qu Qiubai.
In August, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China established the Southern Bureau and re-established the Northern Bureau. During the period of the agrarian revolutionary war, the CPC Central Committee also established the Yangtze River Bureau, the Central Bureau of the Soviet District, the Central Bureau of the Soviet District, the Central Bureau of the Xiang'e-Exi Central Bureau, the Eyu-Anhui Central Bureau, the Shanghai Central Bureau, and the Northwest Bureau.
On September 9, the Committee of Former Enemies of the Hunan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, with Mao Zedong as its secretary, led the First Division of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army to launch the Autumn Harvest Uprising on the border of Xianggan and Gansu. On the 29th, when the rebel army arrived in Sanwan Village in Yongxin, Jiangxi, it was reorganized, and the party branch was built on the company, and the party's leadership over the army was established organizationally, which was an important beginning in building a new type of people's army led by the proletariat. In October, the rebel army arrived at Jinggangshan and began the struggle to create a revolutionary base area in the countryside.
On September 19, the meeting of the Provisional Politburo of the Central Committee passed the "Resolution on the Question of the "Left Kuomintang" and the Slogan of the Soviets, and decided not to fly the banner of the Kuomintang and to establish the Soviets.
From September to the spring of the following year, the CPC Qiongya Special Committee led the armed uprising in Ding'an, Qiongshan, and other places, the CPC Guangdong local organizations in Haifeng, Lufeng, and other places, the CPC Jute Special Committee in Huang'an and Macheng, Hubei Province, and the Ganxi Special Committee and the Gannan Special Committee in Jiangxi Province, respectively.
In October, the publication of Bolshevik, an organ of the Cpc Central Committee, was founded. During the period of the agrarian revolutionary war, the CPC Central Committee also founded newspapers and periodicals such as "Red Flag", "Struggle", and "Liberation".
November 9-10 The Provisional Politburo of the CPC Central Committee held an enlarged meeting in Shanghai to propose a strategy for a nationwide armed insurrection centered on cities. A lot of losses are caused in practical work. In April 1928, it was discontinued.
On December 11, Zhang Tailei, secretary of the Cpc Guangdong Provincial Committee, Ye Ting, Ye Jianying and other leaders launched the Guangzhou Uprising and established the Guangzhou Soviet Government. However, in the end, because the enemy was outnumbered and defeated, Zhang Tailei and others sacrificed.
In 1928
From January to July, Fang Zhimin and others led an armed uprising in Yiyang and Hengfeng, Jiangxi, Zhu De, Chen Yi, and others in the Shonan region, He Long, Zhou Yiqun, and others in hubei Honghu lake and Xiangxi Sangzhi area, Liu Zhidan and others in Weinan and Huaxian counties in Shaanxi, and Peng Dehuai, Teng Daiyuan, and Huang Gongluo in Pingjiang, Hunan.
In February, Mao Zedong led his troops to break the attack of the Kuomintang army in Jiangxi on the Jinggangshan area. At this point, the Jinggangshan revolutionary base area was initially established. In late April, Zhu De and Chen Yi led the remaining troops of the Nanchang Uprising and the Xiangnan Uprising Peasant Army to Jinggangshan, met with the troops led by Mao Zedong, and established the Fourth Army of the Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army (later renamed the Fourth Army of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army), with Zhu De as the commander and Mao Zedong as the party representative and the secretary of the Central Military Commission. In the process of creating and developing the Jinggangshan revolutionary base area, the Jinggangshan spirit of firm conviction, arduous struggle, seeking truth from facts, daring to blaze new trails, relying on the masses, and daring to win victories has been formed.
In April, Mao Zedong summed up the experience of the troops in doing mass work and stipulated that the troops must implement three major disciplines and six points of attention. The six notes that followed developed into eight.
June 18-July 11 The Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held on the outskirts of Moscow in the Soviet Union. There were 142 delegates to the Congress, including 84 official delegates with the right to vote. The congress pointed out that China is still a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country, that the nature of the Chinese revolution at the present stage is a bourgeois-democratic revolution; that the current political situation in China is between two revolutionary upsurges; and that the party's general line is to win over the masses. The Congress elects a new Central Committee and a Central Review Committee.
On July 19, the First Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China elected the Politburo and the Standing Committee of the Politburo. On the 20th, the Politburo meeting elected Xiang Zhongfa as chairman of the Politburo and chairman of the Standing Committee of the Politburo, and Zhou Enlai as secretary general of the Standing Committee.
On October 5, the Second Congress of the Xianggan Border Party passed a resolution drafted by Mao Zedong, proposing the idea of armed division of workers and peasants. In January 1930, Mao Zedong, in his reply to Lin Biao (later changed to "The Spark of Stars, Can Burn the Plains"), proposed that the focus of the Party's work should be shifted from the cities to the countryside, and the idea of encircling the cities and seizing power by force began to form the idea of the countryside encircling the cities and seizing power by force.
From December to April of the following year, Mao Zedong presided over the formulation of the Jinggangshan Land Law and the Xingguo Land Law.
In 1929
On January 14, Mao Zedong, Zhu De, and Chen Yi led the main force of the Red Fourth Army to leave Jinggangshan and march into Gannan Province. Revolutionary base areas in southern Gan and western Fujian have been opened up successively. Later, these two base areas were connected and developed into the Central Revolutionary Base Area (Central Soviet Region) as the center. By November 1931, the whole country had formed revolutionary base areas such as the Central Committee, Xiang'exi, Eyuwan, Qiongya, Northeastern Gansu (later developed into Fujian and Zhejiang), Xiang'egan, Xianggan, and Youjiang. Later, revolutionary base areas such as Sichuan-Shaanxi, Shaanxi-Gansu, Xiang'e-Chuanqian, Eyu-Shaanxi, and Eastern Fujian were established. In the course of the creation and development of the revolutionary base areas, the spirit of the Soviet Union with firm conviction, seeking truth and pragmatism, serving the people wholeheartedly, honesty and honesty, arduous struggle, striving for first-class achievement, and selfless dedication has been formed.
From May to February of the following year, the CPC Shang (Cheng) Luo (Tian) Ma (Cheng) Special Zone Committee was in Shangcheng, Henan, the LU'an County CPC Committee was in Lu'an and Huoshan, Anhui, and the Central Committee representative Deng Xiaoping was in Baise and Longzhou, Guangxi, successively leading armed uprisings, establishing the Red Army, and gradually opening up revolutionary base areas in southeastern Henan, western Anhui, and left and right rivers.
From December 28 to 29, the Ninth Congress of the Red Fourth Army Party (Gutian Conference) was held in Gutian, Shanghang, Fujian Province. Mao Zedong was elected secretary of the Committee of Former Enemies of the Red Fourth Army of the Communist Party of China. In accordance with the spirit of the September letter from the Central Committee, the meeting adopted the resolutions of the Gutian Conference drafted by Mao Zedong, the most important of which was the resolution on correcting erroneous ideas within the party, and established the principle of ideological party building and political army building. The resolution of the Gutian Conference is a programmatic document for the building of the Communist Party of China and the Red Army, and an important milestone in the history of the building of the Party and the people's army. The army's political work laid for the Foundation of the Gutian Conference played a decisive role in the survival and development of the army.
In 1930
In March, under the leadership and impetus of the Communist Party of China, the Chinese Left-Wing Writers Alliance was established in Shanghai. Subsequently, the Alliance of Chinese Social Scientists, Dramatists, Artists, and Educators, as well as left-wing cultural groups such as film and music groups, were established one after another. In October, various left-wing cultural groups formed the General Alliance of Left-Wing Culture in China. The Communist Party-led left-wing cultural movement sprang up in areas ruled by the Kuomintang.
In May, Mao Zedong wrote "Investigation Work" (later changed to "Against Originalism"), proposing that "there is no investigation, no right to speak."
On June 11, the Politburo meeting of the Central Committee passed the resolution drafted by Li Lisan entitled "A New Revolutionary Upsurge and the First Victory of One Province or Several Provinces", forming a systematic "Left" adventurous proposition. Soon after, plans were drawn up for a general insurrection throughout the country and for concentrating the Red Army throughout the country to attack the central cities, causing losses to varying degrees of the revolutionary forces in various localities. In September, the Third Plenum of the enlarged Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China halted this adventurous action.
In June, the First Army of the Red Army was established, with Zhu De as the commander-in-chief and Mao Zedong as the political commissar and former secretary of the party committee. In the same month, the Third Army of the Red Army was established, with Peng Dehuai as the commander-in-chief and former secretary of the party committee, and Teng Daiyuan as the political commissar. In July, the Second Army of the Red Army was established, with He Long as the commander-in-chief and Zhou Yiqun as the political commissar and former secretary of the party committee.
August 23 The First Front of the Red Army is established, with Zhu De as commander-in-chief and Mao Zedong as secretary of the General Front Committee and general political commissar.
Winter - The following autumn Under the command of Mao Zedong and Zhu De, the military and people of the central revolutionary base areas smashed the Kuomintang army three times in a row to "encircle and suppress" and consolidate and expand the base areas. Revolutionary base areas such as Eyu-Anhui and Xiang'e-Hubei have also won victories in opposing "encirclement and suppression." By the spring of 1932, the revolutionary base areas had annihilated more than 200,000 enemy troops, and the main Red Army had grown to about 150,000 people.
In 1931
On January 7, the Fourth Plenary Session of the Enlarged Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in Shanghai. Wang Ming (Chen Shaoyu) actually grasped the leadership of the CPC Central Committee. The "Left" dogmatic errors represented by Wang Ming began a four-year rule within the party's leading organs. In September, Wang Ming went to Moscow to serve as the ccp's representative to the Comintern, and the provisional central government was established in Shanghai, with Bogu (Qin Bangxian) in charge. In January 1933, the Provisional Central Committee was forced to move from Shanghai to Ruijin, the base area of the Central Revolutionary.
September 18 Japanese imperialism created the September 18 Incident and began to invade and occupy northeast China on a large scale. The people of all strata and patriotic officers and men in the northeast have organized various forms of anti-Japanese detachments, such as the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army. The Communist Party of China actively carried out work in the anti-Japanese volunteer army and organized the anti-Japanese armed forces under the leadership of the party. Since 1932, the party has successively organized more than ten anti-Japanese guerrilla groups with the participation of han, Manchu, Korean, Mongolian, Hui and other national patriots, which gradually became the main force of the anti-Japanese guerrilla war in northeast China, and developed into the northeast people's revolutionary army, the northeast anti-Japanese allied army and other armed forces. After the September 18 Incident, the Chinese people rose up to resist, which became the starting point of the Chinese people's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, and at the same time opened the prelude to the world anti-fascist war.
On November 7, the Fourth Front of the Red Army was established, with Xu as the former commander-in-chief and Chen Changhao as the political commissar.
From November 7 to 20, the First National Congress of the Chinese Soviet was held in Ruijin, Jiangxi Province, announcing the establishment of the Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic. On the 25th, the Central Revolutionary Military Committee of the Chinese Soviet Republic was established, with Zhu De as its chairman. On the 27th, Mao Zedong was elected Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Soviet Republic and Chairman of the People's Committee of the Central Executive Committee. The Chinese Soviet Republic was the first nationwide workers' and peasants' power in China's history and an important attempt by the Communist Party of China to govern in some areas. Congresses of workers, peasants, and soldiers at all levels were also successively held in other base areas to elect Soviet governments at all levels.
In November, the Red China News Agency was established. In January 1937, it was renamed Xinhua News Agency.
On December 14, more than 17,000 men of the Kuomintang 26th Route Army, led by Zhao Bosheng, Dong Zhentang, Ji Zhentong, and Huang Zhongyue, revolted in Ningdu, Jiangxi. Subsequently, it was reorganized into the Fifth Army of the Red Army, with Ji Zhentong as the commander-in-chief and Xiao Jinguang as the political commissar.
In December, Red China, the organ of the Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic, was founded.
This year, after more than three years of practice, the party's agrarian revolutionary line has basically taken shape, that is, relying on poor peasants and hiring peasants, uniting with the middle peasants, restricting the rich peasants, eliminating the landlord class, and changing the feudal land ownership system into a peasant land ownership system.
In 1932
In December, the Shaanxi-Gansu guerrillas led by Liu Zhidan, Xie Zichang, Xi Zhongxun and others were reorganized into the Red Army. After March 1933, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Bian Revolutionary Base Area was established with Zhaojin and Nanliang as the center. In November 1934, the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region Soviet Government and the Revolutionary Military Committee were formally established, with Xi Zhongxun elected as chairman of the Soviet government and Liu Zhidan as chairman of the Revolutionary Military Commission.
At the end of the year - March of the following year, under the command of Zhou Enlai and Zhu De, the central revolutionary base areas won the fourth victory against "encirclement and suppression.".
In 1933
From January to February, the main force of the Red Fourth Front opened up the Sichuan-Shaanxi revolutionary base area centered on Sichuan Tong (Jiang), Nan (Jiang), and Ba (Zhong). Previously, the main force of the Red Fourth Front withdrew from the revolutionary base area of Eyu-Anhui in October 1932.
On May 8, the General Headquarters of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was established, with Zhu De as the commander-in-chief of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army and Zhou Enlai as the General Political Commissar.
In mid-June, the Sixth Army of the Red Army was formed. In August 1934, the Military and Political Committee of the Sixth Red Army was formally established, with Ren Bi, the central representative, as the chairman of the Military and Political Committee, Xiao Ke as the commander of the army, and Wang Zhen as the political commissar.
In September, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized 1 million troops to launch the fifth "encirclement and suppression" campaign against the revolutionary base areas, of which 500,000 troops were used to attack the central revolutionary base areas. Bogu, head of the Provisional Central Committee, and Li De, military adviser to the Communist International, pursued a purely defensive military line in the anti-"encirclement and suppression" campaign, causing heavy losses to the Red Army and the revolutionary base areas.
In 1934
In July, the Red Seventh Army led by Xun Huaizhou, Le Shaohua, Su Yu and others was reorganized into a northward anti-Japanese advance team and went to the Fujian-Zhejiang-Anhui-Gansu Border Region for activities. In November, after meeting with the Red Tenth Army led by Fang Zhimin, the Red Tenth Army was formed and a military and political committee chaired by Fang Zhimin was established.
On August 7, the Red Sixth Army broke through from the Xianggan revolutionary base area and marched west. In October, he joined the Division of the Red Army. The Red Third Army restored the red second army number, With He Long as the commander of the army and Ren Bi as the political commissar at the time. Subsequently, the Revolutionary Base Area of Xiang'e, Echuanqian was gradually created.
In mid-October, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission led the main forces of the Central Red Army to carry out strategic transfers and began the Long March. From mid-November to mid-November 1935, the Red Twenty-fifth Army, the Red Fourth Front, and the Red Second and Red Sixth Armies also successively withdrew from the revolutionary base areas of Eyuwan, Sichuan- Shaanxi, Xiang'echuanqian, and carried out strategic transfers.
From late October to early December, the Central Red Army broke through the three blockade lines of the Kuomintang army in a row, and suffered heavy losses in the Battle of the Xiangjiang River, which broke through the fourth blockade line. After crossing the Xiang River, the Central Red Army plummeted from more than 86,000 at the beginning of the Long March to more than 30,000.
In October, after the Long March of the main force of the Central Red Army, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to set up the Central Sub-Bureau of the Soviet District headed by Xiang Ying, the Central Military Region, and the Central Government Office of the Chinese Soviet Republic headed by Chen Yi, to lead the Red Army and guerrillas who remained in the southern base areas to persist in the struggle. The guerrilla war in the south lasted three years, covering more than a dozen regions in eight provinces, which effectively coordinated with the strategic transfer of the main Red Army and retained the revolutionary forces. In the meantime, Qu Qiubai and other sacrifices.
On December 18, the Politburo of the CENTRAL Committee held a meeting in Liping, Guizhou, and according to Mao Zedong's suggestion, passed a resolution to abandon the plan to join the Red Second and Red Sixth Armies in northwestern Hunan and march to northern Guizhou instead. Earlier, the responsible person of the CPC Central Committee held an emergency meeting in the Hunan Passage to discuss the issue of transferring troops.
In 1935
January 15-17 The Politburo held an enlarged meeting in Zunyi, Guizhou, to focus on the then decisive military and organizational issues. The meeting co-opted Mao Zedong as a member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the CPC Central Committee and entrusted Zhang Wentian with drafting the "Resolution of the Central Committee on The Summary of The Five "Encirclement and Suppression" Campaigns Against the Enemy" and abolished the "Three-Man Regiment" established before the Long March. Shortly after the meeting, on the way to the Tashi region of Yunnan, the Politburo Standing Committee decided that Zhang Wentian would take overall responsibility in place of Bogu, with Mao Zedong as Zhou Enlai's helper in military command, and later set up a three-person group composed of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Wang Jiaxiang to take charge of the military operations of the whole army. The Zunyi conference was a life-and-death turning point in the party's history. This meeting was held at the historical juncture when the Red Army failed to oppose "encirclement and suppression" and suffered a serious setback in the early stage of the Long March; in fact, it established Mao Zedong's leading position in the Party Central Committee and the Red Army, began to establish the leading position of the correct Marxist line with Mao Zedong as the main representative in the Party Central Committee, began to form the first generation of Central leading collectives with Mao Zedong as the core, opened a new stage in the Party's independent solution of the practical problems of the Chinese revolution, and saved the Party, the Red Army, and the Chinese revolution at the most critical juncture.
From late January to early May, the Central Red Army crossed the Chishui River in four directions, crossed the Wujiang River in the south, pretended to attack Guiyang, threatened Kunming, and crossed the Jinsha River in a clever way, freeing itself from the encirclement and blockade of hundreds of thousands of enemy troops. Subsequently, it successfully passed through the Yi area of Liangshan in Sichuan, forcibly crossed the Dadu River, flew to seize the Luding Bridge, and continued north.
From May to July, under the command of Liu Zhidan and others, the Red Army in northern Shaanxi crushed the enemy's military "encirclement and suppression" and connected the two base areas of Shaanxi-Gansu-Gansu border and northern Shaanxi into one piece, forming the Shaanxi-Gansu Revolutionary Base Area (also known as the Northwest Revolutionary Base Area). The Shaanxi-Gansu Revolutionary Base Area was the only complete revolutionary base area left in the country in the later stages of the agrarian revolutionary war, which provided a foothold for the Party Central Committee and the Long March of the Red Army, and provided a starting point for the main force of the Eighth Route Army, which was reorganized by the Red Army after the outbreak of the National War of Resistance Against Japan, to rush to the anti-Japanese front.
In mid-June, the Central Red Army crossed the mountain of Jiajin, which had been covered with snow all year round, and joined the Red Fourth Front in Maogong division in Sichuan. In light of the situation after the meeting, the CPC Central Committee determined the strategic principle of going north to establish a revolutionary base area in Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Gansu. On September 9, Zhang Guotao refused to carry out the policy of going north and ordered the Right Route Army to move south. On the 12th, the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee held an enlarged meeting to adopt a decision on Zhang Guotao's mistake. In October, Zhang Guotao, who opposed going north and insisting on going south, established another "Central Committee". The Red Fourth Front suffered heavy losses after moving south. In June 1936, Zhang Guotao was forced to abolish the separate "Central Committee".
On August 1, the delegation of the Communist Party of China to the Comintern drafted the "Letter of the Chinese Soviet Government and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to All Compatriots for Resisting Japan and Saving the Country" (August 1st Declaration). The declaration advocated the cessation of the civil war, the organization of a national defense government and an anti-Japanese coalition army, and war against Japan.
In mid-September, the Red Twenty-fifth Army arrived at the Shaanxi-Gansu Revolutionary Base Area, joined the local Red Twenty-sixth and Red Twenty-seventh Army divisions, and merged into the Red Fifteenth Army, with Xu Haidong as the commander of the army and Cheng Zihua as the political commissar.
In September, the Red I and Red Armies and the columns of the Central Military Commission marched north to Hadapu, Gansu, and were officially reorganized into the Shaanxi-Gansu Detachment, with Peng Dehuai as commander and Mao Zedong as political commissar. On October 19, it arrived in Wuqi Town, northern Shaanxi. The main force of the Central Red Army ended the Long March in victory. On November 3, the red army was restored, with Peng Dehuai as commander and Mao Zedong as political commissar, under the jurisdiction of the Red First Army (reorganized from the Shaanxi-Gansu detachment) and the Red Fifteenth Army.
On December 9, due to Japan's intensified invasion of North China, the Communist Party of China led the Students of Beiping to set off a huge anti-Japanese salvation movement (12.9 Movement), which quickly spread throughout the country and formed a new climax of anti-Japanese national salvation.
December 17-25 The Politburo of the CPC Central Committee held an enlarged meeting at Wayao Fort in northern Shaanxi to determine the tactical policy of the anti-Japanese national united front. After the meeting, Mao Zedong made a report and systematically expounded this policy.
In 1936
In February, the anti-Japanese armed forces in the northeast were unified into the Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition Army. By the autumn of 1937, 11 armies with a total of more than 30,000 men had been established. The Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition Army was successively divided into the First, Second, and Third Route Armies, led by Yang Jingyu, Zhou Baozhong, and Li Zhaolin respectively.
From February to July, the Red Army launched the Eastern Expedition and the Western Expedition to Shanxi, Suiyuan and other places and the border areas of Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia provinces.
From late June to early July, the Long March of the Red Second and Sixth Red Armies arrived in the Ganzi region of Sichuan to join the Red Fourth Front. On July 5, the Second Front of the Red Army was established, with He Long as commander-in-chief and Ren Bi as political commissar. Under the active struggle and demands of the CPC Central Committee and the broad masses of commanders and fighters, the Red Fourth and Red Second Fronts jointly marched north.
October 9 The Red First and Fourth Fronts met in Huining, Gansu. On the 22nd, the Red First and Second Fronts met at Jiangtai Fort (present-day Xiji, Ningxia) in Longde, Gansu. At this point, the three main red army victories will meet the division. The Long March is a great feat in human history and a great expedition of ideals and convictions, testing truth, awakening the people, and opening up a new situation. The victory of the Long March is the key to turning the Chinese revolution from crisis to safety. The Long March has forged the great spirit of the Long March, that is, the spirit of putting the fundamental interests of the people of the whole country and the Chinese nation above everything else, strengthening revolutionary ideals and convictions, and firmly believing in the inevitable victory of the just cause; the spirit of not being afraid of any difficulties and dangers and obstacles in order to save the country and the people, and not hesitating to make all sacrifices; the spirit of upholding independence, seeking truth from facts, and proceeding from reality in everything; the spirit of taking into account the overall situation, strictly observing discipline, and forging close unity; and the spirit of relying closely on the masses of the people, relying on the masses of the people in life and death, sharing hardships and hardships, and struggling hard.
In late October, in order to open up the road of Soviet aid, the first part of the Red Fourth Front Army was ordered by the Central Revolutionary Military Commission to cross the Yellow River in the west to prepare for the implementation of the Ningxia Campaign Plan. On November 11, the river crossing unit was called the Western Route Army according to the central decision. The soldiers of the Xilu Army who penetrated deep into the Hexi Corridor fought bravery and bloodshed, and persisted in fighting for four months under extremely difficult conditions, but finally lost outnumbered in March 1937.
On December 12, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng launched the Xi'an Incident and detained Chiang Kai-shek. The CPC Central Committee determined the policy of peacefully resolving the incident and sent Zhou Enlai, Bogu, Ye Jianying, and others to Xi'an. After negotiations, Chiang Kai-shek was forced to make a promise to "stop suppressing the Communists and unite with the reds to resist Japan." The peaceful settlement of the Xi'an Incident has become a hub for the transformation of the situation. Under the premise of resisting Japan, the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party has become an irresistible trend.
In 1937
On January 13, the central organ of the Communist Party of China was moved to Yan'an.
In May, the CPC Central Committee successively held the Party's Representative Meeting of the Soviet Union and the Party's White District Representative Conference to further sum up historical experience and clarify the Party's tasks during the War of Resistance Against Japan.
On July 7, the Japanese invading army launched the Lugou Bridge Incident (July 7 Incident), and the local Chinese garrison rose up to resist. On the 8th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China sent a telegram to the whole country, pointing out: "Pingjin is in danger! North China is in danger! The Chinese nation is in danger! Only when the whole nation carries out the War of Resistance is our way out! The Lugou Bridge Incident marked the launching of an all-out war of aggression against China by Japanese imperialism, as well as the full-scale outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression against Japanese Aggression by the Chinese, that is, the beginning of the Nationwide War of Resistance. China's national war of resistance opened up the first large-scale anti-fascist battlefield in the east of the world.
From July to August, Mao Zedong wrote the "Theory of Practice" and "The Law of the Unity of Contradictions" (later changed to "Contradiction Theory") in "Dialectical Materialism (Teaching Outline)".
From August 22 to 25, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting of the Politburo (Luochuan Conference) in Luochuan, northern Shaanxi. The meeting pointed out that it is necessary to uphold the leadership of the proletariat in the united front, to launch an independent guerrilla war in the mountains behind the enemy's rear, and to launch an anti-Japanese mass movement in the areas ruled by the Kuomintang. The meeting adopted the "Ten Programs of the Communist Party of China for Resisting Japan and Saving the Country" and the "Decision of the CPC Central Committee on the Current Situation and the Party's Tasks," marking the formal formation of the party's all-round line of resistance. The meeting decided to establish the Revolutionary Military Commission of the CPC Central Committee, with Mao Zedong as secretary (also known as chairman) and Zhu De and Zhou Enlai as deputy secretaries (also known as vice chairmen).
On August 25, the Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued an order announcing that the Red Army would be renamed the Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army (the Eighth Route Army for short), with three divisions under its jurisdiction and a total army of about 46,000 people. The general headquarters of the former enemy of the Red Army was changed to the general headquarters of the Eighth Route Army, with Zhu De as the commander-in-chief and Peng Dehuai as the deputy commander-in-chief. After that, the Red Army guerrillas in the eight southern provinces (except the Qiongya Red Army guerrillas) were reorganized into the new Fourth Army (referred to as the New Fourth Army) of the National Revolutionary Army, with four detachments under its jurisdiction, with a total of about 10,300 people. Ye Ting served as the commander and Xiang Ying as the deputy commander.
In August, the Northern Bureau of the CPC Central Committee established a new leading organ in Taiyuan. During the war of resistance against Japanese aggression, the CPC Central Committee also established (or re-established) the Northern Sub-Bureau, the Jin-Cha-Ji Sub-Bureau, the Taihang Sub-Bureau, the Jiluyu Sub-Bureau, the Shandong Sub-Bureau, the Yangtze River Coastal Committee, the Yangtze River Bureau, the Southeast Sub-Bureau, the Southeast Bureau, the Central Plains Bureau, the Central China Bureau, the Southern Bureau, the Southern Working Committee, the Southwest Working Committee, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Central Bureau, the Northwest Bureau, and the Jinsui Sub-Bureau.
On September 22, the "Declaration of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China for promulgating the Cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party" was issued by the Kuomintang Central News Agency. On the 23rd, Chiang Kai-shek issued a statement that actually recognized the legitimate status of the Communist Party. The declaration of the CENTRAL Committee of the Communist Party of China and the publication of Chiang Kai-shek's speech proclaimed the resumption of cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and the formation of an anti-Japanese national united front.
On September 25, the main force of the 115th Division of the Eighth Route Army won the Pingxingguan Victory in northeast Jin, annihilating more than 1,000 Japanese troops and breaking the myth of the "invincibility" of the Japanese army.
In September, the Soviet Government (i.e., the Northwest Office of the Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet People's Republic) in the former Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Revolutionary Base Area was officially renamed the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government (from November to January of the following year, it was called the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Special Administrative Region Government). The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region is the seat of the CPC Central Committee, the political guidance center of the People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, and the strategic rear area of the Eighth Route Army, the New Fourth Army, and other people's anti-Japanese forces.
From October to November, the Eighth Route Army cooperated with the Kuomintang troops in the Battle of Xinkou, and successively won victories such as the ambush battle of Yanmen Pass and the night attack on the Japanese airfield at Yangmingbao.
In November, the Eighth Route Army began to gradually implement a strategic deployment behind enemy lines. With the cooperation of local organizations of the COMMUNIST Party, by October 1938, the anti-Japanese base areas of Jin-Cha-Ji, Northwest Jin, Daqingshan, Jin-Jiyu, Southwest Jin, and Shandong were created.
In 1938
On January 10, the Provisional Administrative Committee of the Jin-Cha-Ji Border Region was established in Fuping, Western Hebei. This was the first anti-Japanese democratic regime of a united front nature established by the leadership of the Communist Party of China.
In January, the Hong Kong office of the Eighth Route Army was established, and it was called "Yuehua Company" to the outside world. Extensive contacts were made with overseas Chinese, Hong Kong and Macao compatriots, and international forces to carry out the anti-Japanese struggle.
From February to December, the New Fourth Army marched into central Anhui, southern Anhui, southern Jiangsu, eastern Henan and other places to carry out guerrilla warfare and establish anti-Japanese base areas behind enemy lines.
On March 15, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Resolution on the Mass Development of Party Members". By the end of 1938, the number of party members in the country had grown from more than 40,000 at the beginning of the national war of resistance to more than 500,000.
In April, the soldiers and civilians of the Jinji-Hebei Yu Anti-Japanese Base Area smashed the Nine-Way Siege of more than 30,000 Japanese troops, annihilated more than 4,000 enemy troops, and recovered 18 county towns.
From May 26 to June 3, Mao Zedong gave a long speech entitled "On Protracted War," in which he pointed out: Japan is an imperialist power, and China is a semi-colonial and semi-feudal weak country; Japan's war of aggression is regressive and barbaric; China's war of anti-aggression is progressive and just; Japan is a small country that cannot withstand a long-term war; China is a big country that can support a long-term war; Japan's unjust war is unsupported, and China's just war is full of help. The first point determines that Japan's offensive can run rampant in China for a while, and China cannot win quickly; the last three points determine that China will not perish, and after a long war of resistance, the final victory belongs to China. "On Protracted War" systematically expounds the party's general strategic policy of the anti-Japanese protracted war and is a programmatic document for the Communist Party of China to lead the War of Resistance Against Japan.
From September 29 to November 6, the Sixth Plenary Session of the Enlarged Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in Yan'an. For the first time, the plenum put forward the proposition of sinification of Marxism, reaffirmed the discipline of individual obedience to the organization, the minority obeying the majority, the subordinates obeying the superiors, and the whole party obeying the central authorities, correctly analyzed the situation of the War of Resistance Against Japan, stipulated the tasks of the Party in the new stage of the War of Resistance Against Japan, carried out a comprehensive strategic plan for realizing the Party's leadership over the War of Resistance Against Japan, further consolidated Mao Zedong's leading position in the whole Party, unified the thinking and pace of the whole Party, and promoted the rapid development of all work.
In October, Guangzhou and Wuhan fell one after another, and the national War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression shifted from strategic defense to strategic stalemate. In the strategic defense stage, the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army fought more than 1,600 battles with the Japanese and puppet armies, killing, wounding, and capturing more than 54,000 enemy soldiers, the Eighth Route Army grew to more than 156,000 people, the New Fourth Army grew to 25,000 people, and the total population of the anti-Japanese base areas (including guerrilla areas) reached more than 50 million. Before and after the fall of Guangzhou, Zhou Enlai, through Pan Hannian and others, transferred cultural circles and democrats from Shanghai, Nanjing, and other occupied areas, including Song Qingling, He Xiangning, Guo Moruo, Mao Dun, Liu Yazi, and Cai Yuanpei, to Guangzhou and Hong Kong. Some of them remained in Hong Kong, strengthening the anti-Japanese salvation force in Hong Kong's cultural circles.
From October to December, the local organizations of the CPC in Guangdong united and led the Han, Li, Miao and other ethnic groups to establish anti-Japanese guerrillas, opening up the battlefield behind enemy lines in South China. During the war of resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Communist Party of China implemented the ethnic policy of equality and unity among all ethnic groups in resisting Japan, and developed a large number of ethnic minority anti-Japanese armed forces. Compatriots in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao and overseas Chinese compatriots also actively participated in the anti-Japanese rescue activities.
In 1939
On January 16, the Southern Bureau of the CPC Central Committee was established in Chongqing, with Zhou Enlai as secretary (in June 1943, Dong Biwu presided over the work), responsible for leading the southern Kuomintang-ruled areas and some occupied areas and overseas party organizations, as well as the Eighth Route Army, the New Fourth Army offices, Xinhua Daily, The Masses Weekly and other public organizations set up within this scope. The Southern Bureau adheres to the principle of resisting war, unity, and progress, and extensively carries out united front work and other aspects of work.
From January 17 to February 4, the Senate of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region held the first meeting of the first session and adopted the "Administrative Program for the Anti-Japanese War period of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region" and other documents. Lin Boqu was elected chairman of the Government of the Border Region.
From January to March, the main force of the 129th Division of the Eighth Route Army, together with the troops of the Ji'nan Military Region, carried out anti-"mopping-up" operations and consolidated the anti-Japanese base area in southern Hebei. From January to April, the main force of the 120th Division of the Eighth Route Army met with the troops of the Central Hebei Military Region, and the puppet army besieged it many times. From July to August, under the unified command of the headquarters of the Eighth Route Army, the military and civilians of the Jinji-Hebei Yu Anti-Japanese Base Area counterattacked the "sweep" of more than 50,000 Japanese troops.
On February 2, in order to overcome serious economic difficulties, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a production mobilization conference in Yan'an, and Mao Zedong issued a call to "do it yourself". The military and people in the anti-Japanese base areas have successively set off a large-scale production movement. In the spring of 1941, the 359th Brigade of the Eighth Route Army marched into Nanniwan to carry out military reclamation of Tuntian, which became a banner of the army's large-scale production movement. Including the development of production, the anti-Japanese base areas have successively implemented the ten major policies of fighting against the enemy, streamlining the army and streamlining administration, unifying leadership, supporting the government and loving the people, rectifying the three winds, examining cadres, conducting education on current affairs, "three systems," and reducing rents and interest rates, thus playing an important role in overcoming difficulties, overcoming difficulties, and consolidating the anti-Japanese base areas. During the Yan'an period, the party cultivated and formed the Yan'an spirit with a firm and correct political direction, an ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts, the fundamental purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly, and the entrepreneurial spirit of self-reliance and arduous struggle as the main contents, which is the precious spiritual wealth of our party.
In March, Luo Ronghuan and Chen Guang led the 115th Division of the Eighth Route Army into Luxi. In May, it won the Battle of Lufang Breakout in the Tai (An) Fei (Cheng) area, killing and wounding more than 1,300 Japanese troops.
From May to November, the New Fourth Army of Central China completed the task of implementing strategy behind enemy lines, and successively set up a Jiangbei command in Tangchi, east of the Lujiang River in central Anhui Province, and a Jiangnan command center in Shuixi Village, Liyang, southern Jiangsu Province, under the command of Zhang Yunyi and Chen Yi respectively.
On July 7, the "Declaration of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Current Situation in Commemoration of the Second Anniversary of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression" was issued, proposing three major political slogans: upholding the War of Resistance, opposing surrender, upholding unity and opposing separatism, and adhering to progress and opposing retrogression.
On October 4, Mao Zedong issued a "Speech on the Communists", pointing out that the united front, armed struggle, and party building are the three magic weapons for the Communist Party of China to defeat the enemy in the Chinese revolution, and calling party building a "great project."
From October to December, the Jin-Cha-Ji troops of the Eighth Route Army, with the cooperation of the 120th Division, smashed more than 20,000 Japanese troops in the Beiyue District. Killed the Japanese lieutenant general brigade commander in the Loess Ridge ambush, the highest-ranking commander of the Japanese army killed by the Eighth Route Army in the War of Resistance Against Japan.
In November, Dr. Norman Bethune, a Member of the Canadian Communist Party who came to China to participate in the War of Resistance, died in Tang County, Jin-Cha-Ji Border Region. Mao Zedong inscribed elegy and wrote "Learning Bethune" (later changed to "In Memory of Bethune"). In December 1942, Ke Dihua, an Indian doctor who came to China to participate in the War of Resistance, died in Tang County. Mao Zedong inscribed an elegy.
December-the following spring The Kuomintang diehards set off their first anti-communist upsurge. The Communist Party of China led the military and people in the anti-Japanese base areas to adhere to the principle of self-defense and defeat the attack of the diehards.
In 1940
In January, Mao Zedong published "On New Democracy", which systematically expounded the theory of new democracy. The proposal and systematic elaboration of the theory of new democracy is a major theoretical achievement in the sinification of Marxism, marking the development of Mao Zedong Thought in many aspects and tending to maturity.
In April, the Northwest Working Committee of the CPC Central Committee formulated the "Outline on the Hui Nationality Issue". In July, the "Outline on the Mongolian National Question in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression" was also drafted. Approved by the Secretariat of the Central Committee, it became a programmatic document guiding the work of the nationalities during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression.
On June 1, Mao Zedong met with Chen Jiageng and others who led a delegation of overseas Chinese from Nanyang to Yan'an to comfort the labor. Previously, more than 40 overseas Chinese salvation groups in Southeast Asian countries established the Nanyang Overseas Chinese Relief Association in Singapore in October 1938, chaired by Chen Jiageng, to actively carry out the anti-Japanese patriotic movement.
August 20 – Late January of the following year The headquarters of the Eighth Route Army launched a large-scale offensive against the Japanese army in North China (the Battle of the Hundred Regiments). About 200,000 people from 105 regiments participated. By the beginning of December 1940, the army and civilians behind the enemy lines had fought 1,824 battles, killing and wounding more than 25,000 Japanese and puppet troops, capturing 281 Japanese troops and more than 18,000 puppet troops.
On September 18, the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee issued a circular on carrying out work in large cities behind enemy lines, and set up a work committee behind enemy lines, with Zhou Enlai as the overall responsibility, Chongqing as the center in the south, and Yan'an as the center in the north, leading the work of promoting the work of cities behind enemy lines.
On November 17, the General Headquarters of the Eighth Route Army of the New Fourth Army in Central China was established in Subei'an, with Ye Ting as the commander-in-chief, Liu Shaoqi as the political commissar, and Chen Yi as the deputy commander-in-chief (acting commander-in-chief before Ye Ting's arrival). By the end of the year, the New Fourth Army had fought more than 2,700 battles against the Japanese and puppet armies in guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines for more than two years, killed and wounded 55,000 enemy prisoners, established anti-Japanese base areas in central China such as eastern Anhui, Yuwansu, northeastern Anhui, and northern Jiangsu, expanded the anti-Japanese base areas in southern Jiangsu and central Anhui, communicated the links between north China and the anti-Japanese base areas in central China, and the main force grew to nearly 90,000 people, and hundreds of thousands of local armed forces and local armed forces that did not leave production.
In 1941
In early January, more than 9,000 people of the New Fourth Army and its subordinate southern Anhui troops were ambushed and besieged by more than 80,000 Kuomintang troops on the way north in accordance with the orders of the Kuomintang military authorities, most of whom were heroically killed or captured, the commander Ye Ting was detained, and the deputy commander Xiang Ying was killed. After the incident, Chiang Kai-shek falsely called the New Fourth Army a "defection" and announced the cancellation of its name. The Communist Party of China adopted the principle of strictly defending itself militarily and resolutely counterattacking politically. On January 20, the Central Military Commission issued an order to rebuild the New Fourth Army Headquarters, with Chen Yi as acting commander and Liu Shaoqi as political commissar. By March, the second anti-communist upsurge of the Kuomintang diehards had been repulsed.
On May 1, the "Administrative Program of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region" approved by the CPC Central Committee was officially published. In November, the second Senate of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region was convened, and the Regulations on the Protection of Human Rights and Property rights of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region were passed, and the enlightened gentleman Li Dingming was elected as the vice chairman of the Border Region Government.
On May 19, Mao Zedong gave a report on "Transforming Our Learning". From September to October, the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee held an enlarged meeting in Yan'an, and senior party cadres began to study and study the party's history and sum up the party's historical experience in order to distinguish right from wrong from the political line, achieve a basically consistent understanding, and make preparations for the general rectification of the whole party.
In June, with the outbreak of the Soviet-German War, the Japanese invaders decided to step up their war against China, and the Chinese battlefield became the main battlefield in the east of the world anti-fascist war. The Japanese army launched a devastating "sweeping" and "encroachment" on all anti-Japanese base areas, especially the anti-Japanese base areas in North China, and the anti-Japanese base areas behind enemy lines entered an unprecedentedly difficult period. The military and people of the Base Areas of Jin-Cha-Ji, Jin-Ji-Ji-Yu, Ji-Lu-Yu, Shandong, Northern Jiangsu, Central Jiangsu, and Southern Jiangsu have created various forms of armed struggle, such as tunnel warfare, mine warfare, sparrow warfare, sabotage warfare, siege warfare, and guerrilla warfare on the water, giving full play to the power of people's warfare and effectively striking at the enemy. In the arduous war of resistance behind enemy lines, countless heroic deeds that can be sung and wept have emerged among the vast number of soldiers and civilians. Yang Jingyu, commander-in-chief and political commissar of the First Route Army of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Alliance, Zhao Shangzhi, deputy commander-in-chief of the Second Route Army of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Alliance, Zuo Quan, deputy chief of staff of the Eighth Route Army, and Peng Xuefeng, commander of the Fourth Division of the New Fourth Army, were killed in the battle. Soldiers of the Eighth Route Army, Ma Baoyu, Hu Delin, Hu Fucai, Song Xueyi, and Ge Zhenlin, jumped off a cliff after firing the last bullet, and were known as the "Five Heroes of Wolf's Tooth Mountain". The "Liu Laozhuang Company" of the New Fourth Army all died heroically in the battle against the enemy.
December 9 The day after the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Communist Party of China issued a declaration advocating the establishment of a united front for all anti-Japanese nationalities in the Pacific. On January 1, 1942, 26 countries, including China, the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union, signed the Declaration of the United Nations, and the international anti-fascist united front was formally formed.
December -Spring of the following year Under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the Southern Bureau, the Hong Kong and Guangdong party organizations and anti-Japanese guerrillas secretly rescued more than 800 patriotic democrats, cultural figures and other people trapped during the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, including He Xiangning, Liu Yazi, Zou Taofen, Mao Dun, Hu Sheng, Xia Yan, and Liang Shuming. After the fall of Hong Kong, the Guangdong People's Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Corps, established under the leadership of the Communist Party, advanced behind the enemy lines and persisted in carrying out guerrilla warfare.
In 1942
In early February, Mao Zedong successively gave lectures on "Rectifying the Study Style, Party Style, and Literary Style" (later renamed "Rectifying the Party's Work Style") and "Eight Shares of the Opposition Party," proposing to oppose subjectivism in order to straighten out the study style, oppose sectarianism to straighten out the party style, and oppose the eight shares of the Party to straighten out the style of writing. The rectification movement is generally carried out throughout the party.
In May, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a literary and art forum in Yan'an. Mao Zedong delivered a speech in which he expounded that revolutionary literature and art serving the people is first and foremost the fundamental direction of serving the workers, peasants, and soldiers.
From May to June, the anti-Japanese base areas in Central Hebei counterattacked more than 50,000 Japanese and puppet army "sweeps", annihilating more than 10,000 enemy personnel.
On September 1, the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee adopted the Decision on Unifying the Leadership of the Party in the Anti-Japanese Base Areas and Adjusting the Relations between Various Organizations, stipulating that the anti-Japanese base areas should exercise unified leadership of the Party, and that the central representative organs and Party committees at all levels should be the highest leading organs in various regions.
From 1941 to 1942, the Eighth Route Army, the New Fourth Army, guerrillas, and militia fought more than 42,000 battles, killing and wounding more than 331,000 Japanese and puppet soldiers. The anti-"sweeping" struggle of the military and the people behind the enemy lines, which contained and eliminated a large number of Japanese troops, became the most important factor in China's persistence in the long-term War of Resistance, and was also a huge support for the world anti-fascist war.
In 1943
On January 15, the government of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region issued the Decision on Supporting the Army. On the 25th, the Headquarters and Political Department of the Eighth Route Army's Left Behind Corps made the "Decision on Supporting the Government and Loving the People." Under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region has launched a huge mass movement of double support (supporting the military and superior subordinates, supporting the government and loving the people).
On March 20, the Politburo meeting of the Central Committee adopted the Decision on the Adjustment and Streamlining of the Central Organs, which presumed Mao Zedong as chairman of the Politburo of the Central Committee and decided that Mao Zedong would be the chairman of the Secretariat of the Central Committee; the Secretariat of the Central Committee was composed of Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, and Ren Bishi; and Liu Shaoqi participated in the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China and served as vice chairman of the Central Military Commission.
On 10 June, the Comintern was officially dissolved. In July, the Kuomintang diehards took advantage of the dissolution of the Comintern to launch the third anti-communist upsurge. The third anti-communist upsurge was stopped without developing into a large-scale armed invasion.
This year, the military and people of the anti-Japanese base areas behind the enemy lines waged struggles against "sweeping," "encroachment," and "clearing the countryside," defended and expanded the base areas, and gradually tided over the situation of serious difficulties. The Eighth Route Army fought the enemy more than 24,800 times in North China, wounded more than 136,000 Japanese and puppet troops, captured more than 50,000 people, and won over 6,600 puppet troops to surrender anyway; the New Fourth Army fought more than 4,500 battles with Japanese and puppet armies in central China, smashed more than 30,000 enemy "sweeps" more than 30 times, killed and wounded more than 36,000 Japanese and puppet troops, and won over 9,300 puppet troops anyway; the anti-Japanese guerrillas in South China also smashed the Japanese army's "sweeping" and consolidated and expanded the anti-Japanese base areas in Dongjiang and Qiongya.
In 1944
On May 11, in the event of a major rout of the Kuomintang army in the frontal battlefield of Yuxianggui, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued instructions to organize anti-Japanese guerrillas and people's armed forces in the Henan region to establish anti-Japanese base areas. From July to October, the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army successively established and expanded anti-Japanese base areas in eastern Henan, central Henan, and western Henan, restored the anti-Japanese base areas in Henan and Anhui, and strengthened the ties between central China and the strategic zones of north China and northern Shaanxi.
From May 21 to April 20 of the following year, the Seventh Plenary Session of the Enlarged Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in Yan'an. The plenum adopted mao zedong's proposal as chairman of the Central Committee and adopted in principle the "Resolution on Several Historical Issues," which affirmed the great significance of establishing Mao Zedong's leading position in the whole party and enabled the whole party, especially the senior party cadres, to achieve the same understanding of the basic issues of the Chinese democratic revolution on the basis of Marxism-Leninism. At this point, the rectification movement ended in victory. The rectification movement was a profound Marxist ideological education campaign that achieved tremendous results. Through the rectification movement, the new unity and unification of the whole Party under the leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Mao Zedong as the core was realized, laying an important ideological and political foundation for the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan and the victory of the new-democratic revolution throughout the country. The experience accumulated by the rectification movement in Yan'an is of great and far-reaching significance to party building.
From July to August, the US Military Command of the China-Myanmar-India Theater dispatched an US military observation team to Yan'an. On August 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Instruction on Diplomatic Work, which clarified the nature, content and ethnic position of the Party's diplomatic work. In the later period of the National War of Resistance Against Japan, the Party had begun the work of "semi-independent diplomacy".
On September 15, Lin Boqu, a representative of the Communist Party of China, put forward the idea of immediately ending the one-party rule of the Kuomintang and establishing a democratic coalition government of all anti-Japanese parties at the National Participation Conference.
In September, Zhang Side, a soldier of the Central Guard Corps, was killed while burning charcoal in Ansai, northern Shaanxi. Mao Zedong delivered a speech entitled "Serving the People" at the memorial service, pointing out: "When we die for the people, we die for what we deserve." ”
In November, the main force of the 359th Brigade of the Eighth Route Army, more than 4,000 people, plus about 5,000 cadres selected by the CPC Central Committee to work in the south, formed a southward detachment from Yan'an, marched behind the enemy in Henan, Hubei, Hunan and Guangdong, and opened up a new anti-Japanese base area.
In December, the main force of the First Division of the New Fourth Army crossed the river from central Jiangsu to the south, carrying out the strategic task of developing behind enemy lines in the southeast, controlling the Anhui border of Jiangsu and Zhejiang and developing the coastal areas of eastern Zhejiang.
This year, the Communist Party of China led the military and civilians behind enemy lines to launch a local counteroffensive in North China, Central China, and South China, annihilating nearly 200,000 Japanese and puppet troops, recovering a large area of land, and liberating more than 17 million people.
In 1945
In the spring and summer, the Communist Party of China led the people's anti-Japanese armed forces to continue to carry out offensive operations, and the anti-Japanese forces and anti-Japanese base areas continued to develop, creating favorable conditions for turning into an all-round counteroffensive and winning the final victory in the War of Resistance.
From April 23 to June 11, the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Yan'an. There were 547 official delegates and 208 alternate delegates attending the congress, representing 1.21 million party members nationwide. Mao Zedong delivered an opening speech and submitted a political report entitled "On the Coalition Government" to the congress and made an oral report; Zhu De made a military report entitled "On the Battlefield in the Liberated Areas," Liu Shaoqi made a "Report on Amending the Party Constitution"; and Zhou Enlai made a speech entitled "On the United Front." The congress put forward the party's political line and summarized the fine work style formed by the party in the course of long-term struggle into three major work styles. The Seventh National Congress was an extremely important national congress held by the Party in the period of the new-democratic revolution, and it was recorded in the annals of party history as "a congress of unity and victory." The Congress elects a new Central Committee. The congress established Mao Zedong Thought as the guiding ideology of the whole Party and enshrined it in the Party Constitution.
From April 25 to June 26, a Chinese delegation, including Cpc representative Dong Biwu, attended the United Nations Constituent Assembly in San Francisco, USA, and signed the Charter of the United Nations. China became one of the founding members of the United Nations and one of the five permanent members of the Security Council.
On June 19, the First Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China elected Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, and Ren Bishi as secretaries of the Secretariat of the Central Committee, and Mao Zedong as chairman of the Central Committee, chairman of the Politburo, and chairman of the Secretariat of the Central Committee. In August, a meeting of the Politburo decided that Mao Zedong would be the chairman of the Central Military Commission, and Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, and Peng Dehuai would be the vice chairmen.
On August 9, Mao Zedong issued a statement entitled "The Last Battle Against the Japanese Kou". Subsequently, Zhu De issued seven orders for a comprehensive counteroffensive. China's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression entered the stage of all-out counteroffensive.
On August 15, Emperor Hirohito of Japan released the Edict of the End of the War in the form of a radio broadcast. Japan surrendered unconditionally.
On August 28, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Wang Ruofei went to Chongqing to negotiate peace with kuomintang representatives (Chongqing Negotiations). On October 10, the KmT and the COMMUNISTs signed the Minutes of the Talks between the Government and the CPC Representatives (Double Tenth Agreement).
In August, the Central Bureau of the CPC Jinji-Hebei Luyu was established. During the Liberation War, the CENTRAL Committee of the Communist Party of China also established (or re-established) the Jin-Cha-Ji Central Bureau, the Jireliao Sub-Bureau, the Jichareliao Sub-Bureau, the Northeast Bureau, the North Manchuria Sub-Bureau, the Western Manchuria Sub-Bureau, the Liaodong (Southern Manchuria) Sub-Bureau, the East Manchurian Sub-Bureau, the East China Bureau, the Central China Sub-Bureau, the Central China Sub-Bureau, the Shandong Sub-Bureau, the Eyu-Anhui Central Bureau, the Central Plains Bureau, the Yuwan-Suzhou Sub-Bureau, the Central China Bureau, the North China Bureau, the Southern Working Committee, the Chongqing (Southern) Bureau, the Nanjing Bureau, the Shanghai Sub-Bureau, the Shanghai Bureau, the Hong Kong Sub-Bureau, the South China Sub-Bureau; The organizational structure of the Jinsui Sub-Bureau continued to be maintained.
September 2 The Japanese representative signs the instrument of surrender. The 1.28 million Japanese troops who invaded China surrendered to China. At this point, China's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression ended in victory, and the world anti-fascist war also ended in victory. September 3 became the anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. On October 25, the Chinese government held a surrender ceremony in Taiwan. Taiwan and the Penghu Archipelago, which had been occupied by Japan for 50 years, were returned to China's sovereign jurisdiction. The Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression was the longest-lasting, largest, and most sacrificial national liberation struggle of the Chinese people against foreign invasion in modern times, and it was also the first national liberation struggle that won complete victory. The victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression became a historical turning point for the Chinese nation to move toward rejuvenation, and it was also of great and far-reaching significance to the progress of world civilization. Chinese people made great national sacrifices in the War of Resistance Against Japan. According to incomplete statistics, more than 35 million Chinese military and civilian casualties were inflicted during the war; according to the ratio of 1937, China's direct economic losses were more than 100 billion US dollars, and indirect economic losses were more than 500 billion US dollars. The Communist Party of China played a pivotal role in the nationwide War of Resistance. This was the decisive factor in the complete victory of the Chinese people in the War of Resistance Against Japan. The Eighth Route Army, the New Fourth Army, and other people's anti-Japanese forces fought against the enemy more than 125,000 times, clamping down on and annihilating a large number of Japanese troops and annihilating most of the puppet troops, and the battlefield behind the enemy gradually became the main battlefield of the Chinese people's War of Resistance Against Japan. By the end of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the people's army had grown to about 1.32 million people and the militia to more than 2.6 million; there were 19 anti-Japanese democratic base areas under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, namely the Liberated Areas, with an area of nearly 1 million square kilometers and a population of nearly 100 million. The proportion of the Communist Party of China in the social and political life of the whole country has greatly increased compared with before the War of Resistance Against Japan. This created unprecedented favorable conditions for the final victory of the new-democratic revolution on the basis of the great victory in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression of the Chinese people. In the magnificent process of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Chinese people bred a great spirit of resistance against Japanese Aggression, and demonstrated to the world the patriotic feelings of rising and falling under the heavens and the responsibility of the people, the national integrity of treating death as a homecoming and preferring to die unyieldingly, the heroic spirit of not fearing violence and fighting to the end in blood, and the conviction of victory in perseverance and perseverance.
On September 19, the CENTRAL Committee of the Communist Party of China put forward the strategic principle of "developing to the north and defending to the south", emphasizing that the main task of the whole party and the whole army at present is to completely control the two provinces of Rehe and Chahar, develop the northeast forces and strive to control the northeast. To this end, 20,000 cadres and 110,000 troops were sent into the northeast, including 10 central committee members and 10 central alternate members.
On September 21, the Secretariat of the Central Committee issued the Instructions on Expanding troops and organizing field armies. Through the formation of field armies or field corps, the strategic transformation from guerrilla warfare to mobile warfare has been completed from the organizational structure.
In 1946
January 5 The Kuomintang and the Communists reach an agreement on the cessation of the internal military conflict. On the 10th, the two sides issued an armistice order.
In early January, Zhou Enlai, a representative of the Chinese Communist Party, formed a "three-member meeting" with Zhang Qun (later Zhang Zhizhong), a representative of the Kuomintang government, and Marshall, the special envoy of the Us President of the United States who was ordered to "mediate" the dispute between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China (who was later replaced by Gillen), to discuss the settlement of the domestic military conflict and related matters. Some agreements were reached on issues such as the resumption of transportation, the reorganization and unification of the armed forces, and the armistice in the northeast. However, due to the Lack of sincerity in peace talks by the Kuomintang, the "three-member meeting" was unsustainable and ceased to be active after late June.
From January 10 to 31, the Political Consultative Conference was held in Chongqing. Representatives of the Kuomintang, the Communist Party, the Democratic League, the Al-Shabaab Party and non-party personages participated in the adoption of five agreements: the Government Organization Bill, the National Convention Bill, the Program for Peaceful Nation-Building, the Military Issues Bill, and the Draft Constitution.
On May 4, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Instructions on the Land Issue" (May Fourth Directive), which changed the rent and interest reduction during the period of the National War of Resistance to the policy of "the tiller has his own land", and pointed out that solving the land problem in the Liberated Areas is the most basic historical task of the Party at present. The liberated areas carried out agrarian reform campaign rapidly.
On June 26, the Kuomintang tore up the armistice agreement and the CPPCC agreement and brazenly attacked the Liberated Areas of the Central Plains with 220,000 people. Subsequently, the Kuomintang army launched a large-scale offensive against other liberated areas. A full-scale civil war broke out.
On July 20, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the party directive "Crushing Chiang Kai-shek's Offensive in a War of Self-Defense.".
August 6 Mao Zedong famously asserted that "all reactionaries are paper tigers" in a conversation with american journalist Anna Louis Strong. Mao Zedong said that the reactionaries will one day lose, and we will one day win. The reason for this is nothing else, but that the reactionaries represent reaction, and we represent progress.
On November 21, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a meeting in Yan'an and decided to use "overthrowing Chiang Kai-shek" as the final policy for resolving domestic problems.
On December 30, Beiping students held a demonstration to protest the rape of a female student in the Peking University Preparatory Class by the US military in China. A campaign to protest the atrocities committed by U.S. troops in China was thus launched. On the 31st, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China instructed the underground party organizations in the Kuomintang-ruled areas to mobilize the masses in major cities to respond to the Peking student movement. By January 10, 1947, the anti-riot struggle had expanded to 26 cities in 14 provinces, and the total number of students participating in strikes and demonstrations reached 500,000.
In 1947
In February, the Kuomintang government successively notified the Communist Party representatives in Nanjing, Shanghai, Chongqing and other places to withdraw all the representatives who served as negotiators and liaisons. In early March, Communist Party personnel stationed in the three areas withdrew to Yan'an. Relations between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party were completely broken.
From March 18 to 19, the central authorities and the troops of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region withdrew from Yan'an and began to fight in northern Shaanxi. Earlier, on March 13, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Hu Zongnan to lead 250,000 troops to attack the liberated areas of northern Shaanxi from the south, west and north. The all-out offensive of the Kuomintang army was changed to a key offensive to northern Shaanxi and Shandong.
March 29-30 A meeting of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee was held in Zaolingou, Qingjian, northern Shaanxi, to discuss the actions of the central authorities. Soon, the central organs were divided into three parts, with Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, and others forming the Central Working Committee, going to North China to carry out the work entrusted by the Central Committee; Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Ren Bishi led the elite organs of the Central Committee and the Headquarters of the People's Liberation Army to remain in northern Shaanxi and command the operations in various battlefields throughout the country; and the Central Rear Committee chaired by Ye Jianying and Yang Shangkun was transferred to the northwest of Jin to coordinate the rear work.
On May 1, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government was formally established, with Ulanfu as the chairman of the government. It was the first provincial-level ethnic minority autonomous government under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.
On May 20, more than 5,000 students from Nanjing, Shanghai, Suzhou and Hangzhou took to the streets of Nanjing to hold a "joint parade to save the education crisis" and chant slogans such as "anti-hunger" and "anti-civil war", which were suppressed by the reactionary authorities. On the same day, more than 7,000 students in Peiping also held "anti-hunger" and "anti-civil war" demonstrations (520 Movement). The upsurge of the student movement contributed to the upsurge of the people's movement as a whole. In 1947, more than 3 million workers went on strike in more than 20 large and medium-sized cities across the country. In the rural areas, the broad masses of peasants rebelled against grabbing grain, collecting grain, and collecting taxes. Under the leadership and impetus of the Communist Party, the struggle between the patriotic democratic movement with students as the vanguard and the Kuomintang government gradually formed a second front in coordination with the people's liberation war.
On June 30, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping led the main force of the Jinji-Hebei Luyu Field Army to cross the Yellow River and open the prelude to the strategic offensive. At the end of August, Liu Deng's army leapt thousands of miles into the Dabie Mountains. In late August, Chen Geng and Xie Fuzhi led a part of the Jinji-Hebei Luyu Field Army across the Yellow River and advanced into western Henan. In September, Chen Yi and Su Yu led the main force of the East China Field Army to cross the Longhai Railway and go south into the Yuwan-Suzhou Plain. The three-way army hit the outer line and formed a "pin" glyph formation.
From July 17 to September 13, the National Land Conference was held in Xibaipo (now Part of Pingshan) in Jianping, Hebei Province. The meeting was presided over by Liu Shaoqi and formulated the Outline of China's Land Law. On October 10, the central government approved the release. The Outline of China's Land Law is a thoroughly anti-feudal agrarian revolutionary program. It stipulates: "Abolish the feudal and semi-feudal exploitation of the land system, and implement the land system in which the tiller has his land." After the outline was announced, a wave of land reform quickly formed in the Liberated Areas.
From July 21 to 23, the CPC Central Committee held an enlarged meeting in Xiaohe Village, Jingbian, Northern Shaanxi Province, focusing on the deployment of strategic offensives, land reform in liberated areas, and financial and financial work. Mao Zedong proposed a plan to solve the problem of the struggle against Chiang Kai-shek in five years (counting from July 1946).
On October 10, the headquarters of the Chinese People's Liberation Army issued a declaration with the slogan "Down with Chiang Kai-shek and Liberate All China.".
Autumn - The end of the following year In accordance with the arrangements made by the National Land Conference for the work of rectifying the party, all liberated areas have adopted methods such as combining the party with the party and outside the party, and have generally carried out the party consolidation movement with the basic contents of "checking the class, checking the ideology, and checking the work style" and the "three rectifications" (rectifying the organization, straightening out the ideology, and rectifying the work style), so that the grass-roots party organizations in the rural areas have made great progress ideologically, politically, and organizationally, and the party's ties with the masses have become even closer.
From December 25 to 28, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting (December meeting) in Yangjiagou, northern Shaanxi. The meeting adopted a written report on the "Present Situation and Our Tasks" submitted by Mao Zedong. The report expounds the party's most basic political program and the three major economic programs of the new-democratic revolution, and puts forward ten military principles.
Winter -The following autumn The People's Liberation Army (PLA) took advantage of the gap between battles, starting with class education, and generally launched a new-style army reorganization movement by means of complaining (complaining about the suffering inflicted on the working people by the old society and the reactionaries), "three investigations" (checking classes, checking work, and checking fighting spirit), and "three rectifications" (rectifying organization, straightening out thinking, and straightening out work style).
In 1948
On March 23, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Ren Bishi led the central organs and the headquarters of the People's Liberation Army to cross the Yellow River in the east, meet the Central Rear Committee, and then reach Xibaipo to meet with the Central Working Committee. The Central Working Committee and the Central Rear Committee were abolished.
On April 30, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued a slogan to commemorate International Workers' Day, calling for the convening of a new political consultative conference to prepare for the establishment of a democratic coalition government. Representatives of various democratic parties and strata responded warmly, entered the Liberated Areas one after another through various channels, and under the leadership of the Communist Party, participated in the preparations for the convening of the new CPPCC and the establishment of a new China.
On May 9, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to merge the two liberated areas of Jin-Cha-Ji and Jin-Ji Luyu and their leading institutions to form the North China Bureau (Liu Shaoqi concurrently served as the First Secretary) and the North China Joint Administrative Committee. On September 26, the North China People's Government was formally established, with Dong Biwu as the chairman.
In June, People's Daily was launched. In August 1949, it officially became the organ newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
From August to September of the following year, the Hong Kong Branch of the CPC Central Committee and the Hong Kong Working Committee organized escorts of democrats to the north more than 20 times. Shen Junru, Li Jishen, Zhang Lan, Huang Yanpei, Zhang Bojun, and more than 350 others, plus more than 1,000 party cadres, arrived in Beiping, providing an important guarantee for the convening of the new CPPCC session.
From September 8 to 13, the enlarged meeting of the Politburo of the CENTRAL Committee was held in Xibaipo. The meeting proposed the strategic task of building a 5 million People's Liberation Army and fundamentally overthrowing the Kuomintang's reactionary rule in about five years (counting from July 1946).
From September 12 to November 2, Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan led the main force of the Northeast Field Army and local armed forces to carry out the Liaoshen Campaign. The whole territory of northeast China was liberated. By November, the total strength of the People's Liberation Army had increased to 3.1 million, and the total strength of the Nationalist army had dropped to 2.9 million. Since then, the PLA has not only gained an advantage in quality, but also in quantity. The military situation of the Chinese revolution has reached a new turning point.
September 16-24 East China Field Army conducted the Battle of Jinan and liberated Jinan.
On September 20, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made a decision on improving the party committee system, pointing out that the party committee system is an important system for ensuring collective leadership and preventing individuals from doing things, and it is necessary to establish and improve the party committee meeting system.
Autumn - The following summer Under the leadership of the Communist Party, people's organizations such as the All-China Democratic Women's Federation and the All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles were established and expanded.
On November 1, the Central Military Commission issued the "Provisions on Unifying the Organization of the Whole Army and the Number of Troops", requiring all units above the regimental and sub-district levels to be titled with the words "Chinese People's Liberation Army" in their designations.
From November 6 to January 10 of the following year, the General Enemies Committee, composed of Liu Bocheng, Chen Yi, Deng Xiaoping, Su Yu, and Tan Zhenlin, with Deng Xiaoping as the secretary, led the East China Field Army, the Central Plains Field Army, and some local armed forces to carry out the Huaihai Campaign. The vast area north of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River was liberated.
From November 29 to January 31 of the following year, Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, Nie Rongzhen and others led the Northeast Field Army, the Second and Third Corps of the North China Military Region, and the local troops of the North China and Northeast Military Regions to carry out the Pingjin Campaign. The whole territory of North China was basically liberated. In the meantime, On January 31, 1949, Peiping was peacefully liberated. The three major battles of Liaoshen, Huaihai and Pingjin were strategic decisive battles between the People's Liberation Army and the main forces of the Kuomintang army, annihilating more than 1.54 million enemy troops. At this point, the main military force on which Chiang Kai-shek relied to maintain his rule was basically wiped out, the People's Liberation Army entered the Yangtze River, and the whole country was on the eve of the victory of the revolution.
On December 1, Chinese Min min bank was established and issued in RMB.
December 30 Mao Zedong writes a New Year's message for Xinhua News Agency entitled "Carry the Revolution through to the End."
This year, the CPC Central Committee has successively issued instructions calling for the establishment of a system of requesting instructions and reports in all party organizations at all levels to strengthen the party's centralized and unified leadership.
In 1949
On January 15, the Central Military Commission further made a decision on the organization and organization of the whole army, and the number of the northwest, central plains, east China, and northeast china field armies were successively changed to the first, second, third, and fourth field armies. In the same month, the main force of the North China Military Region was directly subordinate to the HEADQUARTERS OF the People's Liberation Army. The people's armed forces in the south, which persisted in guerrilla warfare, were successively reorganized into the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu-Gansu-Gansu-Border Column, the Guangdong-Gansu-Xiangbian Column, the Guidian-Yunnan-Qianbian Column, and the Fujian-Zhejiang-Gansu-Gansu-Border Column. Other guerrilla groups were also gradually reorganized. By the eve of the Battle of the Crossing River, the southern guerrilla forces, including the Qiongya Column, which had long insisted on the struggle on Hainan Island, had grown to more than 50,000 people.
From January 31 to February 7, Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, Ren Bishi, and others held several talks with Mikoyan, member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (Brazzaville), who arrived in Xibaipo, to expound the development situation of the Chinese revolution, the nature of the political power of new China, and the internal and foreign policies of the Soviet Union, and to win the Soviet Union's understanding and support for the Chinese revolution. When Mao Zedong met with Mikoyan, he put forward the policy of "cleaning up the house and then inviting guests", and before and after this, he also put forward the principle of "starting from scratch" and "one-sided", thus laying the foundation for New China's foreign policy.
From March 5 to 13, the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in Xibaipo. The plenary session stipulated the basic policies that the party should adopt in the political, economic and diplomatic fields after the victory of the whole country, and pointed out the development direction of China's transformation from an agrarian country to an industrial country and from a new democratic society to a socialist society. The plenum discussion determined the shift of the focus of the Party's work from the countryside to the cities. Mao Zedong put forward the idea of "two musts" at the plenary session, that is, "We must ensure that comrades continue to maintain a modest, cautious, non-arrogant, and impatient style, and we must ensure that comrades continue to maintain the style of arduous struggle." ”
On March 23, Mao Zedong led the central authorities to leave Xibaipo and march towards Beiping. Mao Zedong told Zhou En that today is the day to enter Beijing, and to enter Beijing to "catch up with the examination." We should never let Li Zicheng, we all hope to get good results in the exam. On the 25th, Mao Zedong and other central leaders, together with the central organs and the headquarters of the People's Liberation Army, were stationed in Beiping.
On April 1, a chinese communist delegation headed by Zhou Enlai and a delegation from the Kuomintang government held peace talks in Peiping. After consultation, the Chinese delegation proposed the "Internal Peace Agreement" (the final amendment) on the 15th, and declared April 20 as the final time for signature. The Kuomintang government refused to accept it. The People's Liberation Army then launched a campaign to cross the river, and the Kuomintang government's attempt to "rule by drawing the river" went bankrupt.
On April 21, Mao Zedong and Zhu De issued the "Order to March to the Whole Country". From the night of the 20th to the 21st, the Second and Third Field Armies, commanded by the General Committee of Former Enemies (with Deng Xiaoping as secretary), composed of Liu Bocheng, Chen Yi, Deng Xiaoping, Su Yu, and Tan Zhenlin, launched the Campaign to Cross the River with the cooperation of the Advance Corps of the Fourth Field Army and the troops of the Central Plains Military Region. Millions of male divisions forcibly crossed the Yangtze River. On the 23rd, Nanjing was liberated, and the 22-year-long Kuomintang rule was overthrown. Shanghai was liberated on May 27. The Advance Corps of the Fourth Field Army crossed the Yangtze River in May and liberated the three towns of Wuhan. Subsequently, the plaster armies of the People's Liberation Army continued to march to the southeast, central south, northwest and southwest.
On June 30, Mao Zedong published an article entitled "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship," which openly expounded the CPC's propositions on the issue of establishing a new China, pointing out that the people's democratic dictatorship needed the leadership of the working class.
From June to August, Liu Shaoqi led a CPC delegation to secretly visit the Soviet Union, met with the leaders of the Communist Party of Bulgaria (Brazzaville) Stalin, Molotov, Malenkov, Mikoyan, and others, and informed the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (Brazzaville) that China's revolutionary war was about to be victorious and a new political consultative conference would be convened to establish a coalition government. The two sides exchanged views on future diplomatic relations and Soviet Assistance to China's Economy and National Defense Construction, and initially reached some agreements.
From August 14 to September 16, Mao Zedong wrote five commentaries for xinhua news agencies, including "Abandoning Illusions and Preparing for Struggle," exposing the imperialist nature of the US policy toward China, criticizing the unrealistic illusions of imperialism by some people in China, and theoretically explaining the reasons for the occurrence and victory of the Chinese revolution.
From September 21 to 30, the first plenary session of the Chinese Political Consultative Conference was held in Beiping. A total of 662 delegates attended the meeting. The meeting adopted the "Common Program of the Chinese Political Consultative Conference", which plays the role of a provisional constitution, as well as the "Organic Law of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference" and the "Organic Law of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China" and other documents. The meeting decided that the capital of the country should be set in Beiping, and Beiping should be renamed Beijing; the era should be adopted in the Common Era; the "March of the Volunteer Army" should be used as the national anthem; and the national flag should be the five-star red flag. The meeting elected the Central People's Government Committee, with Mao Zedong as chairman of the Central People's Government and Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Song Qingling, Li Jishen, Zhang Lan, and Gao Gang as vice chairmen. The holding of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference marked the great historic victory of the movement of the Chinese people for national independence and people's liberation over more than a hundred years, the complete organizational formation of the patriotic united front and the great unity of the people of the whole country, and the formal establishment of the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. In his opening remarks, Mao Zedong declared to the world: "The Chinese, which accounts for a quarter of the total number of human beings, has since stood up. ”
On October 1, the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China was established. At 2 p.m., the Central People's Government Committee held its first meeting and unanimously resolved to accept the "Common Program" as its administrative program, appoint Zhou Enlai as premier and minister of foreign affairs of the State Council of the Central People's Government, Mao Zedong as chairman of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission, and Zhu De as commander-in-chief of the People's Liberation Army. At 3 p.m., the ceremony to celebrate the founding of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China was solemnly held in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. Mao Zedong proclaimed the establishment of the Central People's Government. After that, a grand military parade and mass parade were held. On December 2, the Fourth Meeting of the Central People's Government Committee decided that October 1 of each year should be the National Day of the People's Republic of China. The founding of the People's Republic of China completely put an end to the history of the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society of old China, completely ended the situation in which old China was scattered, completely abolished the unequal treaties imposed on China by the great powers and all the privileges of imperialism in China, realized China's great leap from feudal autocratic politics of several thousand years to people's democracy, realized a high degree of unity in China and the unprecedented unity of all nationalities, and thus opened a new era in the development and progress of the Chinese nation. The Chinese Communist Party became the party that held power nationwide.
On October 2, the Soviet government decided to establish diplomatic relations with New China. On the 3rd, Zhou Enlai sent a telegram saying that he welcomed the immediate establishment of diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union and the exchange of ambassadors. On January 27, 1964, China established diplomatic relations with France. France became the first Western power to formally establish diplomatic relations with New China. By June 2021, China had established diplomatic relations with 180 countries.
On October 9, the first meeting of the First National Committee of the Chinese Political Consultative Conference was held. The meeting elected Mao Zedong as chairman of the First National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
On October 21, the Government Council of the Central People's Government was established.
On October 25, the General Administration of Customs of the Central People's Government was established. On January 6, 1950, the Beijing Municipal Military Control Commission issued a notice announcing the recovery of foreign barracks real estate in Beijing and the requisition of barracks and other buildings. Tianjin, Shanghai and other places have also successively recovered and requisitioned foreign barracks real estate. In July 1950, the Financial and Economic Committee of the Council of Ministers issued a directive on the unified management of shipping. All foreign military and economic privileges in Chinese mainland were abolished.
On November 9, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to establish the Central Committee and the Party Discipline Inspection Commission at all levels, and Zhu De concurrently served as the secretary of the Central Discipline Inspection Commission.
On the same day, the CPC Central Committee made the "Decision on Organizing the CPC Party Committee within the Central People's Government" and the "Decision on Establishing the CPC Party Group within the Central People's Government." Government organs at all levels have generally established Party organizations and strengthened Party leadership.
On November 11, the leading body of the People's Liberation Army Air Force of the Chinese people's liberation army was established. Before and after this, the navy, artillery and other branches of the armed forces and leading institutions were established.
On November 21, the Second People's Congress of Beijing Municipality passed a resolution to close brothels. Subsequently, actions were taken to close brothels throughout the country. On February 24, 1950, the Council of State issued the Circular Decree on strictly prohibiting opium and tobacco poisoning, which prohibits trafficking, manufacture, sale, and consumption of tobacco and drugs. The people's government has also waged a struggle to strictly prohibit gambling. After about three years of hard work, prostitution, drugs, gambling and other social diseases that were repeatedly banned in old China were basically banned.
On December 2, the fourth meeting of the Central People's Government Committee decided to issue the People's Victory Discount Bond; the general rules were organized through the provincial, municipal and county people's congresses of all walks of life. Local people's congresses of people's deputies from all walks of life at all levels have been successively convened by local people's governments to perform the functions and powers of people's congresses on their behalf, which has become a transitional form before the people's congresses are convened.
On December 6, the Cultural and Education Committee of the Council of Ministers established a committee to handle the return of international students. From August 1949 to November 1955, a total of 1,536 senior intellectuals, including Li Siguang, Hua Luogeng, and Qian Xuesen, returned from overseas to participate in construction.
From December 23 to 31, the first national education work conference was held. The meeting proposed that education must serve the construction of the country and that schools must open their doors to workers and peasants. In September 1950, the First National Conference on Workers' and Peasants' Education was held, and the slogan of "Promoting Literacy Education and Gradually Reducing Illiteracy" was put forward. In November 1952, the Central People's Government's Committee for the Eradication of Illiteracy was established. Mass literacy campaigns are being carried out on a large scale throughout the country in a planned and step-by-step manner.
In 1950
On February 14, China and the Soviet Union signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance and related agreements. From December 1949 to February 1950, Mao Zedong paid a visit to the Soviet Union for more than two months.
On March 3, the Council of State issued the Decision on Unifying the State's Financial and Economic Work to curb inflation, stabilize prices, and achieve a balance between the state's fiscal revenue and expenditure.
On May 1, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Instruction on Carrying Out rectification Campaigns in the Whole Party and the Whole Army. The whole Party has launched a rectification campaign to raise the ideological and political level of cadres and ordinary Party members, overcome the mistakes made in work, overcome the arrogance of merit and bureaucracy and commandism, and improve the relationship between the Party and the people as the main tasks. At the end of the year, the rectification campaign ended.
On the same day, the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, the first law enacted after the founding of New China, was promulgated and put into effect, stipulating the implementation of a new marriage system in which men and women are free to marry, monogamous, equal rights between men and women, and protection of the legitimate interests of women and children.
On the same day, the People's Liberation Army liberated Hainan Island. After the founding of New China, the People's Liberation Army launched a final encirclement and annihilation of the remnants of the Kuomintang army in south China, southwest China, and other places and coastal islands. By June 1950, vast areas of land had been liberated except for Tibet, Taiwan, and some coastal islands.
June 6-9 The Third Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held. Mao Zedong submitted a written report entitled "Struggle for a Basic Improvement in the State's Financial and Economic Situation" and issued a speech entitled "Don't Attack from All Sides."
On June 29, the Trade Union Law of the People's Republic of China was promulgated and came into effect.
On June 30, the Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China was promulgated and came into effect. By the end of 1952, with the exception of some ethnic minority areas, land reform was basically completed in Chinese mainland, and the feudal land ownership system was completely destroyed.
From August 7 to 19, the First National Health Conference was held. The meeting determined that "facing the workers, peasants and soldiers", "prevention first", and "uniting Traditional Chinese and Western medicine" are the three principles of new China's health work.
In early October, at the request of the DPRK party and government, the CPC Central Committee made a strategic decision to resist US aggression and aid Korea and defend the homeland. On October 8, Mao Zedong issued an order to form the Chinese Volunteer Army, with Peng Dehuai as commander and political commissar. On the 19th, the Chinese Volunteer Army entered the Korean battlefield. On the 25th, the volunteer army encountered the enemy army and launched the first battle to fight abroad. A large-scale campaign to resist US aggression and aid Korea was set off throughout the country. On July 27, 1953, the Agreement on the Military Armistice of Korea was signed. By October 1958, the Chinese Volunteer Army had withdrawn from Korea in three batches and returned to China. The great victory in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea is a manifesto for the Chinese people to stand tall in the east of the world after they stand up, and is an important milestone for the Chinese nation to march toward great rejuvenation. In the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, the heroic Chinese Volunteers always carried forward the patriotic spirit of putting the interests of the motherland and the people above all else and fighting for the dignity of the motherland and the nation, the revolutionary heroism of being heroic and tenacious and forgetting life and death, the spirit of revolutionary optimism of not fearing hardships and hardships and always maintaining high morale, the spirit of revolutionary loyalty in fulfilling the mission entrusted to it by the motherland and the people and generously dedicating themselves to everything, and the internationalist spirit of striving for the cause of peace and justice for mankind, thus forging the great spirit of resisting US aggression and aiding Korea.
On October 10, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Directive on the Suppression of Counter-Revolutionary Activities. By the end of October 1951, the nationwide campaign to suppress counter-revolution was largely over.
On October 14, the State Council issued the Decision on the Governance of the Huai River. In 1951, Mao Zedong wrote an inscription saying, "We must repair the Huai River." By the winter of 1957, the Huaihuai project had achieved initial results.
On November 3, the State Council issued the "Instruction on Strengthening people's judicial work", calling for the gradual establishment and improvement of the people's judicial system nationwide.
On November 24, the 60th government affairs meeting of the State Council approved the "Trial Plan for Cultivating Ethnic Minority Cadres" and the "Trial Plan for Preparing for the Central Institute for Nationalities". In June 1951, the Central Institute for Nationalities opened.
In 1951
On March 5, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Instructions on Actively Promoting the Religious Reform Movement", emphasizing the implementation of the party's religious policy, uniting the largest majority of religious circles, and developing and consolidating the united front of religious circles throughout the country.
From March 28 to April 9, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held the first national organizational work conference. The meeting adopted the "Resolution on Rectifying the Party's Grass-roots Organizations." The whole party began in the second half of 1951 and basically ended in the spring of 1954.
On May 23, the Central People's Government and the local government of Tibet signed the Agreement on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet (the "Seventeen-Article Agreement") in Beijing, proclaiming the peaceful liberation of Tibet. On October 26, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) troops entering Tibet were stationed in Lhasa.
From September 20 to 30, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held the country's first mutual assistance and cooperation conference. The meeting adopted the "Resolution on Mutual Assistance and Cooperation in Agricultural Production (Draft)". After the meeting, the agricultural production mutual assistance and cooperation movement was quickly launched. After more than a year of piloting, on February 15, 1953, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China adopted the draft resolution as a formal resolution.
On September 29, Zhou Enlai gave a report on "On the Reform of Intellectuals" at the study meetings of teachers of higher education institutions in Beijing and Tianjin. On November 30, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Instruction on Ideological Reform and Organizational Clean-up in Schools. The intellectual ideological reform movement was widely carried out and basically ended in the autumn of 1952.
In October, the first volume of The Collected Works of Mao Zedong was published. Volumes II to IV were published in 1952, 1953 and 1960, respectively.
On December 1, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Decision on Implementing Lean Troops and Streamlining Administration, Increasing Production and Economizing, Opposing Corruption, Opposing Waste, and Opposing Bureaucracy. The "Three Antis" movement was launched throughout the country and ended in October 1952. During the campaign, major typical cases were seized and dealt with severely, and Liu Qingshan and Zhang Zishan, who successively served as secretaries of the Tianjin Prefectural Party Committee, were investigated and punished and sentenced to death.
In 1952
On January 26, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Instruction on First Launching the "Five Antis" Struggle in Large and Medium-Sized Cities", requiring large and medium-sized cities across the country to carry out the struggle against bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, cutting corners, and theft of economic information in large and medium-sized cities across the country. The "Five Antis" movement ended in October 1952.
On April 5, the first large-scale project to control and develop the Yangtze River, the first phase of the Jingjiang Flood Diversion Project, was fully started. By the end of 1978, a number of water conservancy projects such as Xin'anjiang Hydropower Station, Yellow River Sanmenxia Water Conservancy Hub, Yellow River Qingtongxia Water Conservancy Hub, Danjiangkou Water Conservancy Hub, and Yellow River Liujiaxia Water Conservancy Hub were completed one after another.
On April 21, the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Punishment of Corruption were promulgated and came into effect.
On June 10, Mao Zedong wrote an inscription for the inaugural meeting of the All-China Sports Federation: "Develop sports and enhance the people's physique." On January 8, 1954, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved and forwarded the "Report on Strengthening the Work of People's Sports" issued by the Party Group of the Sports Committee of the Central People's Government, pointing out: "Improving the people's health status and enhancing the people's physique is an important political task of the Party. ”
On July 1, the Chengdu-Chongqing Railway was completed and opened to traffic. This is the first railway trunk line built by itself completely using domestic materials after the founding of New China. By the end of 1978, Baocheng, Yingxia, Baolan, Lanxin, Chengkun, Xiangqian and other railways were completed one after another.
On August 9, the Outline for the Implementation of Regional Ethnic Autonomy of the People's Republic of China was promulgated and put into effect, which made clear provisions on important issues such as the establishment of ethnic autonomous areas, the composition of organs of self-government, and the right to autonomy. Previously, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government, established on May 1, 1947, was renamed the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Government on December 2, 1949. On October 1, 1955, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was established. On March 5, 1958, the Guangxi Autonomous Region was established (renamed Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region on October 12, 1965). On October 25, 1958, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region was established. On September 9, 1965, the Tibet Autonomous Region was established.
At the end of the year, the national economy achieved a comprehensive recovery and initial growth. The total output value of industry and agriculture is 81 billion yuan, an increase of 77.6% over 1949 at comparable prices.
In 1953
On March 1, the Election Law of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China and Local People's Congresses at All Levels was promulgated and came into effect. After more than a year of work, more than 214,000 units have conducted grass-roots elections nationwide, and the total number of registered voters has reached more than 323 million, deputies to grass-roots people's congresses have been elected, and local people's congresses at all levels have been convened step by step. On this basis, deputies to the National People's Congress are elected.
On 3 April, the Council of State issued the Directive on the Registration of the National Population Survey in Preparation for Universal Suffrage. At 24:00 on June 30, 1953, the census was registered nationwide. On November 1, 1954, the results of the survey were announced, and the total population of the country was 601938035.
On May 15, the Chinese and Soviet governments signed the Agreement on the Assistance of the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China in the Development of China's National Economy, stipulating that the Soviet Union would assist China in the construction of 91 industrial projects. Together with 50 items identified in 1950 and 15 increases in 1954, a total of 156 items were added. After several adjustments, 154 items were determined, and 150 items were actually constructed. Because 156 projects were announced first, it is still called "156 projects".
On June 15, the Politburo of the CENTRAL Committee held a meeting. The Conference determined the policy of utilization, restriction and transformation of capitalist industry and commerce. For the first time, Mao Zedong expounded the basic contents of the Party's general line and general tasks in the transitional period in a relatively complete manner. On December 28, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved and forwarded the Central Propaganda Department's "Struggle for Mobilizing All Forces to Build Our Country into a Great Socialist Country -- Theses on the Study and Propaganda of the Party's General Line in the Transitional Period."
On October 16, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Resolution on implementing the Planned Purchase and Planned Supply of Grain". On November 15, the Decision on the Implementation of the Planned Purchase of Oilseeds nationwide was made. In September 1954, the Council of State issued an order for the planned acquisition and supply of cotton cloth and the planned acquisition of cotton. The state implemented a policy of centralized purchase and marketing of major agricultural products such as grain, which lasted until the mid-1980s, and then gradually abolished.
On November 24, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Decision on Strengthening cadre management, which clearly stipulates the principle of party management of cadres.
From December 7 to January 26 of the following year, the National Military System Party Senior Cadres Conference was held. In accordance with Mao Zedong's instructions, the meeting clearly put forward the general policy and general tasks of building an excellent and modern revolutionary army.
On December 26, anshan Iron and Steel Company held a production ceremony for the three major projects - large-scale rolling mill, seamless steel pipe factory and No. 7 ironmaking furnace. By the end of 1978, Wuhan Iron and Steel Joint Enterprise, Baotou Iron and Steel Company, Panzhihua Iron and Steel Company and other steel enterprises were built one after another.
This year, the adjustment of colleges and universities nationwide was basically completed. The adjusted institutions of higher learning have greatly expanded their enrollment to meet the urgent needs of professional talents in industrialization construction.
This year China began to implement the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy. By June 2021, a total of 14 five-year plans and plans will be prepared and implemented.
In 1954
From February 6 to 10, the Fourth Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held. The plenum adopted the Resolution on Strengthening the Unity of the Party.
On April 15, the People's Revolutionary Military Commission of the CPC Central Committee and the Central People's Government promulgated the first "Regulations on the Political Work of the people's liberation army of the Chinese people's liberation army (draft)" after the founding of New China.
From April 26 to July 21, Zhou Enlai led a Chinese delegation to the Geneva Conference to discuss the peaceful settlement of the Korean issue and the restoration of peace in Indochina. This is the first time that New China has participated in an important international conference as one of the five major powers.
On June 28 and 29, during his visits to India and Myanmar, Zhou Enlai issued a Joint Statement with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Burmese Prime Minister U Nu respectively, jointly advocating the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. Previously, on December 31, 1953, Zhou Enlai first proposed the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence when meeting with the Indian delegation participating in the negotiations on sino-Indian issues.
From June to September, the Yangtze River and HuaiHe River basins experienced major floods that had not been encountered in a century. The party committees and governments of the disaster-stricken areas quickly mobilized, organized the transfer of the masses, carried out the work-for-relief and production self-help, and won the victory in the struggle against floods.
In July, Nanchang Aircraft Factory successfully produced the Chujiao-5 trainer aircraft. By the end of 1978, New China had successfully produced J-5, Y-5, Straight-5, and Bomb-5 aircraft.
September 15-28 The First Session of the National People's Congress was held. The meeting adopted the "Constitution of the People's Republic of China," elected Mao Zedong as president of the state and Liu Shaoqi as chairman of the NPC Standing Committee; decided that Zhou Enlai would be made premier of the State Council; and decided to establish a National Defense Commission, with Mao Zedong concurrently serving as chairman of the National Defense Commission. The convening of the National People's Congress marks the establishment of the people's congress system nationwide.
On September 28, the Politburo of the CENTRAL Committee issued the Resolution on the Establishment of the Party's Military Commission. Mao Zedong served as chairman of the Central Military Commission, and Peng Dehuai presided over the daily work of the Central Military Commission.
On October 7, the Xinjiang Military Region announced the establishment of the Xinjiang Military Region Production and Construction Corps in accordance with the approval of the General Staff Department of the Central Military Commission on August 6. In March 1975, the Corps was abolished and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Agricultural Reclamation Bureau was established. On December 3, 1981, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council and the Central Military Commission issued the Decision on the Restoration of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.
From December 21 to 25, the first session of the second session of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference was held. Zhou Enlai made a political report, pointing out that since the first session of the first session of the NATIONAL PEOPLE's Congress has been convened, the role of the organ of political power of the CPPCC in acting on behalf of the NPC has been lost, but the united front role of the CPPCC itself still exists. The meeting elected Mao Zedong as honorary chairman of the CPPCC National Committee and Zhou Enlai as chairman; and adopted the "Constitution of the political consultative conference of the Chinese people."
On December 25, the Kangzang (later renamed Sichuan-Tibet) Highway and the Qinghai-Tibet Highway were opened to traffic. Earlier, Mao Zedong wrote an inscription: "Celebrate the opening of the Kang-Tibet and Qinghai-Tibet highways, consolidate the unity of the people of all nationalities, and build the motherland!" Since then, new Tibet, Yunnan tibet and other highways have been built.
In 1955
On January 15, an enlarged meeting of the Secretariat of the Central Committee was held to make a strategic decision on China's development of atomic energy.
On January 18, the People's Liberation Army liberated Yijiangshan Island. From February 13 to 26, Dachen Island and the outer archipelago were liberated. At this point, all the coastal islands in Zhejiang were liberated.
From March 21 to 31, the National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held. The meeting adopted the "Resolution on the Establishment of the Party's Central and Local Supervision Commissions" and so on. Dong Biwu served as secretary of the Central Commission of Control. The original party discipline inspection committees at the central and local levels were abolished.
From April 18 to 24, Zhou Enlai led a Chinese delegation to the Asian-African Conference in Bandung, Indonesia, attended by 29 countries. In line with the principle of "seeking common ground while reserving differences", the Chinese delegation, together with other participating countries, jointly advocated the formation of the "Bandung Spirit". Through this meeting, China has opened the door to extensive exchanges with Asian and African countries.
On May 13, Zhou Enlai delivered a "Report on the Asian-African Conference" at the 15th Enlarged Session of the Standing Committee of the First National People's Congress, pointing out that the people of Chinese are willing to strive for the peaceful liberation of Taiwan under possible conditions.
On July 30, the Second Session of the First National People's Congress passed the Military Service Law of the People's Republic of China. The People's Liberation Army changed from a volunteer military service system to a compulsory military service system. Previously, since January 1955, the People's Liberation Army has introduced a salary system for officers.
In September, the Chinese People's Liberation Army began to implement a rank system. Zhu De, Peng Dehuai, Lin Biao, Liu Bocheng, He Long, Chen Yi, Luo Ronghuan, Xu Xiangqian, Nie Rongzhen and Ye Jianying were awarded the rank of Marshal of the People's Republic of China. By 1965, the military rank system had been abolished, and a total of 10 marshals, 10 major generals, 57 generals, 177 lieutenant generals and 1360 major generals had been awarded.
In December, the complete works of Lenin Chinese the first volume of the first edition was published. By February 1963, a total of 39 volumes had been published.
In 1956
From January 14 to 20, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a conference on the issue of intellectuals. On behalf of the CPC Central Committee, Zhou Enlai made a "Report on the Question of Intellectuals," fully affirming the role of intellectuals in socialist construction, declaring that the overwhelming majority of intellectuals are already part of the working class, putting forward the task of formulating a long-term plan for the development of science and technology, and issuing a call to the people of the whole country to "march toward modern science." In his speech on the last day of the meeting, Mao Zedong called on the whole party to work hard to learn scientific knowledge, unite with intellectuals outside the party, and strive to quickly catch up with the world's advanced level of science.
On January 15, more than 200,000 people from all walks of life in Beijing held a conference in Tiananmen Square to celebrate the realization of all agricultural and handicraft cooperatives in Beijing and the first industry-wide public-private partnership in the country to realize capitalist industry and commerce. By the end of the year, the socialist transformation of private ownership of the means of production had won a decisive victory.
On January 23, the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee put forward the "National Agricultural Development Program (Draft) for 1956-1967". After many changes and modifications, it was officially adopted and announced in April 1960.
On January 27, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Instruction on the Issue of Character Reform. On the 28th, the 23rd plenary session of the State Council passed the "Resolution of the State Council on Promulgating the Simplified Plan for Chinese Characters" and the "Instructions of the State Council on Promoting Putonghua". On February 9, the Chinese Character Reform Commission issued the "Hanyu Pinyin Scheme (Draft)".
From March 6 to 15, the Central Military Commission held an enlarged meeting to clarify for the first time the strategic policy of active defense.
On April 25, Mao Zedong delivered a report entitled "On the Relations of the Ten Congresses" at the enlarged meeting of the Politburo of the CENTRAL Committee. The report emphasizes the need to mobilize all positive factors at home and abroad to strive for the building of a strong socialist country, and initially sums up China's experience in socialist construction and puts forward the task of exploring a socialist road suitable for China's conditions. The report also put forward the principle of "long-term coexistence and mutual supervision" between the Communist Party and the democratic parties.
On April 28, Mao Zedong pointed out in his concluding speech at the enlarged meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee that a hundred flowers bloom on the issue of art and a hundred schools of thought contend on academic issues should become our policy. On May 2, at the seventh session of the Supreme State Council, Mao Zedong formally put forward the policy of "a hundred flowers blooming and a hundred schools of thought contending."
On June 30, China's first nature reserve, Guangdong Dinghushan National Nature Reserve, was established. In September 1982, the first national forest park, Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, was established. China has gradually established nature reserves, forest parks, scenic spots, natural heritage, geological parks, marine parks and other types of nature reserves at all levels.
On July 13, Changchun Fayi Automobile Manufacturing Plant successfully produced the first batch of domestic "Jiefang" brand trucks. In May and August 1958, the first domestic "Dongfeng" brand car and "Hongqi" brand car rolled off the production line.
From September 15 to 27, the 8th National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held. There are 1,026 official delegates and 107 alternate delegates, representing 10.73 million party members across the country. Mao Zedong delivered an opening speech, Liu Shaoqi made a political report, Zhou Enlai made a report on the proposals for the Second Five-Year Plan for developing the national economy, and Deng Xiaoping made a report on revising the Party Constitution. The congress pointed out that the socialist transformation has won a decisive victory and the socialist system has been basically established. The main contradiction in the country is already the contradiction between the people's demand for the establishment of an advanced industrial country and the reality of the backward agrarian country, between the people's need for rapid economic and cultural development and the current situation in which the economy and culture cannot meet the needs of the people. The main task of the party and the people at present is to concentrate our efforts on resolving this contradiction and transforming our country from a backward agrarian country into an advanced industrial country as soon as possible. The congress focused on the issue of strengthening the building of the ruling party and adopted the newly revised Constitution of the Communist Party of China.
On September 28, the First Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China elected Mao Zedong as chairman of the Central Committee, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, and Chen Yun as vice chairmen, and Deng Xiaoping as general secretary.
On December 22, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China agreed to the Report of the Party Group of the Science Planning Commission of the State Council on Soliciting Opinions on the Outline of the Long-term Plan for the Development of Science and Technology for 1956-1967 (Draft Amendment).
In December, the complete works of Marx and Engels Chinese the first volume of the first edition was published. By December 1985, a total of 50 volumes had been published.
In 1957
On February 27, Mao Zedong delivered a speech entitled "How to Deal with Contradictions Among the People" (later changed to "On the Question of Correctly Handling Contradictions Among the People"), proposing the idea of distinguishing and correctly handling two types of social contradictions of different natures, uniting the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country to develop economy and culture, and serving the cause of building socialism.
On April 20, the State Council issued the Directive on the Eradication of Schistosomiasis. Previously, Mao Zedong repeatedly proposed that schistosomiasis must be eliminated.
On April 25, the 1st China Export Commodities Fair was held in Guangzhou ("Canton Fair"). Since then, two export commodity fairs have been held in Guangzhou every year in spring and autumn. Since 2007, it has been renamed as China Import and Export Fair.
On April 27, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Directive on the Rectification Movement. The rectification movement with the correct handling of contradictions among the people as the main theme and the opposition to bureaucracy, sectarianism, and subjectivism as the main contents was in full swing. In the course of rectification, a very small number of rightists took the opportunity to launch an offensive against the Party and the nascent socialist system. In June, the focus of the movement began to shift from intra-party rectification to anti-rightist struggle. By the summer of 1958, the rectification movement and the struggle against the Rightists were completely over. It is right and necessary to counter the offensive of the rightists, but the struggle against the rightists has been seriously expanded.
On October 15, the opening ceremony of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge was held. This is the first railway and road dual-use bridge built by China on the Yangtze River.
November 2-21 Mao Zedong led a Chinese delegation to the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the victory of the October Revolution and attended the conference of representatives of the Communist and Workers' Parties of the Socialist Countries and the congresses of the Communist and Workers' Parties in Moscow.
This year's "First Five-Year Plan" was over-completed. The "First Five-Year Plan" has made tremendous achievements, laid the initial foundation for China's socialist industrialization, and accumulated valuable experience for socialist construction.
In 1958
On April 7, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the "Instructions on Large-scale Afforestation in the Whole Country", calling for the rapid and large-scale development of afforestation.
On April 22, the Monument to the People's Heroes was completed in Tiananmen Square.
From May 5 to 23, the Second Session of the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held. The meeting formally adopted the general line of "summoning up all the vigor, striving for the upper reaches, and building socialism as quickly and efficiently as possible." After the meeting, the "Great Leap Forward" movement was launched throughout the country.
From August 17 to 30, the enlarged meeting of the Politburo of the CENTRAL Committee was held in Beidaihe. Immediately after the meeting, the whole country set off a climax of the large-scale steelmaking and people's communization movement, and the "Left" mistakes marked by high targets, blind command, exaggeration, and "communist style" were seriously rampant.
On September 2, Beijing Television, China's first television station, was officially launched. On May 1, 1978, it was renamed CCTV.
November 2-10 Mao Zedong convenes the Central Work Conference (the First Zhengzhou Conference) in Zhengzhou, Henan. By July 1959, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China had successively convened a series of meetings, including the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Second Zhengzhou Conference, and the Seventh Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, to initially correct the perceived "Left" mistakes in the "Great Leap Forward" and the people's communization movement.
(To be continued)
(Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, June 27- Academy of Party History and Literature of the CPC Central Committee)
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