During the Ming Dynasty, seeing that the Later Jin was growing larger and larger in Liaodong and gradually eroding southward, Zhu Yijun, who had been hiding in the harem all day, could not sit still, and launched a war against Jin in February of the forty-seventh year (1619). The two sides met at Salhu (near the Dagangfang Reservoir in present-day Fushun, Liaoning), and as a result, the Ming army divided into four roads was broken by Nurhaci, with nearly half of 120,000 casualties, known in history as the "Battle of Salhu".
After this battle, the initiative in the Liaodong battlefield was transposed, and the Later Jin regime was completely stable, and the Ming Dynasty was no longer able to touch it. Therefore, this battle became an important turning point in the history of the Ming and Qing wars, and to some extent, it can even be said to speed up the pace of the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty.
The Draft History of the Qing Dynasty also highly praised the significance of this battle, and even compared it with the Western Zhou seizure of Longxing's land of Qi and Feng:
The Battle of Salhu, zhai commercial determination. Moved to the capital of Shenyang, the scale is far away. Compared to Yuqi and Feng, there is not much to let go.
History is always strikingly similar.
As early as the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xianbei, who also rose in Liaodong and gradually unified the desert later, also had a strategic duel with the Central Plains Dynasty in its twilight years.
Under the leadership of the head man Tan Shihuai, Xianbei not only broke the original strategic balance of power between Han and Xianbei, but also laid a solid foundation for the revival of Xianbei and the establishment of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
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<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="11" > the rise of Xianbei and the transposition of strength and weakness with the Eastern Han Dynasty</h1>
Since the Xia Dynasty, bounded by the "400 mm and other precipitation lines", the northern region has always been the domain of nomadic peoples. Due to the differences in natural conditions, customs and habits, and civilization and indoctrination, han and Hu have always clashed continuously. Cai Yong of the Eastern Han Dynasty said that the Book of Shang contained the language of vigilance against barbarians disturbing Huaxia, and the Zhou Yi once recorded that Emperor Gaozong had conquered the ghost side and sent troops to attack the pickers and barbarians, while the Western Han Dynasty directly hit Khotan and Hanhai because of the Xiongnu.
The Book of Qixia, the Yi of Ghost Fang, the Master of The Wild Thorns and the Wild Thorns of Zhou, and the Han dynasty of Khotanese and Hanhai.
By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Huns had long been crippled and could no longer stir up any storms, but at this time, another nomadic people, the Xianbei, took over the mantle of the Xiongnu and stepped onto the stage of history.
During the reign of the Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu, Xianbei had accompanied the Xiongnu into Kou Liaodong, but at that time, one was not good in strength, and the other was bad luck (the founding generals of the Eastern Han Dynasty were able to recruit good warriors), encountered a fierce man who sacrificed Ren Liaodong Taishou, three times five divided by two, fought with humble teeth, helplessly could only be attached, and Final Ming and Zhang II did not turn over any waves.
Twenty-one years after Jianwu, Xianbei and the Xiongnu entered Liaodong, and the Liaodong Taishou Sacrifice was broken, and it was completely destroyed, and the matter had already been "The Legend of Qiu", which was shocking... Twenty-five years later, Xianbei began to make an emissary... In the first year of Yongping, the sacrifice of Fu Fu attacked Xin Zhiben and beheaded him, so the Xianbei lords all came to be attached, and Liaodong was rewarded, and Qingxu Erzhou gave money of 270 million yuan. Ming Zhang II, Paulsa was fine.
However, strength and weakness is a variable that never lasts forever. During the Han and Emperor Period, the great general Dou Xianle Shi Yanran eliminated the Xiongnu forces in the south and the desert, and Xianbei took advantage of the void to occupy the old Xiongnu land, not to mention, and also accepted more than 100,000 surviving Xiongnu, and since then embarked on the road to becoming bigger and stronger.
In the middle of The Emperor Yongyuan, the general Dou Xian sent the right lieutenant Geng Kui to defeat the Xiongnu, and Beidan Yu fled, so Xianbei moved to his place. There are still more than 100,000 remnants of the Xiongnu, all of whom call themselves Xianbei, and Xianbei has gradually flourished.
Especially in the war with the Han People, it is slowly changing from unmatched to mutual victory and defeat. For example, in the two confrontations between the first year of the Han Dynasty Emperor Yanping (106 AD) and the first year of the Han An Emperor Jianguang (121 AD), the Han army was greatly defeated and lost, the loss of troops and generals, and the face was greatly lost.
In the first year of Yanping, Xianbei fu Kou Yuyang, Taishou Zhang Xian led hundreds of people out of the blockade to chase him... In the face of the ambush, the soldiers and soldiers left, only to give strength to fight, the body was ten wounds, and several people were killed by hand. In the middle of the manifestation, the main book wei fu and the gong cao Xu xian all threw themselves into the manifest, and they were all killed in the battle.
In the autumn of the first year of Jianguang, Kou Juyong and Yunzhong Taishou attacked severely, and the soldiers were defeated, and Cao Yangmu fought with his body and died.
When the first great hero of the Xianbei nation, Tan Shi huai, appeared, the strength and weakness of Han and Xian were completely transposed.
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<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="74" > The humble Nurhaci: Sandalwood Locust</h1>
In history, the rise and expansion of any ethnic minority has an unborn hero behind it, such as the Xiongnu Mouton, the Khitan Yelü Abaoji, the Jurchen Completed Yan Akuta, the Mongolian Temujin, the Jurchen (Manchu) Nurhaci, etc., Xianbei is no exception, the first national hero who integrates the whole clan, expands the territory and establishes a hereditary system is Tanshi Huai.
Like all founding monarchs, Sandalwood has a legendary origin.
According to history, his father, Toulu Hou, fought outside with the Xiongnu for three years, and when he returned, he found that he had more sons, and he was so angry that he was about to kill them. His wife defended that this did not blame me, one day was walking on the road, suddenly heard thunder, when she looked up, it was a coincidence, a hail fell into her mouth, swallowed it soon, found that she was actually pregnant, and then there was sandalwood locust. Therefore, this child is a genius, and he must have something superior, or it is better to stay.
Of course, The deer was unmoved and insisted on throwing him outside. His wife secretly took the child to her mother's family to raise, and named it Sandalwood Locust.
His father, Who threw himself at Luhou and had been in the Xiongnu army for three years, had a son at home. Throw the deer and return to the deer, and the monster wants to kill it. The wife tastes the thunder and thunder of the day, looks up to the sky and hails into her mouth, and swallows it, and is pregnant, and gives birth in October, and this son will be strange, and it should be long-sighted. The deer did not listen, so they abandoned it. Wife whispered family order adoption Yan, named Sandalwood Stone Locust.
As his mother said, Tan Shi Huai showed courage and strategy at the age of fourteen or fifteen. Once in an external robbery, he single-handedly chased out and successfully recaptured all the horses that had been robbed.
Ethnic minorities have always admired the brave, so during the reign of Emperor Huan, Tan shi huai was pushed as a tribal lord. He also lived up to his expectations, and in a few years, he first completed the integration of the tribes, followed the Northern War of Ernan, quickly unified the old Xiongnu land, and established a huge steppe empire.
In the fourteenth and fifteenth year, he was brave and wise. The Alien Lord took his cattle and sheep from the outside, and the sandalwood locust rode in pursuit of them, and when he went nowhere, he still had to be killed, and the tribe was afraid. It is forbidden to cast the law, and it is straight and straight, and those who dare not violate it are presumed to be adults. Tanshi Acacia was standing in the water of the Bomb Khan Mountain, going to the north of Takayanagi for more than three hundred miles, the soldiers and horses were very strong, and the adults in the east and west were all returned. Because of the southern border, the north rejects Ding Zero, the east is Fuyu, the west is attacked by Wusun, and the homeland of the Xiongnu is all over the place, more than 14,000 miles in the east and west, more than 7,000 miles in the north and south, and the salt ponds of mountains and rivers are snared.
After completing his political and military goals, Tan Shihuai turned his attention to the south, and he wanted to make up for the shortcomings of Xianbei in terms of economy, and the rich Central Plains Dynasty had always been a lamb in the eyes of steppe wolves. Since then, the Xianbei people have begun to repeatedly violate the border, and the Eastern Han government at this time is already weakening day by day, and it is weak in the face of Hu.
The imperial court accumulated troubles and could not control them.
This time, it was the turn of Emperor Huan of Han to catch the blind, and in desperation, he re-sacrificed the magic weapon of the old ancestor to Hu Diplomacy: peace and kinship.
In the ninth year of Yanxi (166 AD), he sent emissaries to find Tanshihuai, fondly recalled the traditional friendship between the two countries, expressed his good wishes for peace, and said that if the two sides coexisted peacefully, the Han government would first give Tanshihuai the title of king, and second, marry the princess to him, and henceforth the Han and Xian families would be close.
Tan Shi huai who received the news was a little surprised, perhaps in his opinion, passive beating did not forget to put on a lofty posture, the brain of the Han Huan Emperor should be funny, it is necessary to aggravate the beating, so that they can further understand the situation and put the right position. Therefore, he not only refused to be sealed, but also increased the frequency and intensity of the southern invasion.
So he sent the envoy to make the sandalwood king with the seal silk, and wanted to make peace with him. Sandalwood refused to accept it, and Kou copied it even more.
After Emperor Ling ascended the throne, the situation in the northeast of the empire further deteriorated, and in the ten years from the first year of Jianning (168 AD) to the sixth year of Xiping (177 AD), except for the third year of Jianning and the third year of Xiping, Xianbei did not enter the Kou for many years, causing great damage to the border.
Ling Di Li, you, and Liang, the border counties of the three states of You, he, and Liang were all killed by Xianbei and Kou, and the number of kills was innumerable.
Finally, after the Xianbei people re-attacked the three sides in the summer and April of the sixth year of Xiping, some people in the imperial court could not sit still and strongly demanded that they retaliate with tit-for-tat and send troops to fight back.
First of all, Xia Yu, a lieutenant of the Wuhuan Colonel, pained Chen Xianbei's harm, demanded that troops be sent, and boasted that he could eliminate the Problem of Hu in more than a year. But the Han Ling Emperor rejected this suggestion.
In the summer of the sixth year, xianbeikou trilateral. In autumn, Xia Yu said: "Xianbei Koubian, since spring, more than thirty hairs, please recruit the soldiers of the counties of Youzhou to attack it, one winter and two springs, will be able to destroy the birds." "The imperial court did not allow it.
At this time, a second person who asked for the lowly man appeared. Tian Yan, a lieutenant of the Qiang Dynasty, made a mistake and wanted to break the merits by fighting, so he bought the eunuch Wang Fu (王甫), a eunuch and zhongchang attendant of Emperor Ling,around emperor Ling, and said that he would go out with Xia Yu to attack Xianbei. This time the Ling Emperor agreed. However, there were many people who did not agree to the use of force, so the Ling Emperor gathered people together and held a debate on whether to go out or not.
Tian Yan, a lieutenant of the Qiang Dynasty, sat down to discuss the punishment and wanted to make meritorious contributions to himself, but asked Wang Fu, the chief attendant of zhongchang, to be a general, so he discussed sending troops and Yu to fight for thieves. Emperor Nai baiyan was made a general of the Broken Fresh and Humble Middle Lang. The ministers are many different, but they summon hundreds of officials to the court.
Cai Yong, a representative of the anti-war faction, said that fighting with the Hu people was not uncommon, it began in the Xia Dynasty, and there were all dynasties and dynasties. However, although they are all wars, first, the situation is very different, and second, there are not many advantages, but there are many disadvantages. Like Emperor Wu of Han and the Xiongnu fought all their lives, although they won a crushing victory, they also made the country scarce, the people's livelihood withered, and the world was almost in chaos. Therefore, the Lord Father said that since ancient times, those who like to fight wars have not regretted it in the end. In particular, our current national strength and people's strength cannot be compared with the han wudi period, but Xianbei is in an ascending period, and this battle cannot be fought.
Therefore, it is imperative that we learn from Emperor Liu Bang and Empress Lü's Taoguang and cultivate obscurity, and focus our main energy on domestic stability, rather than laboring the people and hurting money to find The Xianbei to win or lose for a while.
Therefore, the Lord's Father said: "The husband has triumphed, and the poor martial arts have not been unrepentant." "The husband, with the divine martial arts of Sejong, will be good and fierce, rich in wealth, and far-reaching, and still regretful." Now people are not rich, things are bad in the past... The plague of the husband's side, the scratching of the hands and siblings; the plight of China, the fist of the chest and back. Fangjin County thieves can not be forbidden, and even if this is ugly, it can be ambushed... Former Gaozu endured the shame of Pingcheng, Lü Hou abandoned the criticism of the slow book, and Fang Zhiyu is now, what is it?
But the Han Ling Emperor did not listen and insisted on sending troops.
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<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="88" > all three ways lost: a replica of the "Battle of Salhu"</h1>
After symbolically engaging in a court debate, in August of the sixth year of Xiping (177 AD), the Han army went out in three ways.
Led by Xia Yu, a lieutenant of the Wuhuan School of The Western Route, the army was sent out of Gaoliu (高柳, in modern Yanggao, Shanxi);
Led by Tian Yan (田晏), a lieutenant of the Qiang School of the Middle Route, he was sent out of the clouds (郡治; present-day Datong, Shanxi);
The Eastern Route was led by the Xiongnu Zhonglang (臧旻), and the soldiers were sent out of the Gate (㕍門, in present-day Dai County, Shanxi).
The three roads each led 10,000 cavalry, the momentum was fierce, deep into the desert for more than two thousand miles, there is a great tendency not to give up until the goal is reached, and the merits are completed in one battle.
Unfortunately, they encounter an unborn humble hero and a humble cavalryman who is in the ascendant period.
In the face of the three-way Han soldiers, Tan Shihuai did not concentrate superior forces to fight the annihilation war like the later Nurhaci "rely on a few roads, I will go all the way", but also sent three roads of men and horses to fight hard.
The methods were different, but the result was the same, the three-way Han army was almost completely destroyed, the grain and grass were heavy and even the runes all fell into the hands of the enemy, and Xia Yu's three people were only spared.
So Xia Yu out of Gao Liu, Tian Yan out of the clouds, xiongnu Zhonglang will Zang Min led Nandan to the Yanmen Gate, each will ride ten thousand horses, three out of the plug more than 2,000 miles. Tan Shi Huai ordered the three lords to fight against each other, Yu and other major defeats, and lost their knots, each of which rode dozens of horses back, and the dead were seventeen or eighteen.
After this battle, Xianbei did not pay attention to the Eastern Han government, not only did they enter the Kou one after another, but even the tentacles extended from the northeast to the northwest, and the entire northern border of the empire was in full swing.
Winter, xianbei Kou Liaoxi. Guanghe first year winter, and Kou Jiuquan, the edge of the edge is not poisoned.
In a way, this battle, like the "Battle of Salhu" in the last years of the Ming Dynasty, almost became a turning point in the fortunes of the two countries.
Fortunately, Tan Shi Huai died early, and left an unreliable successor, otherwise, the Xianbei people may have completed the feat of entering the Central Plains two hundred years in advance.
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<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="95" > tiger father and dog, Xianbei civil unrest, the Han Empire escaped the disaster</h1>
In the fourth year (181) of the Han Ling Emperor Guanghe, a generation of male lords comparable to Mao Dun, Nurhaci and others in the history of Xianbei died at the age of forty-five. After his death, his son Helian succeeded to the throne.
Unlike his father's great talent, Helian is not only incompetent, but his vision and pattern are far more than his father's. Although he inherited the plagiarizing nature of the steppe peoples, his purpose was limited to grabbing things, and he lacked fundamental and long-term planning for more important integration of people's hearts, expanding the territory, and domestic and foreign affairs, coupled with too heavy selfishness, which slowly led to rebellion. Later, in an invasion of the desert north, he died under the cold arrows of the lian people.
Helian died early and suddenly, and the young son Qian Man was unable to stand on his behalf, and Lian's nephew Kuitou took over the throne. When Qian Man grew up, he engaged in a fierce and protracted struggle for the throne with his brother the head of the clan, and the continued civil strife further disintegrated the tribe. Judging from the later results, Qian Man should not have taken advantage of it, and may even be defeated and killed. Because after the death of The Leader, it was the Younger Brother Ofu who succeeded him.
Guanghe Zhong, Tanshi Locust died, at the age of forty-five, Zi and Lian Dai Li. He Lian cai is not as strong as the father, and he is also counted as a copy, sexually greedy, unfair in the law, and half of the people. After attacking the north, the lianren good crossbow shooter shot and the company, that is, died. His son Qian Man was young, and his brother was the head of the head. Later, Qian Man grew up and fought with the leader of the country, and the crowd was separated. The head of the head died, and the brother Budu took root.
Humble short-sightedness and civil strife led to its lack of time to look south for a long time, which gave the Eastern Han Dynasty a chance to breathe. Only three years later, in the seventh year of emperor Guanghe of the Han Dynasty (184 AD), the Eastern Han Dynasty broke out in one of the largest religious-organized civil uprisings in Chinese history: the Great Yellow Turban Rebellion.
It was precisely because of the reduction of external troubles that the Eastern Han government freed up its hands and focused all its personnel and energy on suppressing the uprising, and finally succeeded in surviving for more than thirty years, thus avoiding rapid demise.
(Picture from the Internet, invasion and deletion)
References: Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Draft History of the Qing Dynasty