Ma Zhiyuan and Bai Pu chanted "Tianjing Sand", both of which one do you prefer? The same autumn scenery and two feelings: Ma Zhiyuan and Bai Pu's "Tianjing Sand", each has a thousand and one difficult to distinguish!
<h1>quotation</h1>
Classical Chinese literature has always had a tradition of "tragic autumn", for example, during the Warring States period, the Chu writer Song Yu opened his long lyric poem "Nine Debates": "Sorrow! Autumn is also angry. The grass and trees fell and decayed. "The theme of "Nine Debates" is tragic autumn, which can be regarded as the precursor of the ancient literati's tragic autumn. The famous poet Du Fu of the Tang Dynasty also has the sentence "Ten Thousand Miles of Sorrow and Autumn Often As a Guest, More Than a Hundred Years of Illness Alone on stage", which closely links the old illness with the cold autumn, and the sadness of autumn and the misery of life think of rendering and boosting, such a tragic autumn suffering makes it more difficult for people to dissipate.
Yuanqu writers are no exception, and they all have the same compassion as Qiu. Ma Zhiyuan and Bai Pu, who also belong to the "Four Great Masters of Yuanqu", not only created famous miscellaneous dramas, such as "Han Palace Autumn" and "Wall Head Horse", but also left many good works of scattered music (Xiao Ling). For example, the two of them have invariably written the works of tragic autumn with the song card of "Tianjingsha", Ma Zhiyuan's is "Tianjingsha Qiusi", and Bai Pu's is "Tianjingsha Qiu".
The two Yongqiu Xiaoling of Ma Zhiyuan and Bai Pu, the title is only one word apart, but it is the same and different, the same autumn scenery, two feelings, the beauty of the autumn thoughts of chanting, and the sentimental feelings, are all quite distinctive Yongqiu masterpieces. Among them, Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjing Sha QiuSi" is known as the "ancestor of Qiu Si" and "purely natural, as if the Tang Dynasty had no words". And Bai Pu's "Tianjing Sha Qiu" also won the praise of "love words are handsome and extraordinary", which has a Song ci mood.
However, the commentators of the past have highly praised Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjing Sha Qiusi" and called it "the best song in the song", while there are many bad comments on Bai Pu's "Tianjing Sha Qiu", and those who detract from it call it "a list of phenomena and a patchwork of miscellaneous plates" and a work of "futile skin".
Lao Huang believes that such comments are inevitably biased. Ma Zhiyuan's "TianjingSha Qiusi" and Bai Pu's "Tianjingsha Qiu" are the two bright pearls in Yuanming's song. To paraphrase a lyric, that is: one is the Langyuan Xianpao, and the other is the beautiful jade flawless. The two small orders can be described as "the same work, each with its own vigor".
<h1>Bai Pu and Ma Zhiyuan</h1>
Bai Pu, a native of Kuizhou (present-day Hequ, Shanxi) and a native of Bieliang (present-day Kaifeng, Henan), was born in 1226 (the second year of Baoqing in the Southern Song Dynasty and the third year of Jin Zhengda) and died in 1306.
Bai Pu came from a family of bureaucrats and scholars, his father Washiwa Jin Zhenyou three years (1215) jinshi, the official to the Privy Council, the middle father Bai Ben for Jin Zhangzong Tai and Jian Jinshi, once served as a county order, uncle died early, but has a poetic name. Born in such a family, Bai Pu should have been able to travel leisurely and read books and learn in order to gain fame in the future. However, his early years were met with chaos, and he had to spend time with his family in panic and confusion. When Bai Pu was 8 years old, the Jin Dynasty collapsed, and Bai Pu's father Bai Hua first surrendered to the Southern Song Dynasty and became junzhou Tilu (八品官). Soon, Bai Hua surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty. With the stability of the north, Bai Pu's father and son also settled in Zhending. From then on, according to his father's requirements, he wrote poetry and studied the coursework of the subject field examination. However, the brutal plunder of the Mongol rulers made it difficult to recover the wounds on Bai Pu's soul, and he was full of disgust for the Mongol rulers, and in the second year of the reign of the Yuan Dynasty (1261), the 36-year-old Bai Pu abandoned his family and traveled south, in order to show his determination to retire and never go to the eunuch. Bai Pu first went to Hankou, then into Jiujiang, and at the age of 41, he returned to Zhending north, passing through Beijing. After that, he went south again, traveling between Jiujiang and Dongting, and did not settle in Jinling until the seventeenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1280).
Bai Pu, who abandoned his family to travel south, took the word endowment as his special work, and used his songs to vent the depression and dissatisfaction in his chest. In his lifetime, Bai Pu wrote sixteen kinds of miscellaneous dramas, including "Wutong Rain" and "Wall Head Horse" in existence; and "Tianlai Collection", which collected more than 200 lyrics and more than 40 scattered songs. Together with Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan and Zheng Guangzu, they are collectively known as the Four Greats of Yuan Qu.
Ma Zhiyuan, a native of Dadu (present-day Beijing), was born in 1250 AD (the tenth year of the Southern Song Dynasty and the fifth year of Emperor Dingzong of Mongolia), and was 24 years old. At that time, the Jin Dynasty had collapsed, and the Great Mongolian State had not yet been restructured into a yuan, which was also a period of historical turmoil. Like Bai Pu, Ma was born into a wealthy and literate family and spent most of his teenage years or so. Later, around the seventh year of the Yuan Dynasty (1270), Ma Zhiyuan began a "twenty-year wandering career". In the tenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1273), Zhenjin was made crown prince. Unlike Bai Pu, the young Ma Zhiyuan was keen to seek fame, and seemed to have written poems to the Yuan Dynasty prince Bo'er Zhenjin and thus became an official, and then left Beijing to serve as a provincial official in Jiangsu and Zhejiang due to the death of Bao'er Zhenjin, and later participated in the "Yuan Zhen Book Society" during the Yuan Zhen period (early 1295-early 1297).
During the Dade period (1297-1307), after half a lifetime of wandering Ma Zhiyuan, he finally got tired of the wandering life of the eunuch sea and began his late life in Hangzhou. In the first year of zhizhi (1321), 15 years after Bai Pu's death, Ma Zhiyuan died of illness in Hangzhou.
<h1>Ma Zhiyuan's autumn thoughts</h1>
Ma Zhiyuan has a deep feeling for society and life in the ups and downs of the eunuch sea, so he has created a large number of miscellaneous drama works, including Ma Zhiyuan's miscellaneous drama "Jiangzhou Sima Qingyi Tears", "Midnight Thunder And Recommendation of Fu Monument", "Xihua Mountain Chen Zhuo High Lying", "Lü Dongbin Three Drunken Yueyang Lou", "Handan Province Wu Huangliang Dream", "Ma Danyang Three Degrees Ren Fengzi", "Broken Dream Lonely Goose Han Palace Autumn" and other 7 kinds. Ma Zhiyuan has made great achievements in the creation of miscellaneous dramas, and his achievements in scattered music (Xiaoling) have also been respected by later generations. For example, the literary and art theorist Liang Yizhen once commented on Ma Zhiyuan: "In the miscellaneous drama, although he is called 'four big people' with Guan Hanqing Wang Shifu and Bai Pu, in the scattered songs, he is really enough to lead the group and become the first of the Yuanren. ”
Ma Zhiyuan left a total of 117 small orders and 26 sets of songs, including the famous masterpiece "Tianjing Sha Qiusi":
Dead vines and old trees are dimwitted, small bridges and flowing water people's homes, and the ancient road west wind is thin horses. As the sun sets, the broken intestines are at the end of the world.
Tianjingsha is the name of the song brand, this tune is derived from the Song Jin tone, because the anonymous song has the sentence "Plug on the autumn and early cold", so it is also known as "plugged on the autumn". The whole song consists of five sentences and twenty-eight characters (except for the lining words), the first, second, third and fifth sentences are six words each, and the fourth sentence is a four-word sentence, of which the first, second and fifth sentences are exactly the same. According to the statistics of relevant experts, there are 107 songs of "Tianjingsha" that have been handed down, ranking 13th among 158 songs (including Xiaoling, Belt Song and Suite), which shows that Tianjingsha is the usual song card of Yuanqu.
Almost all of Ma's life has been a life of wandering and uncertainty, and he is also depressed and embarrassed. It was during his lone wandering journey that he wrote this poem "Tianjing Sha Qiusi". This song does not have a single "autumn" word, but it depicts a desolate and moving autumn suburban sunset picture, and accurately conveys the miserable state of mind of the traveler. The unique feature of the work is the use of many dense imagery (Broken Bowel Man: A person who describes the extreme sadness and sorrow, in this case refers to the traveler who has wandered to the end of the world and is extremely sad. Tianya: A Place Far from Home), to express the author's suffering of the journey and the hatred of the tragic autumn, so that the work is full of rich poetry.
The first three sentences of Xiao Ling are all composed of noun phrases, and a total of 9 kinds of scenes (dead vines: withered branches. Old Tree: A tree that has grown for a long time. Crow: A crow at dusk. Small Bridge: A short country bridge. Flowing water: Babbling streams. People: Farmhouses. Ancient Roads: Ancient and desolate roads. West wind: Cold, gloomy autumn wind. Skinny Horse: A horse with a thin bone), the words are simple and meaningful, and the words "dry, old, faint, ancient, thin" and so on carry the sorrow that cannot be erased. Immediately after, it ended with "the sun sets in the west, and the people who break the intestines at the end of the world" make people's hearts tighten. The "small bridge, flowing water, people" in front of you is so peaceful and warm. Where to find Nippori Pass? My hometown and relatives are so far away from me, and people who are floating at the end of the world, in the face of such a desolate autumn scenery as "west wind, ancient road, dead vine, old tree, and dusk crow", riding a wandering man on a thin horse and hurrying, how can he keep intestines?
In the tempering of words and sentences, Ma Zhiyuan fully demonstrated his talent, the first three sentences and eighteen words, all nouns and adjectives, no verbs, the relationship between various scenes and their respective dynamics and shapes, all rely on the reader according to the organization and arrangement between the images and their own life experience to grasp. This kind of wonderful use of calligraphy is really rare in ancient times, wen Tingjun's "Shangshan Morning Trip" in the "chicken sound Maodian Moon, human footprint Banqiao frost" is similar to the Ma Qu use of calligraphy, but its capacity is still not as large as Ma Qu. Ma Zhiyuan's concise use of words has reached a degree that can no longer be reduced, using the least number of words to express rich emotions, which is one of the reasons for the artistic success of the small song "Tianjingsha Qiusi", and Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Qiusi" has also been called "the ancestor of Qiusi". ”
<h1>White autumn colors</h1>
In line with Ma Zhi's heart, his contemporary playwright Bai Pu also created a group of small orders with the tune of Tianjingsha, which was divided into four songs of "Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter", of which "Tianjingsha Qiu" was often compared with Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Qiusi" to appreciate:
The lonely village is remnants of the sun, the old trees and jackdaws are lightly smoked, and a little bit of feihong shadow. Green mountains and green water, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers.
In this small order, What kind of autumn scenery does Bai Pu depict to the reader? The sun gradually set in the west, and the sunset on the edge of the sky gradually began to dissipate, leaving only a few faint colors, reflecting the quiet and lonely village in the distance, dragging out the long shadow. Light smoke drifted into the air, a few crows perched on old trees, and a large goose flew down in the distance and swept across the sky. The mountains and rivers are beautiful; the frost-white grass, the fiery red maple leaves, and the golden flowers sway in the wind, and the colors are very bright.
Bai Pu's xiaoling "Tianjingsha Qiu" and Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Qiusi" have similarities in both writing and composition. Although the title of this song is "autumn", and the meaning of autumn is written, it is impossible to find a word "autumn". The song begins with a picture of autumn twilight, creating a quiet and lonely atmosphere, and then selects typical autumn scenes in the form of a juxtaposition of nouns, from far and near, to depict a colorful autumn scene. The autumn scenery has also changed from the previous depression and loneliness to bright and beautiful.
The whole song is written with deep pen, unique style, gentle and beautiful, novel artistic conception, quite a lyrical artistic conception. Qing Wangfu's "Poetry of Jiang Zhai" said: "The name of the scene is two, and it is really inseparable." God is a poet, and the magic is boundless. Wang Guowei's "Deleted Manuscript of Human Words" Yun: "All scenery is love language." The first two sentences of Xiao Ling's "Lonely Village Sun Remnant, Light Smoke Old Tree Jackdaw", shared 6 scenes: "Lonely Village, Sunset, Residual Xia, Light Smoke, Old Tree, Jackdaw." "These scenes are love words, and each image represents the depressed atmosphere of autumn and autumn scenery.
Next, the author chose "A little bit of Feihong Shadow" as the epilogue of the first half. In this way, the original depressed picture has become active, and the lonely autumn scenery seems to show another kind of vivid vitality. Finally, "green mountains and green water, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers" as the closing words of the song. These two sentences use five colors of "green", "green", "white", "red", and "yellow", and the three colors of "white grass, red leaves, yellow flowers" are mixed in the two colors of "green mountains and green waters"; "green mountains and green waters" are the vast picture, and "white grass red leaves and yellow flowers" are subtle pictures, so intertwined and wrong, so that the autumn scenery that was originally lonely and depressed suddenly became colorful and colorful. Such a transformation of scenery writes out the poet's feelings of cheerful hope from cold loneliness and sorrow.
It is no wonder that the writer and literary historian Zheng Zhenduo commented on Bai Pu in the "History of Chinese Folk Literature": "He is quite good at writing scenery, and the four questions of spring, summer, autumn and winter have been written very well, but his four poems of "TianjingSha" are handsome and extraordinary. ”
In order to let the reader have a deeper understanding of Bai Pu's xiaoling, he now appends the other three poems of his group of Tianjingsha Xiaoling to the following:
"Tianjing Sand Spring"
Spring mountain warm sun and wind, dry pavilion curtains, willow swing courtyard. Warblers and dancing swallows, small bridges flowing red.
"Tianjing Sand Summer"
Clouds collect rain over the waves, the building is high and the water is cold and sweet, and the green trees are shaded and painted eaves. Yarn kitchen vine, jade man Luo fan light silk.
"Tianjing Sand Winter"
A sound of painting horns, the crescent moon dusk of Fengting, the waterfront in front of Xueli Mountain. Bamboo hedge huts, lonely villages with fading grass.
<h1>The same work, each with its own brilliance</h1>
Carefully comparing, the two small orders of Ma Bai and Bai do have differences, that is, the difference between "there is autumn and thinking" and "there is autumn without thinking" that many commentators believe, which is also an important reason why some people use "no thought" to greatly disparage Bai Pu's "Tianjing Sha Qiu". In fact, Lao Huang does not think so, because these two small orders are "autumn and thought", but the fusion of autumn and thought, the way of expressing "thinking" is different. Ma Zhiyuan's "thinking" is a thought that speaks bluntly, and Bai Pu's "thinking" is a thought that is implicit. To be precise, it should be called "similarity in difference".
Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjing Sha Qiu Si" has autumn thoughts, which can be called a masterpiece of scenery (autumn) love (thought) - the first three sentences write 9 kinds of scenes, although specific, real, and lifelike, but they are equal and scattered, and their meanings are difficult to understand. At the end, there was a sudden sentence "Broken intestines are at the end of the world", so that the first 9 kinds of scenery have a landing and destination. If there is no "broken intestine", the scene written earlier will be considered to be a kind of scene sketch with little meaning, and the emotional color will be much thinner. On the contrary, if there is no scene description in the first three sentences, the "broken intestine man" in the last sentence will lose the typical environment of his activity, and the reason why he "breaks the intestine" will also lose the objective basis, and the thoughts and feelings expressed in the article will dry up like passive water. Ma Zhiyuan's cleverness is in the clever, he skillfully combines the scenes in the first three sentences with the "broken intestines" in the last sentence, accurately and profoundly showing the wandering child's pain of wandering in the end of the world and infinitely missing his hometown. This is precisely the wonderful thing that successive generations of literati have considered the success of this small order.
On the other hand, Bai Pu's "Tianjing Sha Qiu", on the surface, is a pure scenery without people (thoughts), so it is regarded by many people as a pile of scenery pieced together by miscellaneous plates, with autumn without thought, with no skin, and no soul. This kind of cynicism is actually a mistake. If you read it carefully, Bai Pu's "Tianjing Sha Qiu" also cleverly contains "thoughts", such as the sentence "A little bit of Feihong shadow", which has endless charm.
"Hong" refers to a wild goose, and "one point" means a goose that has lost its partner. Hongyan is a large migratory bird that migrates south every autumn, often causing homesickness and sadness among wanderers. Here, it is implied that the thought of the departed person is implied. Regarding Hongyan, there is also a famous allusion in history, that is, Su Wu's "Hongyan Biography".
During the Han Dynasty, Su Wu sent envoys to the Xiongnu and was exiled to the North Sea to herd sheep. 10 years later, the Han Dynasty made peace with the Xiongnu, but Shan Yu still did not allow Su Wu to return to Han. Chang Hui, who went on an envoy with Su Wu to the Xiongnu, secretly informed the Han envoy of Su Wu's situation, and designed for the Han envoy to tell Shan Yu: "The emperor of the Han Dynasty hunted and shot a goose, and the goose had a letter tied to its feet, telling that Su Wu was herding sheep in a swampy area. "After listening to it alone, only let Su Wu return to Han."
Within a few months, Emperor Zhao took the throne. For several years, the Xiongnu were friendly with the Han. Han Qiuwu waited, and the Xiongnu treacherously killed Wu. After the Han envoys returned to the Xiongnu, Chang Hui asked his guards to accompany them, and they had to see the Han envoys at night, with their own Chen Dao. The messenger of the teachings is shan yu, Yan Tianzi shot into the forest, got geese, enough to tie the book, Yan Wu and so on in a certain Zezhong (Book of Han). ”
Later, people used Hongyan as a metaphor for letters and letters, and later generations of literati often used Hongyan to express their feelings and express their feelings of departing people. For example, li Qingzhao, a famous female lyricist in the Song Dynasty, wrote a poem "A Cut of Plum" shortly after her new marriage:
Red lotus incense residue jade autumn. Gently dissolve Luo Xie and get on the orchid boat alone. Whoever sent the jinshu in the clouds came, when the goose word returned, the moon was full of the West Building.
Flowers float from zero water. One kind of lovesickness, two places of idleness. There was no way to eliminate this feeling, so I lowered my eyebrows, but I was worried.
After the words were completed, they were sent to her parting husband Zhao Mingcheng, "Who in the clouds sent the Jinshu to come, when the goose character returned, the moon was full of west building", expressing a full of longing feelings. In addition, in her other poem "Nian Nu Jiao", there is also a sigh of "after the conquest of geese, thousands of thoughts are difficult to send", and once again use Hongyan to pin acacia. In her later years, Li Qingzhao encountered the destruction of the country and the death of her family, she remembered the past all day long, felt sad, and immersed herself in sorrow to live a life, for which she wrote the famous song "Slow Voice • Seeking and Seeking": "Seeking and seeking, cold and cold, miserable and miserable relatives." When it is warm and cold, it is the most difficult to rest. Three glasses of two light wine, how can you oppose him, and the wind is fast late? Yan Guoye is sad, but he is an old acquaintance. A sentence "The goose has passed also, is sad, but it is an old acquaintance", once again using the Hongyan allegory to express the mourning of the late husband, let people read the tears. There are many such examples, and even a generation of great people said in his "Qingping Le Liupanshan": "The sky is high and the clouds are light, and the flying geese in the south are not good enough to reach the Great Wall." "It means to let the geese bring the news of victory to their relatives in the south."
In summary, the "a little bit of Feihong Shadow" in Bai Pu Xiaoling means that the pain of departing from human feelings is reasonable, and its role is like the "broken intestines in the end of the world" in Ma Zhiyuan Xiaoling, which is the outline of the whole article, stringing together the previous fragmentary scenes, making the article inconvenient to have autumn and thoughts, autumn thoughts blending, and the artistic conception is far-reaching.
Liu Xun once said: "It is the yingrui of the text, there are shows and hidden." Hidden also, the heavy purpose outside the text; the show also, the only one in the chapter. Hidden with the meaning of the work, show with excellence as a coincidence, Si Nai's achievements in the old chapter, and the talent of the Jiahui also ("Wenxin Carved Dragon Hidden Show"). ”
"Rui" is the drooping appearance of flowers and plants. The word "English" is used here to refer to flowers, to symbolize the beauty of the article. "Implicit" is implicit, including not only the requirements for content, but also the requirements for form. "Out of context" means something other than the directly expressed meaning of the text. "Heavy purpose" means a rich meaning. Fan Wenlan's note: "Resignation and righteousness are rich, with infinite flavor, Lu Shihengyun's 'outside the text', this hidden meaning is also." "Show" is a sentence that stands out in the work." "Alone" is a sentence that highlights the uprightness. Stand out and stand out. "Compound meaning" refers to a double, multiple meaning. "Fu" means that the clothes have a surface, and the metaphor has the meaning of inside and outside. "Yi" here refers to beauty and goodness.
This passage of Liu Xun's words translated into modern chinese is to express: excellent works have the characteristics of "hidden" and "show". The so-called "hidden" means that it contains content other than the literal meaning; the so-called "show" is a sentence that is particularly prominent in the work. "Cain" is skillful with rich content, and "show" is exquisite with excellence and uniqueness: this is the beauty of ancient works, the concentrated reflection of the author's talent.
It can be seen from this that the article is wonderful with implications, which is respected by the ancients. Ma Zhiyuan's "TianjingSha Qiusi" writes outspoken thoughts as wonderful, and Bai Pu's "Tianjingsha Qiu", writing implicit thoughts, is also a witty saying. These two small orders of Ma and Bai have the same beauty, so as readers and commentators, we should not favor one over the other.
<h1>epilogue</h1>
There may be many reasons for favoring Ma Zhiyuan, a sentence "Broken intestines in the end of the world" to cause the tears of countless people, and Bai Pu's pen is full of autumn colors, although there is no sentence such as "broken intestines in the end of the world" in the song, but throughout the whole poem, the lyrical protagonist also appears from time to time, in the haze of smoke, conveying a kind of silence and sorrow of "the earth is old and the sky is desolate", and it is also a good thing to replace the love language with scenery language. In summary, the two small orders can be described as the same work, each good at its own, should be given full affirmation, favor one over the other, especially the "Tianjing Sha Qiu" that degrades Bai Pu, which really makes people feel dissatisfied. Of course, the above is just the words of Lao Huang's family, which one do you like more, welcome to comment.
(Image from the Internet)