Introduction: The transformation of Wei and Jin from the Han Dynasty to form a shameless political and social atmosphere is that personal interests and family concepts are higher than those of the state. In the middle of the third century, the Wei and Jin dynasties were due to private grants between large families, and the tragedy of the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty was also created by the selfish Hao clan. Similarly, under the leadership of the Lang evil Wang clan, the Hao clan fled to Jiangnan, from dividing the territory to establishing another imperial court, still unpatriotic and departing from selfish interests and family protection intentions. If Xintiandi can meet the ideal, there is no reason why it is necessary to return to the north.
Map of the situation at the time of the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty in 316
From 291 to 306, the rebellion of the Eight Kings of the Western Jin Dynasty, which lasted for sixteen years, caused disorder in the Central Plains. In 316, the Xiongnu Han state invaded Chang'an and captured the Jin Emperor, and the Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed. The following year (317), Sima Rui was enthroned as King of Jin by the King of Lang and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south. The biggest political problem in the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was whether the sovereign domination of the state should be satisfied with the existing scope of people and land, or whether it should start from the orthodox position of the Jin Dynasty (Western Jin Dynasty) and be engaged in policy choices to restore the great cause of northern rule.
At the beginning of the founding of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the attitude towards the northern issue was generally negative, as can be explained by many facts as follows:
From the first year of Yongjia (307), the Yuan Emperor Sima Rui arrived in Jianye (present-day Nanjing) as the Evil King of Lang to ascend the throne of Jin, after eleven years. In the fifth year, the situation in Luoyang began to be critical, and Emperor Yuan was one of the commanders who sat idly by and watched helplessly at the same time. In the tenth year, Chang'an fell again, and Jiangnan remained indifferent.
Although it is impossible to know whether the will of the Yuan Emperor himself or the will of the powerful Wang family is uncertain, no matter what the circumstances, it cannot be asserted that the foundation is not yet stable or that there is no qin king's ability. In short, it was determined to turn its back on the Jin government. However, the fall of the Central Plains was either indifferent to the natural affairs, or more welcoming, and the ambition to demarcate Jiangnan as a territory was fully revealed. Based on the above mentality, it is impossible to expect a positive change in its attitude towards the North.
The male protagonist who smells the chicken dancing has a story of iron blood and a tragic ending
During this period, Liu Kun (270-318) and Zu Ti (266-321) became historical celebrities by producing Chinese militant idioms, "smelling chickens dancing" also refers to the two teenagers' classmates; "Pillow Ge Waiting Dan" refers to Liu Kun at the peak of his career; "hitting the middle stream" is the beginning of Zu Ti's career. When Liu Kun was struggling to support the crisis in the north, Zu Ti led hundreds of his clan to the south and requested supplies of ordnance, personnel and grain to support his Northern Expedition.
Liu Kun was killed by the conspiracy, and the northern chain defense front collapsed with the destruction of this central link, and the north became a trap. And the conspirator who gave this last northern fortress a thorough blow, the Book of Jin pointed out that it was Wang Dun, the most powerful figure in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Zu Ti relied on his strong will, unparalleled confidence, and excellent organizational strength, combined with the local self-defense forces of the dock lords along the way, and received the response of the people everywhere, advancing step by step from the Huai River Valley, and recovering all the lost land of the Jin Dynasty south of the Yellow River. Instead of giving full support or increasing its command, the Jiangnan government sent a Wu general to monitor it. As a result, Zu Ti, who was restrained, died in anger at the base camp of Yongqiu (雍丘, in modern Qixian County, Henan Province) a year before Wang Dun's rebellion. The territories that had been recovered were then recaptured.
From the above events, it can be believed that the betrayal of the Jin Dynasty was originally the purpose of Emperor Yuan and his instigators to move Jiangnan; abandoning the north was also the basic principle of the founding of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. This decision stemmed from the common will of the clans from the north. It can be understood that the Wu people do not care about the cause of the north, and the original northern clan is also indifferent to the restoration of the homeland, which seems to be contrary to common sense.
Talk about the map
However, if we pay attention to the transformation of the Wei and Jin dynasties from the Han Dynasty to form a political and social atmosphere without shame, it is not difficult to be aware of this. That is to say, personal interests and family values have surpassed those of the state. In the middle of the third century, the Wei and Jin dynasties were due to private grants between large families, and the tragedy of the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty was also created by the selfish Hao clan. Similarly, under the leadership of the Lang evil Wang clan, the Hao clan fled to Jiangnan, from dividing the territory to establishing another imperial court, still unpatriotic and departing from selfish interests and family protection intentions. If Xintiandi can meet the ideal, there is no reason why it is necessary to return to the north.
In fact, after settling in Jiangnan, the abundance of wealth in the south and the abundance of living conditions have strengthened their will to settle for the status quo. Liu Kun and Zu Ti's plan to restore the plan must be destroyed, for reasons other than to contradict the principle of their interests.
In contrast to the Hao clan in the north and the south or the clan that has gradually transformed from this, the cold door is attached to the non-strong economic aspect, the sense of family self-interest is relatively weak, and the concept of the state is also prominent. At the same time, in the case that their political development path is monopolized by the clan, unless the individual has the ability to overcome the obstacles that are not easy to break through, or is specifically invoked by the emperor, they will always be fixed in the lower echelons of the government and have no connection with the high positions.
In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he was a strong advocate of the restoration of the northern territorial rules, so he took the north to the south to cross the cold gate or those who were close to the royal family as the mainstream. They stood on the responsibility theory of the national position, and the Northern Expedition proposition was inevitably put forward, and according to the principle of political fairness and the change of the political status quo of the gate valve developed on the condition of Jiangnan's economy and industry, the only alternative was also the Northern Expedition.
Lan Ting Xiu Yu Tu Liu QiQu Shui reflects the ease of the clan
Thoroughly speaking, the relocation of the central government and the capital to the north as the Northern Expedition unfolded was to prevent the clan from continuing to integrate politics with economy. The positive and negative opinions of the Northern Expedition were in the first half of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, so they were repeatedly debated and evolved into the central topic of the struggle between hostile political factions, and the half of the Eastern Jin Dynasty finally reached a period of high rise and triggered a major political tide.
Huan Wen, who had built a great deed after the Northern Expedition of the Ancestors, was better than Liu Kun, and was once complacent because he was described as similar to Liu Kun in appearance and demeanor. All this can be instructed that huan wen inherits Liu Kun's ideals and his legacy. Since Emperor Mu Yonghe was appointed as the Assassin of Jingzhou in the first year (345), in the third year he pacified Sichuan, destroyed the Han state of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, and the sovereignty of the Eastern Jin Court had to be extended to the entire yangtze River basin. In another seven years, he seized the opportunity of the unstable situation between the collapse of Later Zhao in the north and the initial establishment of Former Qin, and carried out his first Northern Expedition, and after the reconquest of Chang'an, he withdrew due to the problem of troop supply. Two years later (356), the Second Northern Expedition, Luoyang was successfully recovered, so two years later (358) there was a formal plan to move back to the government to Luoyang and put forward the imperial court.
However, Huan Wen, the military chief promoted to the supreme commander of the national armed forces, also clashed head-on with the door valves who held real political power. In the opposition to his fierce attack, the plan was also rejected, and the reason for the opposition was actually understood to be "rooted in the river for decades, and once it was uprooted." The country of she'an happiness, the land of habituation and chaos, will be a servant of the road", and sing the low-key of "the capital of ancient and modern emperors" ("Book of Jin" Sun Shuchuan). This was the first time that Huan Wen's political life suffered a cruel blow, and henan was finally abandoned, and the achievements of Huan Wen's hard-working northern military victory were in vain.
The "mercenary" Beifu bing of the Eastern Jin Dynasty gate valve shined in the Battle of Shuishui, but unexpectedly became a tombdigger of the dynasty
In 373, Huan Wen died of old age, ending his colorful life. Ten years after Huan Wen's death, under the leadership of the Xie family, one of the famous gates of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the miraculous victory in the Battle of Shuishui was the first and only great unity of various contradictory and hostile factions at the juncture of national survival since the founding of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After the defeat of Former Qin, the north fell into great division and long-term chaos, and the threat of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was lifted, and the tense situation was relaxed, which temporarily preserved the lifeline of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
However, the victory of the War of Resistance does not guarantee the elimination of the inherent contradictions in politics. Emperor Xiaowu's foolish son Emperor An, who was unaware of the cold and summer, rose to the throne, Huan Wen's younger son Huan Xuan rose to the sound of various local warlords rebelling against the imperial court, and in the Battle of Shuishui for another twenty years or the thirtieth year after Huan Wen's death (403), Huan Xuan, who had lost his father's interests, usurped the throne as emperor by Xiangguo and The King of Chu. However, within eighty days, he was destroyed by the Northern Prefecture general Liu Yu, who had been promoted from a low-ranking officer to a general, and the crusader army loyal to the imperial family was eliminated, and Emperor An was restored. From then on, the fifteen years with Yixi (Emperor An) and YuanXi (Emperor Gong) as the era names entered the Liu Yu era, or the summary period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Liu Yu was born in Pengcheng and was born into a civilian family. When Huan Wen died, Liu Yu was more than ten years old, just like Huan Wen's childhood and Liu Kun's later years, they were all third-generation figures. Tekan attaches great importance to it, and it is Liu Yu's strong expression as a strong advocate of the Northern Expedition to restore the Relics of Huan Wen, and the recurrence of Liu Yu's era is equal to the Huan Wen era.
In 402, Huan Xuan usurped the throne the year before the situation map
When Liu Yu started by extinguishing the domestic rebel forces and ascended his position and seized state power, the results of successive victories in foreign wars were astonishing. In 410, it destroyed southern Yan in Shandong Province, in 412 it was destroyed and regained its independence in Sichuan Province, and in 417 it destroyed Later Qin in Henan Province and Shaanxi Province, and regained Luoyang and Chang'an. Unfortunately, after the reconquest of Chang'an under the personal command of this outstanding military expert, he had to return to Jiangnan in person because of the sudden death of his most important assistant in charge of supply services in the rear, hoping that the great cause of unifying China would be interrupted. In 420, Liu Yu attacked the so-called "Zen Concession" form of Wei and Jin, ascended the throne as emperor, and rebuilt the Song Dynasty. The Eastern Jin Dynasty died in 103 years.
Liu Yu follows the same route with the same ambitions as Huan Wen, and his attitude is also like Huan Wen, and he is extremely disgusted with the clan door valves and the passive, luxurious, and promiscuous life represented by them. As for the end, the final performance of deposing the emperor and usurping the throne was forced to perform, and the method adopted to correct the atmosphere was indeed extreme, and the mood was still painful. Therefore, Liu Yu ascended the throne as Emperor Wu of Song, and the major task he immediately embarked on was to save and rectify political discipline, and unfortunately, this ambitious and idealistic emperor died after three years on the throne.
Although his son Emperor Wen was still able to inherit his father's wishes, reduce the burden on the people, accumulate frugality, and increase his wealth, the future emperors could no longer resist material temptations, and the power of the Gate Valve clan and its corrosive power to politics were the same. In the end, it was taken power by another soldier's family, and the Song Dynasty was replaced by Zen as Xiao Daocheng Qi Dynasty, who was originally from Lanling. Another cycle of innovation and corruption began, ending with the Zen Dynasty of Xiao Yanliang, a distant branch of the same clan. The Liang Dynasty was again descended from the Chen Dynasty by chen baxian of Wuxing County, and was already the last dynasty of the Jiangnan regime.
Wuyi Lane: In the old days, Wang Xie Tang Qianyan flew into the homes of ordinary people
With the passage of dynasties under the door valve politics, why did the throne continue to fall into the hands of the commoners of the cold door? Few people in the door valve conspired to rebel against the imperial court? The reason is the same as why the gate valves opposed the Northern Expedition, and they must seek answers from their ideas, lifestyles, and social forms at that time.
That is to say, it is not that their ambitions are suppressed or that they dare not try, but that they are not interested in usurping the throne. Before the door valve politics was cast, that is, before the clan existed in its early Hao posture, and before the fixed combination of its status was completed from society, economy, and politics, there could be an example of Wang Dun's rebellion. After this, the political rights of the clan are with its solid social foundation, or, innately, there is no need to pursue political ideals.
Moreover, the descendants have a good economic and material life, and the abnormal laziness is normal. Unless the family interests and social status of the common ethnic group are damaged, there is no intention of rising up like the example of the Battle of Shuishui. Who the throne is, how the dynasty changes, it does not matter to them, it does not matter to them.
Smoke and rain in Jiangnan, female and male
On the other hand, the mere change of dynasties, whether in form or substance, can not shake the status of the clan, and it is still impossible not to respect its lineage. The relationship between the royal family and the clan in the period of dynastic change, like the ripples stirred up by the small stones cast in the sea, immediately restored calm. Therefore, later generations of historians ridiculed this extreme phenomenon as "no meritorious warrior of the clan." Only in this way, for the country to worry about the opportunity, there are only people in the cold door.
The emperor was suppressed by a clan that could neither be killed nor acted, and since Emperor Yuan credited Liu Kui and Diao Xie, he was doomed to rely on and promote Hanmen as a peripheral force. In the era of door valve politics, the cold door can still have status and deeds, because it is in the gap between the contradiction between the royal family and the clan. Especially with regard to the soldiers standing on the front lines of the defense of the country, the fading clans, unless the general or the commander of the side, are no longer willing and disdainful.
Thus, a phenomenon of special attention was established, and whenever there was a war, it could not stop the rise of civilians or so-called professional soldiers from cold backgrounds. The Emperors of Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen Kaiguo were all civilian soldiers, and this is the reason.